Decentralization In Indonesia Research Articles

The Bugis and their ‘Téllu Cappâ’ in contemporary Indonesia’s decentralization

ABSTRACTThis article evaluates the development of decentralization in Indonesia over the last two decades. The significance of ethnic and cultural politics in Indonesia’s contemporary decentralization is examined by focusing on the role of Bugis leadership in the establishment of new districts in Sulawesi. By employing ethnographic tools of enquiry, the article argues that the Bugis settlers play their roles and pursue their interests through the process of forming new provinces and districts. Empirically, they continue to pursue and assert their interests through the commodification of their cultural values in decentralized Indonesian regions. However, the Bugis roles in governance denote a contradictory pattern. On the one hand, they are reluctant to be ruled, and even to a certain extent resist being ruled or led by non-Bugis in their homeland, while on the other hand, they make use of traditional principles of assimilation, penetration and domination – téllu cappâ (three tips) – to pursue power and authority outside their homeland. In Indonesia’s changing political landscape, the Bugis see decentralization as a good opportunity to exert their authority.

The Evolution of Geospatial Aspects in the Law on the Establishment of New Regions (Autonomy) Pre and Post Broad Autonomy in Indonesia

Expansion or establishment of new regions (Provinces, Regencies/Cities) is a consequence of the politics of decentralization implemented in Indonesia. The development of decentralization in Indonesia underwent fundamental changes after the reformation in 1998. Inception of UU No 22 tahun 1999 concerning regional government has given a new color to the administration of government in Indonesia or what is called broad autonomy. Restructuring regional governments that provide discretion in the form of broader authority in running their government in accordance with regional needs has created many implications for the region, one of which is stretching and the spirit of the region to bloom. In determining the boundaries of forming new regions, the geospatial aspect is an important and strategic aspect. Problems related to geospatial aspects such as maps of regional boundaries, area size, etc are issues that need to be clearly defined and calculated in the new (autonomous) regional (Province, Regency/City) determination. But in fact the law on the formation or establishment of regions in the period 1950-1999 on the geospatial aspect did not become an important part so that it caused problems later which could potentially trigger social conflicts such as regional boundary disputes. Post-reformation, the development of the role of the geospatial aspects has evolved a little more advanced, such as the existence of regional boundary maps in the appendix to the law on the formation or expansion of new regions, such as UU No 7 tahun 2002, UU No 2 tahun 2003, and others. However, there is still something that must be evaluated regarding the map in the attachment to be in accordance with the geospatial rules. A very progressive development in terms of the geospatial aspect is in UU No 20 tahun 2012 concerning the formation of the Kalimantan Utara province that utilizes geospatial data properly

Indonesia’s Local Content Curriculum (LCC) Initiative: Decentralization and Perspectives from High School Classrooms in Banten

This study asked how, and in what ways the local content curriculum (LCC) initiative was being implemented in response to decentralization reforms in Banten, Indonesia. A discussion of the background of decentralization and LCC policy and their implementation builds a framework for understanding the development of the LCC. Specific attention is given to school-based teams and curriculum development in relation to Indonesian decentralization policy (macro level) and the LCC as a proxy for the policy at the micro level. The ethnographic case study investigated nine lecturers and 25 students at a university faculty of teacher training and education program, and 16 LCC senior secondary teachers in five high schools. Data were collected through primary interviews, follow- up conversations, and classroom participant-observations. The study was a sustained, ten-month long immersion in the school communities in order to yield data adequate to answer the research questions. The discussion and findings provide extensive and diverse evidence of dynamic responses to LCC policy changes, as lecturers and teachers were well informed about and engaged in the implementation of LCC courses. Implications of findings are discussed.

Fiscal Decentralization and Regional Economic Growth

Fiscal decentralization in Indonesia initiated in 2001 has proven to be effective and efficient; although, its implementation still need to be evaluated. The aim of the study was to analyze the implementation of fiscal decentralization on economic growth in Central Java. Tools multiple regression analysis using the method Fixed Effect Model (FEM).The period of the research was 9 years (2009-2017), and the subject of the was 35 districts/cities in Central Java Province. The dependent variable was economic growth, the independent variable was fiscal decentralization, and the control variables were investment and labor. The results showed that fiscal decentralization has a positive effect on economic growth in the district/city in Central Java. Other findings, private investment and the amount of labor encourage economic growth in Central Java. Based on findings, to reduce the fiscal gap, local governments should be able to increase their fiscal capacity through the development of commodity-based economic activity in their regions
 Keywords: Fiscal decentralization, Economic growth, Investment, Labor

DESAIN OTONOMI DAERAH DALAM KERANGKA PENEGASAN SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN PRESIDENSIAL

This research is entitled “Design Of Regional Autonomy In The Affirmative Framewok Of Presidential Government Systems Affirmation:. This research is motivated by the decentralization of Indonesia which has unsymmetrical, because of the existence of specific nd special regions, further more in terms of the presedential government system there is a problem in the development of its subsystems up to regional government. Thus, understanding is needed to understand th reality and redesign of regional autonomy in regional head elections, specific and special regions, and in order to reaffirm the presidential government system in an effort to build relations between the president and regional heads. As for the method used in making this writing is a juridical method normative or doctrinal. Design Of Regional Autonomy In The Affirmative Framewok Of Presidential Government Systems, By Rio Armanda Agustian. Abstract this research is entitled Design Of Regional Autonomy In The Affirmative Framewok Of Presidential Government Systems Affirmation. This research is motivated by the decentralization of Indonesia which has symmetricity, namely the existence of special and special regions, then if viewed from the presidential government system there is a problem in the development of its subsystems to regional government. Thus, understanding is needed to nderstand the reality and redesign of regional autonomy in regional head elections, special and special regions and in order to reaffirm the presidential government system in an effort to built relations between the president and regional heads. As for the method used in making this writing is a juridical method normative or doctrinal, because the data search is done by reviewing local government law and legislation related., and the data also related to the privilege and specificity of the region. The results of this study is themiddle solution to solve the problem can also be done by direct appointment of the governor by the president, although this is very unpopular and very risky politically, but if it starts with rational reasons, surely the people in the area will accept, and of course with a low cost as well. The direct appointment is very necessary for the president so that relations with the governor as an extension of president’s hand will be stronger.

Welcoming two decades of decentralization in Indonesia: a regional development perspective

ABSTRACT Since the start of the reform in the late 1990s, Indonesia has implemented an ambitious decentralization policy. One of its aims is to foster regional development from below by giving subnational governments a greater discretion in determining programmes that are more aspirational to the interests of the community and to local and regional development objectives. The decentralized government system has been implemented for almost two decades, yet limited studies have been conducted to examine its trajectory. Within this context, the study offers a comprehensive review of two crucial issues in the empirical literature on decentralization, notably regional disparity and spatial fragmentation. It is found that the rapid transition toward a decentralized system during the early years of the decentralization reform had an adverse impact on regional development. However, after several adjustments and improvements throughout the process, the decentralization practice in Indonesia began to show positive outcomes, which was signified by a declining trend of regional disparity and spatial fragmentation. It is argued that institutional rearrangement has become a crucial aspect in resolving the regional issues and, thus, improving regional development.

Does Fiscal Decentralization in Indonesia have Asymmetrical Information?: Principal-Agent Model, Primal-Dual, and a Neural Network Analysis

In reality, subnational governments suffer from moral hazard, creating uncertainty which, in turn, causes economic inefficiency. The behavior of subnational governments cannot be observed by the central government. An analysis which takes into account this phenomenon is therefore needed. Decentralization implies delegating authority from central government to subnational governments. In this study, the subnational government is represented by the local government. This study utilizes a model of principal-agent. The central government acts as a principal who delegates fiscal authority to subnational governments who act as agents. By applying principal-agent model, we can use the primal-dual approach to analyze both revenue and expenditure assignment associated with the tax effort of the subnational governments. The result from artificial neural network approach shows that asymmetric information between central and subnational governments exists in Indonesia.Keywords: Artificial Neural Network, Fiscal Decentralization, Local Tax Effort, Primal-Dual, Principal-Agent.

District-level impacts of health system decentralization in Indonesia: A systematic review.

The local-level impacts of decentralizing national health systems are significant yet infrequently examined. This review aims to assess whether localized health services delivery in Indonesia, which commenced a health system decentralization process in 2001, achieved its objectives or could be enhanced. A systematic review was undertaken to collate published evidence regarding this topic and synthesize key findings holistically using the six building blocks framework of the World Health Organization (WHO) to categorize health system performance. Four research databases were searched in 2016 for relevant evidence published between 2001 and 2015. The inclusion criteria were relevance to the topic of decentralization impacts at the district level, original research, and published in English. Included articles were appraised for quality using a standardized tool, with key findings synthesized using the WHO building blocks. Twenty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria and categorized under the WHO building blocks categories. The findings highlight problematic impacts of decentralization related to three building blocks: service delivery, health financing, and workforce. In the 15years of post-decentralization in Indonesia, the service delivery, health workforce, and health financing blocks should be prioritized for further research and policy evaluation to improve the overall health system performance at the district level.

Poverty alleviation in the contex of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia

Poverty alleviation in the contex of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia

PENGARUH KEBIJAKAN DANA BAGI HASIL TERHADAP PENERIMAAN DAERAH DI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TIMUR

The implementation of regional autonomy along with fiscal decentralization in Indonesia is significantly expected to increase the amount of funds transferred to the regions. The policy aims to reduce inter-regional fiscal inequality in order to improve the quality of public services in the region. This research was conducted to find out whether central government transfers in the form of Revenue Sharing Funds (DBH) would be able to increase the regional revenues of East Kalimantan Province to fund regional needs in the context of implementing decentralization. East Kalimantan Province was selected as the case study, considering that this province has many natural resources which expectedly will receive a quite large DBH. This study uses qualitative methods to explain problems related to the implementation of fiscal decentralization policies. The focus of the study is the proportion percentage of DBH that has been regulated. Important information gathered through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions to find the core of the problem to facilitate analysis. The results of the study showed that the DBH obtained by East Kalimantan Province in recent years had decreased, so that it had an effect on overall revenue which in turn had a significant effect on the implementation of regional programs. On the other hand, a very large increase was received from the transfer of special allocation funds, but this also did not affect the revenues of East Kalimantan Province. Whereas Local Revenues did not experience a significant increase.

Disaster Management Following Decentralization in Indonesia: Regulation, Institutional Establishment, Planning, and Budgeting

A consensus has emerged that decentralization of the disaster management sector improves disaster risk governance effectiveness and responsiveness. While many researchers contend that decentralization creates institutional capacity building and disaster management regulation opportunities, few studies have measured or analyzed both decentralization and disaster management. We examined changes to the disaster management system and the opportunities and challenges arising following decentralization, as well as how vertical and horizontal relationships between government actors have changed in Indonesia. First, we found that decentralization had a positive effect on the implementation of disaster management with respect to regulation, institutional establishment, budgeting, and planning. Second, despite general improvements, challenges remain, including regulatory inconsistencies, a lack of funding and capacity for local institutional establishments, a lack of participation of experts, a strong dependence on the central government, and an increased corruption rate. Third, while a decentralized disaster management system framework has been established, the local government’s capacity and the overall network remain limited, with national institutions playing a leading role. These findings suggest that empowering the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) and strengthening the vertical and horizontal provincial/municipal networks of the BPBD would both enhance the disaster management system and allow local actors to play a more critical role in disaster management.

Islamic Defenders Front Militia (Front Pembela Islam) and its Impact on Growing Religious Intolerance in Indonesia

AbstractThe processes of democratisation and liberalisation initiated during the course of the IndonesianReformasiera (1998-) generated a stronger porosity in the State's frontiers and led to the formation of certain semi-institutionalised organisations. The approaching 2019 presidential elections have enabled these organisations to position themselves as political and moral brokers. The Islamic Defenders Front militia (FPI) appears to be one of the main actors in this process. It has succeeded in imposing itself in the public sphere, channelling political support and utilising extensive media coverage.While avoiding providing direct opposition to the ruling government and the Constitution, this organisation promotes the social morals followed by a large part of the population and encourages radicalism and violent actions in the name of Islam. The organisation collaborates with a section of the regional and national political elites, some sections of the army and police, several groups that are—more or less—criminal in nature, a number of local communities in different areas, and a variety of violent Islamist groups. Thus, it is at the crossroads of multiple political, economic, social, and religious interests.At the same time, the organisation's leaders maintain their own political objectives. They manipulate the dynamics of the electoral decentralised system to their advantage by obtaining political concessions that serve their personal goals. The capacity of the organisation to impose its discourse on the public stage has led to an urgent need to interrogate both the institutional and ideological transformations initiated by the Indonesian decentralisation since 1999.

Community Development and the Third Wave of Decentralisation in Indonesia: The Politics of the 2014 Village Law

Community Development and the Third Wave of Decentralisation in Indonesia: The Politics of the 2014 Village Law

MANAGING WASTEWATER IN DECENTRALIZED INDONESIA: COULD LOCAL DEMOCRACY IMPROVE PUBLIC SERVICE?

ABSTRACT This article seeks the construal of sounds local democracy and public service improvements in Indonesian decentralization context by bringing the example of wastewater management in Bandung Municipality. Data collected through series of interviews with respected individuals involved in wastewater service, particularly those who directly engage in water and sanitation projects funded by local and external funding sources. Despite the positive view on decentralization could create a more powerful local government in overseeing local development for more effective public service delivery. It also could be tested by the fragile administrative system and the immature local democracy. In the case of wastewater service in Bandung Municipality, for example, the respected institution called PDAM Tirtawening (Bandung Municipality Water Supply Agency) shows less efficient use of fund compared to the same project funded by the AusAID (Australian AID) as one of Indonesian development partners. Sound governance and administrative reform should be employed to achieve better public service performance. Keywords: local democracy, decentralized Indonesia, Bandung Municipality, wastewater management, governance reform

The impact of decentralisation on public sector corruption in Indonesia

Corruption is one of the illnesses of the government bodies that are still being combated in some countries, especially Indonesia. In order to reduce corruption cases, there are several reforms to be implemented, for example decentralisation. Decentralisation is expected to solve the problem since the policy narrows the gap between government and citizens. However, decentralisation does not eventually reduce corruption cases. Indonesia, for example, based on Corruption Perception Index has relatively stagnant ranking of combating corruption. Furthermore, there are few researches on the impact of decentralisation on corruption. Based on the explanation, this paper examines the drawbacks and benefits of the implementation of decentralisation on public sector corruption in Indonesia. Interestingly, this research finds that the implementation of decentralisation in Indonesia seems to have diverse impacts to eradicate corruption cases. For example , although Indonesia still has unsatisfied rank in combating corruption , the successfulness of KPK in arresting several local leaders indicates that decentralisation helps the enforcement institution in recognising the responsible actors on corruption acts. Therefore, this research is expected to fill the research gap on the impact of decentralisation on corruption in Indonesia .

Critically Examining The Arrangements of Fiscal Decentralization in Indonesia

As an implication of the implementation of decentralization in Indonesia, the authority to manage income and spending autonomously by local governments in Indonesia is undeniable. However, the power should be managed and used proportionally. The central government should not lose its control of the local governments, while the local governments maintain the authority to manage its area. This paper examines the proportions of the fiscal authority given by the central government to the local governments in Indonesia. In short, this research finds that in general, the framework of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia is going well. Some research also offers positive findings of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia. However, there are also some serious problems resulting from the implementation of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia, such as vertical fiscal imbalance and corruption. These problems need to be reduced by issuing technical and specific regulations and by ensuring that those regulations are both monitored and implemented.

INSIDE THE “PUZZLE” OF CONTEMPORARY INDONESIA’S REGIONAL AUTONOMY POLICY

This paper endeavours to see the nature of Indonesian decentralisation and regional autonomy more on the basis of micro level perspective. While most of the previous studies have relied heavily on macro level perspective, such as—assessing how central government has initiated the idea of decentralisation and regional autonomy, investigating the extent to which power has been distributed to the regions, and exploring central government’s controls over the regions—the material presented in this paper has been focussed more on exploring how local state elites themselves have seen decentralisation and regional autonomy. Based on a series of primary data collected in four research locations (the province of West Java, West Sumatra, West Kalimantan, and East Nusa Tenggara/NTT), the author has subsequently ended up with a proposition which says that: the puzzle of contemporary Indonesia’s regional autonomy policy must be understood on the basis of so called local state elites ambivalence orientation towards decentralisation and regional autonomy policies. The research findings suggested that local state elites had officially manipulated that of ambivalence orientation as the stated justification for their misconduct behaviour in implementing decentralisation and regional autonomy policies. Eventually, the author argues, amongst the distinctive contribution of this paper to the academic development is that it share the work of those who have endeavoured to conceptualise the characteristics of decentralisation and regional autonomy in an epoch the so called “transition towards democracy”.

Regional financial performance evaluation in the Indonesian fiscal decentralization era

Under the decentralization policy, regions have the rights and obligations in arranging of themselves. Then many studies showed positive and negative impacts of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia. Regarding on this issue, this study was conducted in analyzing financial performance under fiscal decentralization. The analytical method used is the ratio indicator degree of fiscal decentralization, financial regional self-sufficiency indicator ratios and harmony indicator ratios of regional budget. From the degree of fiscal decentralization, in Indonesia from 2008 to 2014 has not yet been able to realize the aspects of the region's autonomy. Judging from the distribution per region, most of the regions in Indonesia are in a class of regions with less degree of fiscal decentralization. Meanwhile, indicators of local financial independence in Indonesia from 2008 to 2014 saw a significant increase. From the indicators of harmony expenses are still very dominant from the routine expenditure almost 70% -80% annually. From this result, mandatory for the local government to continue their improvement of the region's autonomy, especially in terms of funding through a mechanism that does not burden the private and public sectors.

Analyzing the determinant variables on the difficulty of transfer power of rural and urban property tax from central to regional government in Indonesia

Motivated by rapid development of local autonomy and fiscal decentralization in Indonesia, this study aims to analyze determinant variables that causing the difficulty in the transfer policy of Rural and Urban Property Tax from central to regional governments. This program was designed to mitigate the fiscal disparities and revenue inequality among local authorities, also to increase the local people welfare. To comply with Government Law Number 28/2010 on Regional Tax and Levy, government transfers the right and authority of Rural and Urban Property Tax from central into regional government since 1 January 2011. By 31 December 2012, only 18 regional authorities have undergone the program and the rest seems to be having some difficulties. The study adopted a constructivism approach with qualitative method. The results show some determinant variables that causing the difficulties on this policy: (1) the weakness of bureaucratic attitude adhering to local government; (2) central and regional government are still not on the same page on collecting fee for Rural and Urban Property Tax; (3) the unclear formulation on fee collection of Rural and Urban Property Tax; (4) the lack of competency in the local government and short of experiences in Rural and Urban Property Tax collection.

Government Strategic Collaborative Partnership in Tourism Affairs A comparison of two Indonesian Cities

This paper is aimed to investigate the strategic collaborative partnership in managing local tourism affairs as part of Indonesian decentralization schemes. The qualitative method is applied in order to describe the critical analysis about the existence of government strategic collaborations in Malang and Batu cities of Indonesia. The main finding is that the formal government partnership has not been established yet between the two cities. However, the strategic informal collaboration of tourism management culturally exist in both cities. In addition, Malang city government has made one step ahead by conducting feasibility study about the formal collaborative partnership in tourism affairs. There are several limitations on this study regarding the recent practice of decentralized tourism management affairs in both cities, also limited secondary data on legal documents about partnership progresses. The study recommends both local governments should utilize the cultural concept of Arek as their common cultural identity in order to make the formal government partnership possible. Hence the possible model of collaborative partnership which are Cooperative Construction and Joint Services models could be established. As a result, both policies and information could be exchanged integrally in term of tourism management affairs. The research value proposes utilizing the cultural identity of Arek , it means common identity for young people in Batu and Malang cities as the starting point towards the formal partnership establishment. Since these cities are experiencing sectoral ego in term of local government implementation, but they are solid entity in terms of AREMA ( Arek Malang – Malang Young People) even they use this identity to support tourism affairs collaboratively. Keywords : Tourism management, collaborative governance, government partnership and decentralization