Deception Jamming Research Articles

Hybrid Phased-MIMO Radar: A Novel Approach With Optimal Performance Under Electronic Countermeasures

This letter presents a novel technique for optimizing the performance of a phased-multi-in multi-out (MIMO) radar in the presence of strong jamming effects. The proposed technique not only overcomes the noise jamming but also counters the effects of deception jamming. Two orthogonal waveforms beam-formed by coherent operation of two sub-arrays are used to leverage the advantages of both the MIMO and phased-radar simultaneously. The heart of the idea lies with its coherent receive operation where matched filtering and Karhunen–Loeve transform is applied for separating the signals. We make use of the MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm for angle estimation; thereafter the signal-to-noise-plus-jamming ratio is maximized by solving a convex optimization problem. The output shows remarkable results with an excellent peak to sidelobe ratio of more than 40 dB.

Radar ECCM based on phase-aid distributed compressive sensing

This paper proposes an electronic counter countermeasure (ECCM) technique to suppress randomly distributed multiple false targets generated by digital radio frequency memory-based electronic warfare equipment. Firstly, we present the modulation behaviors of deceptive multiple false targets jamming. Afterward, we discuss the ECCM potential of distributed compressive sensing (DCS) which not only could eliminate random distributed jamming signals but also could preserve the target echo. Further, an approach is proposed relying on phase-aided DCS to improve the performance against a special case of jamming signals that fall in the same range cell but with random amplitudes and phases. Finally, the suppression performances are evaluated through simulations illustrating the feasibility and validity of proposed algorithm.

Transmitting Pulse Encoding for Beyond-PRT Retransmitting Deception Jamming Detection in Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR).

Retransmitting deception jamming (RDJ) degrades and misleads the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image interpretation by forming false targets. The beyond-Pulse Repetition Time (PRT) RDJ enlarges the effective jamming area without constraining the jammer location to reduce the spaceborne SAR working effectiveness. In order to detect the beyond-PRT RDJ and enhance the working efficiency in electronic countermeasure environment, the transmitting pulse encoding method for use in spaceborne SAR is proposed based on the geometry and signal models of beyond-PRT RDJ. Optimum binary codes with maximum number of detection windows are determined by the encoding procedure. The detected area is found to be proportional to the code length and the encoding efficiencies of even and odd codes are analyzed. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the transmitting pulse encoding method for beyond-PRT RDJ detection in spaceborne SAR.

Enhanced Three-Dimensional Joint Domain Localized STAP for Airborne FDA-MIMO Radar Under Dense False-Target Jamming Scenario

Traditional phased array-based space-time adaptive processing (STAP) suffers from severe performance degradation in the presence of dense false-target jamming, especially mainlobe deceptive jamming. In this paper, an enhanced 3-D joint domain localized STAP method, incorporated with deceptive jamming pre-whitening in the transmit–receive spatial domain, is proposed to deal with this problem. It exploits the characteristic that the target, clutter, and deceptive jamming are discriminable in the range-angle-Doppler domain of a frequency diverse array multi-input multi-output radar. The designed pre-whitening filter has excellent performance in deceptive jamming mitigation, since it is constructed by the target-free jamming samples which are obtained by a novel strategy of spectrum feature-based jamming sample selection. As a result of taking the advantage of differences among the 3-D spectra of the true target, clutter, and deceptive jamming, the proposed sample selection strategy can extract unpredictable deceptive jamming samples efficiently even in the presence of strong true targets and heavy ground clutter. Signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio loss analysis and numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in the dense deceptive jamming scenario.

Efficient Deceptive Jamming Method of Static and Moving Targets Against SAR

Deceptive jamming against synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a topic of great interest in the SAR electronic countermeasure during the past decade. However, most of the existing jammer techniques concentrate on the jamming signals of the extended static scenes. Actually, the jamming signals of the moving targets are also highly desired to be included in order to protect the military moving targets. For this problem, this paper proposes an efficient deceptive jamming method of both static and moving targets against SAR. An equivalent range equation is first developed, which can precisely take into account for the motion with fixed velocity, even with constant acceleration. Then, a 2-D spectrum corresponding to target-dependent part in the jammer's frequency response based on the range equation is derived. Finally, the efficient deceptive jamming can be achieved by the fast Fourier transform, Stolt interpolation, and complex multiply, thus significantly reducing the computation complexity. In addition, practical implementation is also considered in this paper. Compared with its counterparts, it can generate the jamming signals of moving targets precisely and efficiently even in the case of high squint angle and long synthetic aperture. Simulation results are presented to validate the proposed method.

Detection and elimination method for deception jamming based on an antenna array

A global positioning system is an important way of locating an aircraft, while deception jamming can affect the positioning accuracy of such navigation. Considering this, a detection and elimination method for deception jamming is proposed based on a specially designed array for the aircraft. The jamming is detected by comparing the double-difference observation of the carrier phases of two different signals to a certain threshold derived according to the measurement errors of the receiver. To estimate the jamming direction with high accuracy, meanwhile considering the feasibility of airborne installation, a novel configurated array combining medium-length baseline with short baseline is designed, and a fast method to solve the integer ambiguity is discussed. After jamming detection, the nulling of the array beam is pointed to the jamming source through the orthogonal vector weighting to suppress jamming. The validity of the method is verified by computer simulations.

Deceptive jamming suppression in multistatic radar based on coherent clustering

This paper proposes a suppression method of the deceptive false target (FT) produced by digital radio frequency memory (DRFM) in a multistatic radar system. The simulated deceptive false targets from DRFM cannot be easily discriminated and suppressed with traditional radar systems. Therefore, multistatic radar has attracted considerable interest as it provides improved performance against deception jamming due to several separated receivers. This paper first investigates the received signal model in the presence of multiple false targets in all receivers of the multistatic radar. Then, obtain the propagation time delays of the false targets based on the cross-correlation test of the received signals in different receivers. In doing so, local-density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (LDBSCAN) is proposed to discriminate the FTs from the physical targets (PTs) after compensating the FTs time delays, where the FTs are approximately coincident with one position, while PTs possess small dispersion. Numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and validness of the proposed method.

A Sparse-Driven Anti-Velocity Deception Jamming Strategy Based on Pulse-Doppler Radar with Random Pulse Initial Phases.

This paper focuses on developing an anti-velocity jamming strategy that enhances the ability of a pulse-Doppler (PD) radar to detect moving targets in the presence of translational and/or micro motion velocity jamming generated by the digital radio frequency memory (DRFM) repeat jammers. The strategy adopts random pulse initial phase (RPIP) pulses as its transmitted signal and thus gets DRFM jammers not adaptable to the randomness of initial phase of the transmitted pulses in the pulse repetition interval (PRI) domain. The difference between the true target echo and the false target jamming signal at each PRI is then utilized to recognize the true and false target signals. In particular, an entropy based multi-channel processing scheme is designed to extract the information of the received signal without the assumption that true and false targets must be both included within one coherent processing interval (CPI). Information such as the component of the received signal (target echo only, jamming only or both) or the operating manner of DRFM repeat jammer can be gained (if jamming exists). Meanwhile, we solve the false target recognition problem under sparse theory frame and our previous work named the short-time sparse recovery (STSR) algorithm is introduced to recover the motion parameters of the true and/or false targets in the time-frequency domain. It should be pointed out that both the translational false target jamming and micro motion target jamming can be recognized in our strategy. The performance of the proposed strategy is compared with the correlated processing (CP) method used by most extant strategies. It is shown that the proposed strategy can successfully recognize the existence of true and/or false targets and keep its power in recovering corresponding motion parameters even when the jamming environment is strong.

Performance evaluation of deceptive and noise jamming on SAR focused image

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been involved in military applications such as high resolution imaging, battle field surveillance, and moving target detection. Recently noise and deception jamming signal are introduced to counter SAR sensor, thus these jamming techniques can be used to protect ground targets or objects of high interest. In this paper, a comparative study of the performance of the deceptive and the noise jamming on a SAR focused image, with and without jamming, is performed. Two evaluations craterous, structural similarity index measure (SSIM), and correlation coefficient (CC) are used to measure the previous jamming techniques effect on a real SAR focused image (object of high interest). The computer based simulation results, reveal that for the same CC, the power required by the deceptive jamming is reduced by three order of magnitude compared with the power required by conventional noise jamming, mean while for the same SSIM the required power is reduced by nearly two order of magnitude.

Target deception jamming method against spaceborne synthetic aperture radar using electromagnetic scattering

A method is proposed to perform target deception jamming against spaceborne synthetic aperture radar. Compared with the traditional jamming methods using deception templates to cover the target or region of interest, the proposed method aims to generate a verisimilar deceptive target in various attitude with high fidelity using the electromagnetic (EM) scattering. Based on the geometrical model for target deception jamming, the EM scattering data from the deceptive target was first simulated by applying an EM calculation software. Then, the proposed jamming frequency response (JFR) is calculated offline by further processing. Finally, the deception jamming is achieved in real time by a multiplication between the proposed JFR and the spectrum of intercepted radar signals. The practical implementation is presented. The simulation results prove the validity of the proposed method.

Deceptive SAR Jamming Based on 1-bit Sampling and Time-Varying Thresholds

This paper addresses the issue of deceptive jamming against synthetic aperture radar (SAR) by using 1-bit sampling and time-varying threshold (TVT). With 1-bit intercepted SAR signal, the multipliers involved in a convolution is replaced by xnor gates, which considerably simplify the jamming signal generation. Moreover, the TVT is used for 1-bit quantization before retransmission to retain the relative amplitude information of the jamming signal. As a result, the proposed deceptive jamming schemes are superior to their conventional counterpart in terms of realization. Effects of harmonics and oversampling are analyzed to evaluate the performance degradations caused by the 1-bit sampling and TVT. Simulation results are provided to confirm the validity of the proposed schemes.

Deception Jamming Against ISAR With Coupled Two-Dimensional Compressive Sensing via Sub-Nyquist Sampling

Sub-Nyquist sampling is a common means of interfering with inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging, which has been validated for the feasibility of 1-D compressive sensing (CS) ISAR imaging. In order to overcome the high computational complexity of 1-D CS-based ISAR imaging, the coupled 2-D CS algorithms are utilized to achieve ISAR imaging directly which has been proposed recently. In this paper, sub-Nyquist sampling jamming signals are utilized to induce multiple false-target ISAR images by using the coupled 2-D-CS algorithm. The jamming signals, which are formed by the intercepted radar signals under the sub-Nyquist sampling theorem and scattered by moving targets, are collected by ISAR to establish a 2-D super resolution model, and the finally reconstructed ISAR images are induced and show that the deceptive false-target images retaining the real target information. Simulated trails and real data of a Yak-42 plane are used to validate the correctness of the analyses and the finally well-focused false-target images greatly support the effectiveness of the sub-Nyquist sampling idea in the countermeasures of ISAR with coupled 2-D CS.

Modeling and Simulation for the Investigation of Radar Responses to Electronic Attacks in Electronic Warfare Environments

An electronic warfare (EW) simulator is presented to investigate and evaluate the tracking performance of radar system under the electronic attack situations. The EW simulator has the input section in which the characteristic parameters of radar threat, radar warning receiver, jammer, electromagnetic wave propagation, and simulation scenario can be set up. During the process of simulation, the simulator displays the situations of simulation such as the received signal and its spectrum, radar scope, and angle tracking scope and also calculates the transient and root-mean-squared tracking errors of the range and angle tracking system of radar. Using the proposed EW simulator, we analyze the effect of concealment according to the noise and signal powers under the noise jamming and also analyze the effect of deception by calculating errors between the desired value and the estimated one under the deceptive jamming. Furthermore, the proposed EW simulator can be used to figure out the feature of radar threats based on the information collected from the EW receiver and also used to carry out the electronic attacks efficiently in electronic warfare.

Research on Track Deception Technology Based on Jamming of Flexible Lines by Jammers

In order to effectively interfere with radar networks, this paper combines the principle of distance deception jamming and the traditional track deception jamming model, a track deception jamming model based on jamming aircraft flexible route penetration was established. The relevant motion parameter solving method flow is given and simulated. The results show that the model not only can achieve track deception, but also can effectively increase the degree of freedom of the jammers’ invasion route, making the penetration route of the jammers more flexible and controllabel than the traditional.

Multiple Targets Deception Jamming Against ISAR Based on Periodic 0- $\pi$ Phase Modulation

As many target characteristics can be extracted from the echoes by inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR), the jamming signal on ISAR need to simulate the electromagnetic scattering characteristics and kinematics characteristics with high fidelity. Based on the principle of periodic 0- $\pi $ phase modulation, a method generating 2-D ISAR group targets is proposed. Radar pulses are sampled and modulated according to periodic 0- $\pi $ phase sequence by the escort free-flight jammer, and then the modulated signals are retransmitted to the protected target, which can generate verisimilar false target images in ISAR. After the principle of escort free-flight jamming is introduced, the theory of periodic 0- $\pi $ phase sequence is expounded. The generation process of jamming signal is analyzed. According to the 2-D output expression, the jamming effects with different modulation parameters are demonstrated. A theoretical study is carried out to determine the number, amplitude and space distribution of false targets. Experimental results of scattering model of an aircraft illuminate the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method.

Suppression Approach to Main-Beam Deceptive Jamming in FDA-MIMO Radar Using Nonhomogeneous Sample Detection

Suppressing the main-beam deceptive jamming in traditional radar systems is challenging. Furthermore, the observations corrupted by false targets generated by smart deceptive jammers, which are not independent and identically distributed because of the pseudo-random time delay. This in turn complicates the task of jamming suppression. In this paper, a new main-beam deceptive jamming suppression approach is proposed, using nonhomogeneous sample detection in the frequency diverse array-multiple-input and multiple-output radar with non-perfectly orthogonal waveforms. First, according to the time delay or range difference, the true and false targets are discriminated in the joint transmit–receive spatial frequency domain. Subsequently, due to the range mismatch, the false targets are suppressed through a transmit–receive 2-D matched filter. In particular, in order to obtain the jamming-plus-noise covariance matrix with high accuracy, a nonhomogeneous sample detection method is developed. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the detection performance of the proposed approach.

A Novel Scattered Wave Deception Jamming Against Three Channel SAR GMTI

Many jamming methods have been proposed against three-channel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ground moving target indication based on the stationary jammer. To generate a verisimilar moving target based on a moving jammer, the scattered wave deception jamming method is proposed against displaced phase center antenna (DPCA) process. The jammer is set at an unmanned aerial vehicle and moves with the protected moving targets. By comparing the slant history range of the echo with that of the jamming signal, the position of the jammer beam footprint and the velocity of the moving jammer are calculated based on the analysis of the range, azimuth, Doppler rate mismatch, and the altitude distortion after DPCA processing. The intercepted SAR signal is retransmitted to the calculated area covered by the jamming beam footprint based on the specific velocity of the jammer. Thus, after DPCA processing, the jamming result is similar to the real moving target. This method reduces the algorithm complexity and avoids the signal jamming modulation compared to traditional methods. The effectiveness and correctness of the algorithm are verified by simulations.

An improved method for deceptive jamming against synthetic aperture radar

Jamming of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is more difficult than the conventional radars because of its high processing gain. The defocusing of fake or virtual scatterers is the main problem that any jamming technique needs to tackle. An algorithm based on fractional Fourier transform is proposed for the efficient jamming of SAR. The results show that the performance of proposed algorithm is better than conventional Range Doppler Algorithm.

Deception Parameter Estimation and Discrimination in Distributed Multiple-Radar Architectures

This paper considers the problem of discriminating false targets generated by deception jamming jointly with the target localization in distributed multiple-radar architectures. A unified parameter estimation model is developed for both real targets and false targets with the under-estimate parameters as the target location and deception range. For a real target, the estimated location is just its physical location and the deception range is zero, whereas for a false target, the estimated location corresponds to the jammer location and the deception range is nonzero. Therefore, the deception range serves as the direct statistic in the target discrimination. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is derived to evaluate the estimation accuracy, and is shown to provide a tight bound in most the cases. With the estimation of the deception range and its CRLB, the optimal discrimination algorithm in the Neyman-Pearson sense is designed. The simulations evaluate the estimation accuracy under the generalized model, and the feasibility of the discrimination algorithm is verified.

Deceptive Jamming Method with Micro-motion Property Against ISAR

Deceptive Jamming Method with Micro-motion Property Against ISAR