Decay Process Research Articles

A Linkage Factors Between Nucleation and Atomic Physics as a Isomers Bases

The radioactive isomer was initially used to characterize persistent excited atomic states, much like molecular isomers, more than a century ago. Otto Hahn made the first atomic isomer discovery in 1921. Subsequently, it was gradually discovered that there are several kinds of nuclear isomers, such as spin isomer, K isomer, seniority isomer, and “shape and fission” isomer. Isomers are essential to the nucleosynthesis of astrophysical materials. High-accuracy nuclear reaction rate inputs are anticipated while carrying out a celestial nucleosynthesis net computation, even though a single reaction rate can have a significant impact on the whole astronomical evolutionary network. The isotopes are often considered to be in their initial state or to have levels populated in accordance with the thermal-equilibrium distribution of chances when computing nuclear synthesis rates. After all, certain isomers may have lives that reach millions of years or perhaps beyond the age of the cosmos. Thus, in an astrophysics event, such isomers might not be thermally equilibrium. Some atomic isomers—that is, astrometry—should be considered special isotopes since they are crucial to nucleosynthesis. Nuclear batteries can also be produced using nuclear isomers. Similar to the weak force, in certain specific cases such as isomer decays, the electromagnetic force could be crucial for nuclear changes. It is important to note that radioactive isomer states and radioactive ground states are not the same thing. Durable nuclear states of excitement provide insight into the nuclear framework and potential uses. Atomic and molecular changes become interconnected when the connection to the electrons in atoms is made possible by the existence of em decay routes from isomers. Notably renowned chemical decay process is inner conversion. Its inverted, nuclear excitement by free capture of electrons has been observed; however, it is debatable and needs more investigation. This study describes the connection connecting radioactive and molecular changes and discusses instances of manipulating nuclear moves related to isomers using external electromagnetic fields.

Relativistic model-free prediction for neutrinoless double beta decay at leading order

Starting from a manifestly Lorentz-invariant chiral Lagrangian, we present a model-free prediction for the transition amplitude of the process nn→ppe−e− induced by light Majorana neutrinos, which is a key process of the neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) in heavy nuclei employed in large-scale searches. Contrary to the nonrelativistic case, we show that the transition amplitude can be renormalized at leading order without any uncertain contact operators. The predicted amplitude defines a stringent benchmark for the previous estimation with model-dependent inputs, and greatly reduces the uncertainty of 0νββ transition operator in the calculations of nuclear matrix elements. Generalizations of the present framework could also help to address the uncertainties in 0νββ decay induced by other mechanisms. In addition, the present work motivates a relativistic ab initio calculation of 0νββ decay in light and medium-mass nuclei.

Thermal properties of carbon-based materials

Phonons and related processes govern the thermal properties of materials. They can be excited externally using light, heat, mechanical energy, etc. This article aims to elucidate the methodology used in studying thermal properties, specifically employing temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy. However, unique challenges arise when applying these techniques to low-dimensional materials. We summarize theoretical and experimental studies highlighting the significance of phonon hydrodynamics—a phenomenon typically observed only at low temperatures in bulk materials, but now found at room temperature in 2D materials like graphene. This discovery calls for caution when utilizing temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy-based techniques, such as the optothermal Raman method, which has been extensively employed to experimentally determine the thermal conductivity of graphene. Moreover, temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy remains a valuable tool for investigating phonon anharmonicity, a key factor governing phonon transport and decay processes in a wide array of emerging 2D materials and their heterostructures.

Radiation back-reaction during dark-matter freeze-out via metastable bound states

The formation and decay of metastable bound states can deplete significantly the density of multi-TeV thermal-relic dark matter. The effect depends on the interplay of bound-state formation, ionisation, transition and decay processes. Existing calculations take into account bound-state ionisation and excitations due to the radiation of the thermal bath. However, the dynamics of Hydrogen recombination suggests that the resonant radiation produced in bound-state formation or de-excitations may backreact, ionising or exciting the bound states thus impeding recombination. In this paper we examine this effect in the context of dark-matter freeze-out. To this end, we employ the generalised Saha equilibrium equation for metastable bound states, and discuss its salient features. We show that, in sharp contrast to Hydrogen recombination, the radiation produced during dark matter freeze-out is more likely to thermalise or redshift, rather than ionise or excite the metastable bound states.This holds not only for the low-energy (resonant) radiation produced in bound-state formation and transition processes, but also for the high-energy radiation produced in dark-matter annihilations and bound-state decays. While our computations are carried out in a minimal dark U(1) model, our conclusions only strengthen in more complex models.

The Central Role of the Relativistic Velocity Transformation in Modern Physics Theory

The Relativistic Velocity Transformation (RVT) is a very valuable tool for understanding the results of experiments. It was first used in 1907 by von Laue to explain the Fresnel-Fizeau light-damping phenomenon associated with the passage of light through a tube filled with a non-dispersive liquid. It is also essential for the prediction of characteristics of modern-day high-energy collision and decay processes. The purpose of the present work is to show that the RVT successes are in no way attributable to the Lorentz Transformation (LT), which is the cornerstone of Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity (SR) published in 1905. It is shown instead that the space-time transformation (VT) introduced in 1887 by Voigt can be used directly to derive the RVT. This is an important observation since it easily proven the LT is not internally consistent and therefore is not a viable component of relativity theory. There are nonetheless experiments which cannot be understood on the basis of the RVT, but rather require the use of the classical (Galilean) velocity transformation (GVT). It is pointed out the ranges of applicability for the GVT and RVT are mutually exclusive, and that it is a straightforward manner to distinguish between them on the basis of the specific characteristics of the experiments being carried out. The “distance rephrasing procedure” is introduced to prove that the GVT can be used successfully in examples involving light pulses, contrary to what is claimed in SR. Finally, the Law of Causality is shown to lead to a strict proportionality between the timing results of two observers in relative motion to one another. This relationship is referred to as “Newtonian Simultaneity” since it requires that events which are simultaneous for one observer will also be simultaneous for the other, unlike the prediction of remote non-simultaneity (RNS) which follows from the LT. The Newton-Voigt space-time transformation (NVT) employs the Newtonian Simultaneity proportional relationship explicitly and is also consistent with Galileo’s Relativity Principle (RP). It therefore serves as a viable replacement for the LT. Newtonian Simultaneity is also a key element of the Uniform Scaling Method discussed in previous work.

Strong decays of the Λc(2910) and Λc(2940) in the ND* molecular frame

Stimulated by the observation of a new structure, named Λc(2910), in the Σc(2455)0,++π+,− decay channel from B meson decay process by the Belle Collaboration, and the similarity of the Λc(2910)/Λc(2940) and Pc states, we investigate the decay behavior of the Λc(2910) and Λc(2940) in the ND* molecular frame with the possible JP quantum numbers to be 1/2− and 3/2−. We employ an effective Lagrangian approach to evaluate the partial widths of ND, Σcπ, and Σc*π channels. The estimations in the present work indicate that the JP quantum numbers of Λc(2910) and Λc(2940) are preferred to be 1/2− and 3/2−, respectively. From the present estimations, we also find the branching ratio of Λc(3/2)→Σc*π is much larger than that of Λc(1/2)→Σc*π, thus Σc*π could be a good channel to distinguish the JP quantum numbers of Λc(2910) and Λc(2940). Therefore, we suggest searching for the structure in Σc*π invariant mass distribution in Belle II. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Highly sensitive and flexible ammonia sensor based on PEDOT:PSS doped with Lewis acid for wireless food monitoring

Ammonia serves as a crucial indicator of food spoilage, but current sensors lack sufficient sensitivity, stability, selectivity, and automation for practical on-site and real-time monitoring. A highly sensitive and flexible ammonia sensor based on PEDOT:PSS doped with Lewis acid (FeCl3 solution) for wireless food monitoring is proposed in this study to solve the above limitations. The intercalation effect caused by the diffusion of Fe3+ and hydrolyzed H+ in the film coordinating with SO3− groups present in PSS chains leads to an increased distance between adjacent PEDOT-rich domains. It enhances ammonia sensitivity by providing additional ionic carriers and carrier transport paths within the PEDOT:PSS molecule. The results demonstrated a significant enhancement in the sensitivity of PEDOT:PSS sensor doped with FeCl3, exhibiting a response value of about 25 % at 25 ℃ for 1 ppm NH3, with an impressive detection limit of 0.23 ppm and quantification limit of 0.78 ppm (1–400 ppm). Moreover, it showcases acceptable repeatability both at 1 ppm (RSD = 4.30 %) and 100 ppm ammonia (RSD = 3.61 %), along with the notable selectivity and long-term stability. XPS, Raman analysis, and the density function theory (DFT) calculations further elucidated the sensing mechanism of the sensor towards ammonia. Additionally, a portable wireless detection device was designed, which was equipped with the Bluetooth communication and the micro-controller system to detect the decay process of fresh shrimp, realizing wirelessly real-time monitoring of food freshness through a smart phone. It’s worth noting that the innovative sensing technology holds great promise for food quality monitoring.

Estimating postmortem interval based on oral microbial community succession in rat cadavers

The accurate estimation of the postmortem interval has been one of the crucial issues to be solved in forensic research, and it is influenced by various factors in the process of decay. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, forensic microbiology has become the major hot topic in forensic science, which provides new research options for postmortem interval estimation. The oral microbial community is one of the most diverse of microbiomes, ranking as the second most abundant microbiota following the gastrointestinal tract. It is remarkable that oral microorganisms have a significant function in the decay process of cadavers. Therefore, we collected outdoor soil to simulate the death environment and focused on the relationship between oral microbial community succession and PMI in rats above the soil. In addition, linear regression models and random forest regression models were developed for the relationship between the relative abundance of oral microbes and PMI. We also identified a number of microorganisms that may be important to estimate PMI, including: Ignatzschineria, Morganella, Proteus, Lysinibacillus, Pseudomonas, Globicatella, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Rothia, Aerococcus, Staphylococcus, and so on.

Политико-правовые основы формирования патриотизма в молодежной среде

The work is devoted to the study of the legal basis for the formation of patriotism among young people. It has been established that at this stage of development of society and in the public consciousness of modern youth, processes of transformation and decay of moral values, destruction of personal and spiritual space, loss of self-identification, etc. occur. There is a need to spread such an important element of public consciousness as patriotism. Patriotism has enormous potential, is aimed at strengthening citizenship, which embodies respect for state power and love for the Motherland, discipline, stimulates the desire for the integrity of society, and is a constant of the state in the system of social relations.

Mechanisms of Fundamental Electromagnetic Wave Radiation in the Solar Wind

Large-scale and long-term two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations performed for parameters relevant to type III solar radio bursts have provided new results on the generation mechanisms of fundamental electromagnetic waves radiated at the plasma frequency ω p . The paper first considers the nonlinear wave interaction process of electromagnetic decay (EMD) in a homogeneous solar wind plasma with an electron-to-ion temperature ratio T e /T i > 1. The dynamics of ion-acoustic waves (dispersion, spectra, growth/damping) is studied, and signatures confirming the three-wave interactions (cross-bicoherence, correlations between waves’ phases and between waves' growths, resonance conditions) are provided. The decisive role played in EMD by the backscattered Langmuir waves coming from the electrostatic decay (ESD) is demonstrated. EMD can be triggered by ion acoustic waves coming from the two cascades of the faster and more intense ESD. The same study is then performed in a solar wind plasma with random density fluctuations. In this case, EMD is not suppressed but develops only within plasma regions of reduced or quasi-uniform density. It coexists with linear mode conversion (LMC) of Langmuir waves into electromagnetic radiation, which is the fastest and most prominent process, as well as with ESD. LMC can lead to enhanced occurrence of EMD in the early stage. Moreover, the impact of T e /T i on electromagnetic energy growth and saturation is shown to be rather weak. Ion-acoustic waves are heavily damped at T e ∼ T i , so that EMD is overcome by nonlinear induced scattering on thermal ions. In actual solar wind plasmas, EMD should be more easily observed in plasma regions weakly perturbed by the background density turbulence and where ion temperature is decreased.

A conceptual model on the influence of logjam formation on longitudinal and lateral sediment dynamics in forested streams

Large wood (LW) and log jams have important implications for sediment dynamics within river systems. Although many case studies explore this topic, far fewer synthesize these results at the reach and basin scales. In this paper, we present a conceptual model that relates valley setting and landscape history of forested, mountain streams to spatiotemporal patterns of sediment storage and transport via the formation and decay processes of logjams. This conceptual model explores the function of logjams as sediment transport moderators, significantly influencing sediment retention, channel morphology, and lateral and longitudinal connectivity. Detailed wood inventories, channel topographic surveys, and channel morphology from four case studies are used to illustrate the range of channel responses to logjam formation, evolution, and decay in different valley contexts. Valley setting is shown to influence logjam formation and dynamics by determining the mechanisms and timing of sediment and wood recruitment. In steep and narrow (and thus coupled, confined) reaches, colluvial processes are the dominant mechanisms of wood and sediment delivery, and logjams grow vertically as sediment is stored in a wedge behind the jam (longitudinal disconnectivity). In contrast, in unconfined reaches (decoupled hillslopes), wood and sediment recruitment occurs primarily through fluvial processes, and logjams grow laterally as the channel shifts across the valley bottom. These logjams have long lifespans, often over a century, and gradually release sediment as the logjam decomposes. Sediment deposits stabilized by riparian vegetation behind these structures may persist long after logjam decay. This conceptual model is a testable framework and practical tool that offers insight into wood-sediment interaction mechanisms within steep, forested basins.

Effects of plasma nonuniformity on toroidal Alfvén eigenmode nonlinear decay

The parametric decay of toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) in nonuniform plasmas is investigated using nonlinear gyrokinetic equation. It is found that, the plasma nonuniformity not only significantly enhances the nonlinear coupling cross-section, but also qualitatively modifies the decay process. Specifically, the condition for spontaneous decay becomes the toroidal mode number of the sideband TAE being higher than that of the pump TAE, instead of the frequency of the sideband TAE being lower than the pump TAE in uniform plasmas. The consequences on TAE saturation and energetic particle transport are also discussed.

Investigation of the transient change of the cutting force during the milling of C45 and X5CrNi18-10 steel taking into account the dynamics of the electro-mechanical measuring system

The possible methods of determining the cutting force—due to the great practical importance of knowing the force—have long been and are still intensively studied areas of cutting theory. In milling, cutting is a series of successive short material removals. During force measurement in such cases, the transient process that can be detected at the beginning of the process can influence the nature of the entire cutting cycle. The present study reports on the research, the aim of which was to explore the dynamic process of cutting force measurement in intermittent cutting. The measurements were made during face milling of C-steel and highly alloyed steel (X5CrNi 18–10). The milling head contained a single insert, with which the disturbing interaction of the multiple cutting edges was eliminated. As a result of the work, a method suitable for examining the close relationship between the initial transient nature of the milling cycle and the decay, as well as a mathematical model for the decay process, was developed. The model was validated with cutting experiments and measurements. The achieved results can be used to better understand the process of chip removal and to determine the actual power requirements of milling works.

Multiphoton Ionization/Dissociation of Molecular Sulfur S2 in the UV Region.

The multiphoton ionization/dissociation dynamics of molecular sulfur (S2) in the ultraviolet range of 205-300 nm is studied using velocity map ion imaging (VMI). In this one-color experiment, molecular sulfur (S2) is generated in a pulsed discharge and then photodissociated by UV radiation. At the three-photon level, superexcited states are accessed via two different resonant states: the B3Σu- (v' = 8-11) valence states at the one-photon level and a Rydberg state at the two-photon level. Among the decay processes of these superexcited states, dissociation to electronically excited S atoms is dominant as compared to autoionization to ionic states S2+ (X2Πg) at wavelengths λ < 288 nm. The anisotropy parameter extracted from these images reflects the parallel character of these electronic transitions. In contrast, autoionization is found to be particularly efficient at S(1D) and S(1S) detection wavelengths around 288 nm. Information obtained from the kinetic energy distributions of S atoms has revealed the existence of vibrationally excited S2+ (X2Πg (v+ > 11)) that dissociates to ionic products following one-photon absorption. This work also reveals many interesting features of S2 photodynamics compared to those of electronically analogous O2.

Is the Coleman–de Luccia Action Minimum?: An AdS/CFT Approach

Abstract We use the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence to find the least bounce action in an AdS false vacuum state, i.e. the most probable decay process of the metastable AdS vacuum within the Euclidean formalism by Callan and Coleman. It was shown that the O(4) symmetric bounce solution leads to the action minimum in the absence of gravity, but it is nontrivial in the presence of gravity. The AdS/CFT duality is used to evade the difficulties particular to a metastable gravitational system. To this end, we show that the Fubini bounce solution in CFT, corresponding to the Coleman–de Luccia (CdL) bounce in AdS, gives the least action among all finite bounce solutions in a conformal scalar field theory. Thus, we prove that the CdL action is the least action among all possible large and thin-wall configurations under certain conditions.

Bioprotective effects of different Plant Extracts and Essential Oils against Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger causing Post Harvest decay in Grapes

The grapes (Vitis vinifera) are one of the largely consumed fruits in the world. Grape production in Pakistan has increased in the recent years. These are mainly consumed fresh or as dried raisins. Grapes are highly perishable, which makes them liable to rot during transport, storage, and marketing. The perishable nature of grapes leads to a considerable amount of post-harvest loss. The production and quality of grapes are adversely affected by several abiotic and biotic factors. Two different cities Pishin (Balochistan) and Faisalabad (Punjab) fruit market and stores were selected to collect rotten grapes. The fungal pathogens isolated were identified as A. niger and R. stolonifers. The pathogenicity of isolated pathogens was assessed at different temperatures (5, 20, and 30 °C) on the Thompson seedless grape variety. Infection and proliferation of fungi were found conducive at 30°C. As antifungal agents, three organic origin oils, neem, cinnamon, and clove oils with levels i.e., 500, 1000, 2000 ppm as well as marigold and neem extracts with diverse concentrations of like 12.5, 25, and 50% were employed. Among these organic compounds, cinnamon and clove oils at 2000 ppm exhibited 6.54% and 15.3% decay against A. niger, respectively. Meanwhile, against R. stolonifer, cinnamon and clove oils at 2000 ppm exhibited 12.22% and 6.74% decay, respectively. This study's findings focus on the effectiveness of both essential oils and plant extract in significantly delaying the decay process caused by fungal pathogens. The present study underscores the protective ability of the plant extracts and natural oils which could be a way forward for eco-safe management of post-harvest diseases of grapes before they reach the market.

Simulation of gamma spectra from soil samples by using MCNP: A case study

A comparison between the MCNP simulated gamma spectrums based on the nuclear data from NuDat with the current version 3.0 and Nucléide-Lara against measured spectra based on the IAEA reference samples has been performed to assess the influence of nuclear data of photon decay processes and cross-section of photon interactions on the quality of the simulated spectra. As the results, the appearance of some abnormal energy peaks; namely 215 keV, 571 keV, 675 keV, 1227 keV of the NuDat-based simulated spectra and 90 keV, 94 keV, 106 keV, 416 keV of the Nucléide-Lara-based simulated spectra, which were present in neither the measured spectrum nor remaining simulated spectra, indicating issues with accuracy and completeness of these dataset. In addition, the good correlation between the combined dataset-based simulated spectra and reference samples-based measured spectra within the range of 50 keV to 2620 keV suggests that this MCNP simulation configuration can be used to generate a large simulated dataset for Machine Learning (ML) models that automatically identify and qualify radioactive isotope from gamma-ray spectra, overcoming the practical limitation of number of reference samples to sufficiently generate data for training and testing ML algorithms in the field of environmental radiation [1].

Why are the luminescent properties of the mononuclear and binuclear Eu/Tb-2-hydroxybenzoate complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline so different? An experimental-theoretical study

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the structural and luminescent properties of lanthanide 2-hydroxybenzoate compounds, focusing on Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions in both single and mixed systems. The X-ray structures of (Hphen)2[Eu2(2-OHBz)8(H2O)2]·2H2O (1a·2H2O) and [Eu(2-OHBz)3(phen)2]·PhMe (2a·PhMe) were determined, where 2-OHBz: 2-hydroxybenzoate and phen: 1,10-phenantroline, revealing triclinic crystal structures with distinct coordination geometries. Compound 1a·2H2O displayed a centrosymmetric dinuclear anion with a coordination number of eight for each Eu3+ center, while compound 2a·PhMe exhibited a neutral mononuclear complex with a decacoordinated Eu3+ center. A comparative analysis of luminescent properties between these compounds unveiled significant differences in the nonradiative decay rates of the 5D0 level of Eu3+ ions, suggesting potential luminescence-quenching channels. The investigation is extended to mixed Eu3+-Tb3+ systems, demonstrating efficient Tb3+ to Eu3+ energy transfer, especially at room temperature. Three models, including two novel ones proposed in this study, were considered to rationalize energy transfer in the mixed systems. Our theoretical-experimental investigation reveals that variations in lifetimes of the emitting level 5D0 of Eu-2-OHBz mononuclear and binuclear complexes, or mixed Eu/Tb-2-OHBz complexes, with 1,10-phenanthrolines, primarily result from multiphonon decay processes; however, low-energy ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) states play a key role in suppressing luminescence in the binuclear complex compare to the mononuclear ones.

H-COUP Version 3: A program for one-loop corrected decays of any Higgs bosons in non-minimal Higgs models

The H-COUP program is provided as a package of Fortran codes, which can compute observables related to Higgs bosons including radiative corrections in various extended Higgs sectors. We give a manual for the latest version of H-COUP (H-COUP_3.0), in which decay rates and branching ratios of all the Higgs bosons can be calculated at one-loop level in EW and Higgs interactions with QCD corrections in the Higgs singlet model, four types of the two Higgs doublet model with a softly-broken Z2 symmetry, and the inert doublet model. The previous version (H-COUP_2.0) can evaluate those only for the standard model like Higgs boson with the mass of 125 GeV (h). In H-COUP_3.0, renormalized quantities are computed based on the gauge-independent on-shell renormalization scheme. The source code of H-COUP_3.0 can be downloaded via the following link: http://www-het.phys.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp/~hcoup. By using H-COUP_3.0, we can compare the precise measurements of the properties of h and direct searches for additional Higgs bosons with their predictions at one-loop level, by which we can reconstruct the structure of the Higgs sector. New version program summaryProgram Title: H-COUP Version 3 5CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/f88szmrj5x.3Developer's repository link:http://www-het.phys.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp/~hcoupLicensing provisions: GPLv3Programming language: Fortran90Journal reference of previous version: Comput. Phys. Commum. 257 (2020) 107512Does the new version supersede the previous version?: YesReasons for the new version: The previous version (H-COUP version 2) is a package of Fortran codes to provide one-loop corrected couplings, decay rates and branching ratios of the 125 GeV Higgs boson in the Higgs Singlet Model (HSM), the Two Higgs doublet models (THDMs) with a softly-broken Z2 symmetry, and the Inert Doublet Model (IDM). In the new version (H-COUP version 3), the H-COUP program has been improved to calculate the decay rates and the branching ratios of all the Higgs bosons including one-loop corrections in the above models. These calculations are performed based on the gauge independent on-shell renormalization scheme.Summary of revisions: We have added radiatively corrected decay rates and branching ratios for all the additional Higgs bosons, not only for the 125 GeV Higgs boson, in the extended Higgs models. Furthermore, several choices are provided for renormalization schemes used to evaluate electroweak corrections. The scalar two-point functions are renormalized by on-shell scheme as in the previous version, while the renormalization for the tadpole is performed by either the standard tadpole scheme or the alternative tadpole scheme. The users can choose these renormalization schemes.Nature of problem: Decay rates and branching ratios of all the Higgs bosons can be calculated with one-loop electroweak corrections and QCD corrections in the HSM, four types of the THDMs with the softly-broken Z2 symmetry, and the IDM. In the calculations of additional Higgs boson decays, for the three-body decay processes and loop induce processes of additional Higgs bosons, electroweak corrections are not included. As for the QCD correction, next-to-leading order or next-to-next-to-leading order corrections are included, depending on the decay process.Solution method: Electroweak corrections are evaluated based on the gauge independent on-shell renormalization scheme, while some parameters are renormalized by the MS‾ scheme. QCD corrections are evaluated with the MS‾ scheme.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: All functions up to the previous version are included in H-COUP version 3.

Indole-Based Compounds in the Development of Anti-Neurodegenerative Agents.

Neurodegeneration is a gradual decay process leading to the depletion of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, ultimately resulting in cognitive dysfunctions and the deterioration of brain functions, alongside a decline in motor skills and behavioral capabilities. Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) impose a substantial socio-economic strain on society, aggravated by the advancing age of the world population and the absence of effective remedies, predicting a negative future. In this context, the urgency of discovering viable therapies is critical and, despite significant efforts by medicinal chemists in developing potential drug candidates and exploring various small molecules as therapeutics, regrettably, a truly effective treatment is yet to be found. Nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, and particularly those containing the indole nucleus, which has emerged as privileged scaffold, have attracted particular attention for a variety of pharmacological applications. This review analyzes the rational design strategy adopted by different research groups for the development of anti-neurodegenerative indole-based compounds which have the potential to modulate various molecular targets involved in NDs, with reference to the most recent advances between 2018 and 2023.