Decentralized Scheme Research Articles

Multi-objective centralization-decentralization trade-off analysis for multi-source renewable electricity generation expansion planning: A case study of Iran

Countries need robust long-term plans to keep up with the global pace of transitioning from pollutant fossil fuels towards clean, renewable energies. Renewable energy generation expansion plans can be either centralized, decentralized, or a combination of these two. This paper presents a novel approach to obtain an optimal multi-period plan for generating each type of renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass) via multi-objective mathematical modeling. The proposed model has integrated with Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) econometric method to forecast the country’s demand during the planning horizon. The optimal energy mix based on several socio-economic aspects of renewable sources was obtained using the Passive and Active Compensability Multicriteria ANalysis (PACMAN) multi-attribute decision-making method. The model has been solved by a Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) metaheuristic algorithm. Each solution in the Pareto front contains a plan for each electricity generation region under a certain combination of centralization and decentralization strategies.

Public expenditure composition and fiscal decentralization in Brazilian local governments: an analysis through unconditional quantile regression with longitudinal data

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of increasing fiscal decentralization on the composition of public expenditures of Brazilian local governments. The research is innovative, demonstrating that the heterogeneity of expenditure scale influences the correlation between fiscal decentralization and public expenditure of local governments. The sample consisted of unbalanced panel data of 5,565 municipalities for 17 years from 2000 to 2016. The analysis used unconditional quantile regression with panel data. The main findings were: (i) fiscal decentralization affects public expenditure in Brazilian local governments. However, this effect depends on local expenditure scale and fiscal decentralization strategy. For example, the median coefficient was negative in personnel expenditures, and the effect was positive for the third quartile of local governments, when fiscal decentralization was measured by the tax revenue over total revenue. On the other hand, the effects were also positive for median and third quartile regarding intergovernmental transfers per capita like proxy of fiscal decentralization; (ii) the measures (proxies) of fiscal decentralization are correlated with the composition of public expenditure; (iii) in median terms, fiscal decentralization has greater effects on investment expenditures than on current and personnel expenditures; and (iv) in median terms, the tax revenue participation promotes an increase in administrative and planning expenditures instead of expenditures in social functions. Fiscal decentralization measured by intergovernmental transfer per capita has more positive effects on social functions than on legislative and administrative functions.

Linear Quadratic Mean Field Games: Decentralized O(1/N)-Nash Equilibria

This paper studies an asymptotic solvability problem for linear quadratic (LQ) mean field games with controlled diffusions and indefinite weights for the state and control in the costs. The authors employ a rescaling approach to derive a low dimensional Riccati ordinary differential equation (ODE) system, which characterizes a necessary and sufficient condition for asymptotic solvability. The rescaling technique is further used for performance estimates, establishing an O(1/N)-Nash equilibrium for the obtained decentralized strategies.

A Decentralized B&B Algorithm for Motion Planning of Robot Swarms With Temporal Logic Specifications

In this letter, we study the problem of decentralized motion planning of robot swarms under high-level temporal logic specifications with a top-down approach. We use Swarm Signal Temporal Logic (SwarmSTL) to express swarm-level specifications. By encoding SwarmSTL formulas as mixed binary-integer constraints on the swarm features, the motion planning problem is formulated as a mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP) problem. We develop a decentralized Branch and Bound (B&B) algorithm with a node decentralization scheme such that the nodes in the B&B tree can be processed in parallel with communication among the agents and the agents can achieve consensus on the solution. Also, several search strategies to accelerate the decentralized B&B algorithm are proposed, and the performance improvements are presented. We evaluate the proposed algorithm using a supply transportation example with different formulas.

Centralized - Decentralized Demand Management And The Bullwhip Effect

Information distortion tends to inflate from downstream to upstream, and results in demand planning errors and this is followed by inaccurate forecasting. This situation is referred to as the bullwhip effect phenomenon. Demand management is also determined based on either a centralized or decentralized distribution strategy. Both strategies will influence the accuracy of demand planning and its effect on the bullwhip phenomenon. Unfortunately, research investigating the relationship between centralization and decentralization strategies for demand and the bullwhip effect is still limited. To answer this shortcoming, this paper has two scenarios for its analysis. First, forecasting is done to determine the accuracy of demand planning, indicated by the smallest forecast error value. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that single exponential smoothing with alpha 0.5 is the best forecasting method. The second step is to measure the bullwhip effect; the results show that the coefficient is less than one. This coefficient indicated that the company underperformed in the fulfillment of its customers’ needs. Theoretically, this paper extends the literature on demand management in the supply chain by considering centralized and decentralized strategies.

Women in International Elite Athletics: Gender (in)equality and National Participation.

Gender discrimination has been strongly related to the suppression of women's participation in sport. Accordingly, gender (in)equality has proven to be an important determinant for the participation and the success of countries in international women's elite sport. Hence, differences in gender (in)equalitity, such as women's participation in the labor force, fertility rates, tradition of women suffrage or socio-economic status of women, could be linked to success in international women's elite sports. While major international sport governing bodies have created programs to subsidize the development of women's sports in member countries, gender equality has figured rather low within the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) (now World Athletics). Therefore, the paper examines the impact of gender (in)equality on country participation in international athletics on the base of a unique dataset on season's bests. The results provide further support that gender inequality matters and is associated with participation in women's elite sports. Whereas, women's participation in athletics has made considerable progress in the past two decades as a side-effect of the IAAF's decentralization strategy, the analyses illustrate the need for better targeted and better resourced development programs for increasing participation of less gender equal countries. Moreover, the analyses indicate the limitations of a pure macro-social approach as there are some rather unexpected dynamic developments, such as, the substantial progress of women's athletics in the Islamic Republic of Iran as a country with strong Muslim religious affiliation. The results from this analysis were used to provide practical implications.

Effects of Fiscal Decentralization on Garbage Classifications

China has been promoting garbage classification in its rural areas, yet it lacks financial appropriation and fiscal decentralization to support waste processing projects. Though the existing literature has suggested fiscal decentralization strategies between different local government levels, few of the studies ascertain garbage classification efficiency from a quantitative perspective. To bridge the gap, this study examines the optimal fiscal decentralization strategies for garbage classification. It uses an optimization model while considering decision makers’ requirements regarding the fund allocation amounts at different government levels and the classification ratios in villages as constraints and decisions, respectively. A three-stage heuristic algorithm is applied to determine optimal landfill locations and efficient classification ratios for the garbage processing system in rural China, with an analytical discussion on the propositions and properties of the model. Our analytical results suggest that 1) the theoretically optimal solution is conditionally achievable, 2) the applied algorithm can achieve the optimal solution faster when the relationship between governance costs and classification ratios reaches some mathematical conditions, and 3) there is always a potential for increasing the retained funds between different government levels or for reducing the total appropriation from the county government. The numerical experiment on a primary dataset from 12 towns and 143 villages in the Pingyuan county of Guangdong province, China, does not only affirm the qualitative results, but it also provides insights into the difficulties encountered during the implementation of the garbage classification policy in China’s rural areas.

A state-owned bank for small farmers in Chile, c.1926-1953

This article deals with the creation and operations of the first agricultural development bank ever created in Chile, the Caja de Crédito Agrario (CCA), founded in 1926, in operations until 1953. The main sources are the annual reports of CCA from 1933 to 1951. The main contributions are to show first that the CCA was instrumental to provide subsidized long-term capital to small farmers in Chile to promote agricultural production, but that also had a “social mission”. The CCA soon became a protagonist within the local financial market. Given the lack of knowledge about the modus operandi of development banks in Latin America, we provide the first account of the management and financial activities of the CCA. We show that the management structure of the firm, and in particular its strategy of decentralization, was key to explain its success. Likewise, the CCA managed successfully to raise increasing amounts of capital from other state institutions at low interest rates, thus being able to cover its increasing loan operations.

Centralization and Decentralization in Administration and Politics: Assessing Territorial Dimensions of Authority and Power

Globally, many countries are implementing decentralization programs as a means of promoting both democratic and developmental objectives. Unfortunately, however, scholarship has yet to offer a comprehensive framework within which to assess and reform central-local relations. This article seeks to overcome the "division of labor" that has long separated analyses of administrative and political structures, and to provide stronger conceptual vocabulary for describing and analyzing the complexities of centralization and decentralization in both administration and politics. After developing two distinct continua of administrative and political centralization/ decentralization, the paper then combines them in a single matrix able to highlight the wide range of strategies and outcomes that emerge from the complex interplay of the two spheres. Depending on where a country lies within the matrix, it is argued, decentralization strategies may do more harm than good. Devolution strategies are especially problematic in settings with strong local leaders, and should never be attempted without careful analysis of the preexisting character of central-local ties.

Educational decentralisation and students’ academic achievement: a cross-cultural analysis

ABSTRACT Educational decentralisation has been implemented globally. However, few studies have compared the effects of different decentralisation strategies on students’ academic achievement in diverse cultural contexts. Using data from 49 countries participating in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015, this study attempts to fill this research gap by examining the relationship between three delegation strategies (school autonomy, teacher participation and parental involvement), student achievement and societal culture. Our findings suggest that teacher participation in school management is the most effective educational decentralisation strategy for enhancing students’ mathematics, reading and science performance. This strategy is particularly effective in countries with high power distance. The findings indicate that parental involvement does not have a significant effect on student academic achievement and that its effect is suppressed by a culture of uncertainty avoidance. Furthermore, school autonomy does not have a significant effect on students’ academic achievement in any of the societal cultures examined.

Remaking higher education for the post‐COVID‐19 era: Critical reflections on marketization, internationalization and graduate employment

This Special Issue was conceived and developed following a series of international conferences held in Asia, with a particular focus on critically reflecting upon higher education development in the region from broader social and political economy perspectives. Some of the papers in this Special Issue were selected from presentations in the East Asia Social Policy (EASP) Research Network Conference successfully held in Taiwan in 2018, while others were chosen from international events held at Lingnan University in Hong Kong presenting critical reviews and reflections on internationalization, marketization and graduate employment of higher education in Asia. This introductory article puts the discussions of the selected papers in this issue in context, with critical reflections on the key issues being examined in these papers. The Special Issue is published when the world is still confronting the unprecedented global health crisis resulted from the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic. This article discusses the higher education development trends in Asia through the massification, diversification and internationalisation processes in transforming the higher education system and examines how these development trends are affected by the COVID‐19 crisis.

The Impact of Fiscal Decentralization Policy on the Sustainability of Regional Development

Fiscal decentralization is a critical component of the concept of regional autonomy that has been embraced since the Reform period. With fiscal decentralization, it is envisioned that every regional government can impose development in its territory. However, the fiscal decentralization strategy in the field cannot be applied in all areas owing to political concerns. Then, each local authority has had solid financial potential since 2001 since it got very high transfer funds from the central government, but the allowance for growth was minimal. E.g., there are still many roads that are destroyed. This may be attributed to the fact that much of the transfer funds from the central government are reserved towards staff spending. The purpose of this analysis is to provide a general overview of the impact on the stabilization of regional growth of the fiscal decentralization policy in effect since 2001. For literature review, this study uses a qualitative approach. The study shows, however, that the fiscal decentralization policy has not affected all growth sectors because much of the Central Government allocation funds continue to be used for regular spending and salary payments such that capital expenditure funding, including infrastructure development funding, is modest and even budget-free.

الجهاد الإلکترونی: دراسة لتنظیم داعش، واستراتیجیة الولایات المتحدة لمواجهته

تقدم الورقة دراسة عن حالة الصراع علي الفضاء الإلکترونى ما بين الخلافة الإلکترونية لتنظيم داعش، واستراتيجية الدفاع الإلکتروني للولايات المتحدة من خلال تناول الموضوعات التالية: سياسة الجهاد الإلکترونى لتنظيم داعش، وظاهرة الذئاب المنفردة فى إطارها، وأخيرا استراتيجية الولايات المتحدة لمواجهة مثل هذا النمط من الإرهاب. يعکس استخدام تنظيم داعش للفضاء الإلکترونى تميزا واضحا على غيره من الجماعات الإرهابية الأخرى. وإن توظيف داعش للإنترنت يعکس قدرا کبيرا من الاحترافية والتعقيد فى الأداء، کما يبرز فهما عميقا عند قيادات التنظيم للروابط بين عالم الإعلام، وخاصة وسائل التواصل الاجتماعى، وعالم العمليات. لقد تمکن التنظيم الإرهابي من استخدام الإعلام لتعظيم آثار أنشطتهم العملياتية. وهناک أيضا استراتيجية داعش اللامرکزية، وقوامها الإرهاب من خلال الذئاب المنفردة، للإشارة إلى تحريض مجموعة من الأفراد على تنفيذ أعمال إرهابية بصفة منفردة، فى مناطق بعيدة، بعد أن انحسرت انتصاراته فى المناطق المحدودة الخاضعة لسيطرته، عقب إحکام جهود مکافحته وملاحقة قياداته وأتباعه وتقديمهم للمساءلة. ويکون توجيه القيادات إلکترونيا لتصنيع قنابل شديدة الانفجار بأدوات بدائية لتنفيذ الأعمال الإرهابية الخطيرة. ومن ناحية أخرى، تسعى جهود الولايات المتحدة لمکافحة داعش إلى التضييق عليه ومنع فرص انتشاره وتوغله. ولقد سعت وزارة الدفاع الأمريکية إلى دمج الإلکترونية مع قدراتها العسکرية التقليدية والتخطيط الاستراتيجى للعمليات العسکرية، ولديها فرق إلکترونية متکاملة ذات قيادة إقليمية، منتشرة خارج وداخل الولايات المتحدة. لقد ألقت الحرب علي تنظيم داعش الضوء على ضغط البنتاجون من أجل إعداد قواته لما يسمى العمليات متعددة المجالات لدمج الإلکترونية فى کل مراحل التخطيط، فضلا عن زخم غير مسبوق علي مستوى التشريعات الأمريکية لمواجهة الجريمة الإرهابية وما يرتبط بالإرهاب الإلکترونى خاصة. کلمات مفتاحية: الإرهاب الإلکترونى- الجهاد الإلکترونى- الذئاب المنفردة- الإرهاب الموجه عن بعد- متعددة المجالات. Abstract: The paper presents a study on the state of conflict in cyberspace between the cyber terrorism of ISIS and the cyber defense strategy of the United States. ISIS's use of cyberspace reflects a clear distinction from other terrorist groups. ISIS’s employment of the Internet reflects a great deal of professionalism and complexity in performance, as well as a deep understanding among the organization’s leaders of the links between the media world, especially social media, and the world of operations. The terrorist organization has been able to use the media to maximize the effects of their operational activities. There is also ISIS's decentralization strategy, which is based on terrorism through lone wolves, to refer to inciting a group of individuals to carry out terrorist acts alone, in remote areas, after ISIS victories receded in the limited areas under its control, because of tightening efforts to combat it and prosecute its leaders and followers and bring them to justice. On the other hand, the United States' efforts to combat ISIS seek to restrict it and prevent opportunities for its spread and penetration. The US Department of Defense has sought to integrate cyber with its conventional military capabilities and strategic planning for military operations, and has coherent regional-command electronic teams deployed outside and within the United States. The war on ISIS has shed light on the Pentagon's pressure to prepare its forces for so-called multi-domain operations to integrate electronic in all stages of planning, as well as an unprecedented momentum at the level of US legislation to confront terrorist crime and what is related to cyber terrorism in particular.s

Financial performance and impacts of village fund on post disaster rural economic development in Pidie Jaya-Indonesia

Village Fund is a tremendous budget decentralization scheme in Indonesia. The program has been showing its impacts, particularly in public infrastructure revitalization in rural areas since 2015. This study aims to examine the performance of Village Funds and their impacts on post-disaster economic re-developments. The descriptive statistic analysis was applied to secondary data derived from the 2015-2019 financial reports of 19 villages in Pidie Jaya (Aceh-Indonesia). This study shows that performance in terms of economic output is very poor. The Village Fund failed to generate the Original Village Income through the establishment of the Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes).

Resource Provisioning and Allocation in Function-as-a-Service Edge-Clouds

Edge computing has emerged as a new paradigm to bring cloud applications closer to users for increased performance. Unlike back-end cloud systems which consolidate their resources in a centralized data center location with virtually unlimited capacity, edge-clouds comprise distributed resources at various “computation spots”, each with very limited capacity. In this article, we consider Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) edge-clouds where <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">application providers</i> deploy their latency-critical functions to process user requests with strict response time deadlines. In this setting, we investigate the problem of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">resource provisioning</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">allocation</i> . After formulating the optimal solution, we propose resource allocation and provisioning algorithms across the spectrum of fully-centralized to fully-decentralized. We evaluate the performance of these algorithms in terms of their ability to utilize CPU resources and meet request deadlines under various system parameters. Our results indicate that practical decentralized strategies, which require no coordination among computation spots, achieve performance that is close to the optimal fully-centralized strategy with coordination overheads.

Developing a decentralized signal control strategy considering link storage capacity

This paper proposes a double pressure (DP) signal control strategy that takes into account finite link storage capacity. Two types of pressure measures, including an endogenous and an exogenous pressure, are defined. The endogenous pressure is associated with the estimated exit-flow during a signal phase in the next time period, while the exogenous pressure is a virtual pressure associated with the downstream links. The properties of the proposed signal control strategy, including localized waiting time minimization and queue length stabilization at each isolated intersection were discussed. The performance of the proposed signal control strategy was evaluated with two testing networks via simulation, including a network with an isolated signalized intersection and a network with multiple signalized intersections. We compared the performance of the proposed DP control strategy with three existing strategies, including the fixed signal control, adaptive signal control and a back-pressure algorithm based control strategy proposed by previous studies. The test results show promise of the proposed DP control strategy in improving network travel time and queue stability when compared with several state-of-art decentralized control strategies, even though we acknowledge that future efforts in extending the decentralized strategy towards a better system-wide coordination are warranted.

Implementation of Measures and Objectives of School-Based Management Policies at Junior High Schools in Donggala Regency

One of the development priorities is the strategy of decentralization by granting the regions the fullest possible autonomy to administer and handle government affairs within the context of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, Today, many new models and principles of management have been used, especially in the business world, to be implemented in the education world later on. School-based management, where policy enforcement operates linearly from policy decisions, implementers and public policy results, is one of the models adopted. The application of the Van Meter and Van Horn Model Policy explains that many interrelated variables affect policy efficiency, one of which is the criteria and policy priorities / steps and policy targets that are the metrics used in this analysis, Technique used in this thesis is a qualitative research methodology with a system of descriptive analysis. The aims and priorities of the MBS program have received a favorable feedback from the education unit based on the study outcomes, but the reaction and level of public awareness have not been ideal. This is due to the lack of socialization in educational units, notably at junior high school level, where expectations and targets have been developed and the policy success can be assessed, although it can not be a certainty that the policy goals will be accomplished. If there is no engagement from authorities or individuals or groups of individuals who are responsible for enforcing public policy at the level of regional government.

ВПЛИВ ФІНАНСОВОЇ ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЇ НА ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНІ ПРОЦЕСИ В ДНІПРОПЕТРОВСЬКОМУ РЕГІОНІ

Against the background of global transformations and imperatives, it has been considered that countries need to find and form effective public administration strategies. In these circumstances, Ukraine is reforming decentralization in order to optimize the activities of the state apparatus through changes in the administrative-territorial structure and redistribution of powers between central and local authorities. The main tasks for the government are to find effective mechanisms for decentralization strategy and assess their impact on the development of individual territories within the country. The impact of financial decentralization on investment processes in the Dnipropetrovsk region has been analyzed in this article. The stages of decentralization in Ukraine have been considered and the main achievements and tasks of each of them have been highlighted. The regulatory framework, which is the foundation of decentralization reforms in Ukraine, has been described. Indicators of development of united territorial communities (UTC) in Dnipropetrovsk region and Ukraine on the basis of comparative analysis have been considered. Conclusions are made about the leadership of the Dnipropetrovsk region from the results of reforms. The dynamics of revenues and expenditures of local budgets of the Dnipropetrovsk region for the period 2014-2019, as well as the change in the amount of funds by accounts have been analyzed. It has been concluded that there is a surplus and budget deficit in the specified period. The dynamics of capital investments of the Dnipropetrovsk region for the period 2014-2019 has been given and the structure of their financing at the expense of the state and local budgets has been analyzed. Conclusions are made regarding the positive impact of financial decentralization on investment processes in the Dnipropetrovsk region. According to the analysis of financial decentralization of the Dnipropetrovsk region, the reforms led to an increase in local budgets and capital investments, an increase in the share of capital investment financing from the state and local budgets, and led the region to leadership in a number of UTC indicators. Thus, it can be argued that decentralization has had a positive impact on the Dnipropetrovsk region and contributed to the strengthening of its socio-economic processes and investment activity.

Complexity, continuity, and strategic management of buyer–supplier relationships from a network perspective

PURPOSE: Current research seeks to create an economic model that connects strategic management and network theory. However, most theoretical models do not provide empirical evidence of network relationships’ real structure and attributes. The purpose of the paper is to explore the relation between enterprise characteristics and the characteristics of buyer–supplier relationships in supply chain networks. We are specifically interested in business relationships in networks with respect to the various enterprises’ sizes and sectors of industry. The subject of our research was characteristics, such as network relationship complexity, continuity of relationships, and strategic management in networks. The paper summarizes the results of an empirical study on buyer-supplier networks and accentuates the importance of developing and fostering business collaboration for strategic management. METHODOLOGY: We conducted the questionnaire research in 2016–2019 on 360 enterprises from the Czech Republic. We selected the research sample based on the non-probability purposive sampling method. The members of the research team collected data from an online survey and personal visits to enterprises. The statistical analysis of hypotheses is based on the frequency of managers’ answers. To evaluate results, a two-proportion Z-Test is used for comparing different categories of enterprises according to their enterprise size or prevailing sector of the industry. FINDINGS: The main results show that the differences between enterprises involved in the buyer–supplier structures lie mainly in their size. The survey did not identify differences between industry sectors. The findings show that the complexity of networks in the Czech Republic is not high in terms of the number of suppliers or involvement in many supply networks. The continuity of relationships with partners in buyer–supplier networks is relatively long-term oriented. Long-term partnerships reflect the higher quality of relationships and support future integration. However, large enterprises prefer to build contracts for shorter or longer periods. An overall decentralization strategy characterizes the strategic management of buyer–supplier networks. This finding means dividing competencies such as planning, managing, sourcing, decision-making, transporting (delivering) among more enterprises. IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY AND PRACTICE: The paper provides an insight into understanding how the buyer–supplier network functions. The theory’s implication builds on the connection of supply chain management and strategic management from the network perspective. Supply chain management is viewed as a part of strategic management, and the synthesis of both research areas opens an innovative view to business theory. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: The paper’s principal value is the connection between contemporary ideas of strategic management and supply chain management. The synthesis of supply chain management and network approach enhances strategic management theory.

Decentralisation, Institutional Characteristics and Public Sector Governance in Tanzania

Public sector governance has been the primary focus of the developing countries to ensure that they realise their developmental goals. In ensuring the public sector governance, decentralisation has been considered as the primary initiative. However, most of the previous empirical studies concentrate on political decentralisation meanwhile excluding administrative decentralisation and mediation effect of contingent factors i.e. technological capacity and institutional culture as institutional characteristics. In view of the aforementioned missing knowledge, the article investigated the influence of administrative decentralisation on public sector governance considering the mediation effect of institutional characteristics adopting Stewardship theory and Contingency theory. The article collected data from Dar es Salaam, Dodoma and Kigoma through self-administered questionnaire and analysed by using Mean scores and Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results revealed that administrative decentralisation had significant positive influence on public sector accountability and transparency. Moreover, technological capacity and institutional culture partially mediated the relationship between administrative decentralisation and, public sector accountability and transparency. In view of such results, among others, the article recommends that there is a need of developing the National Decentralisation Strategy (NADIS) to guide the decentralisation process and ensure its effective implementation for the sake of achieving public sector governance goals.