Debye-Scherrer Equation Research Articles

Structural, optical and electrical properties of ZnO-ZnS nanocomposites prepared by simple hydrothermal method

ZnO-ZnS nanocomposites with different molar ratio 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25 percentages were prepared by the simple hydrothermal method. The techniques used for the characterization of samples were X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectrometry (DRS), Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, dielectric and photoconductivity measurements. XRD patterns confirmed the crystalline nature of ZnO-ZnS nanocomposites. The calculated average crystallite size using Debye Scherrer's equation is in the range of 48–45 nm and 24-21 nm for ZnO and ZnS compound respectively. SEM images showed spherical morphology with agglomerated nanoparticles. The energy dispersive X-ray technique is opted for elemental mapping of ZnO-ZnS nanocomposite. Optical studies of UV-DRS reveal the band gap to be 2.07–2.11 eV. The FT-IR spectra confirmed stretching vibrations of ZnO and ZnS respectively. Dielectric properties like dielectric loss, dielectric constant and AC conductivity were studied. The photoconductivity measurement exhibits good photo response behavior in the nanocomposite materials.

Morphological and Structural Studies of ZnO Micro-Nanorod Structures Synthesized Using a Low-Cost Hydrothermal Method

Micro-nanorod structures of zinc oxide (ZnO) have been successfully synthesized via a simple and low-cost hydrothermal method. ZnO solutions with different concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 M were prepared using zinc nitrate tetrahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine precursors. They were dissolved in aquades and stirred before the hydrothermal process at 95 ° C for 4 hours in an oven. Extensive characterizations using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were conducted on ZnO powder samples. SEM results showed that hexagonally shaped ZnO micro-nanorods were formed with diameters ranging from hundreds of nanometers to several micrometers. The ZnO sample synthesized at 0.05 M was observed to have a better surface morphological structure than the 0.1 M sample. In addition, XRD measurements confirmed that samples exhibited a hexagonal crystal structure of ZnO. Moreover, the calculated crystallite sizes of ZnO using the Debye-Scherrer equation using the full-width half maxima of the XRD peaks were 25.153 nm for the 0.05 M sample and 28.707 nm for the 0.1 M sample. The most prominent growth of ZnO had 101 plane orientation or nonpolar a -plane followed by nonpolar 100 m -plane and 002 polar c -plane orientations. This study offers a simple and low-cost route to produce high-quality ZnO micro-nanorods for use in various electrical and optical devices.

Preparation, characterization and effect of calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide nano additives on fuel properties of tire oil diesel blend

ABSTRACTThe present study deals with the preparation, characterization, and effect of and Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and Titanium dioxide (TiO2) Nano additives on the fuel properties in the tire oil–diesel fuel blend. The above said Nanoparticles were prepared by the ball milling method using toluene as the solvent. Tire oil was prepared from scrap tires by pyrolysis process in the temperature range of 400–650°C. The morphology and particle size were determined by means of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). From the SEM image, the particle size for CaCO3 and TiO2 was found to be 153nm and 99.2nm, respectively, which strongly confirms the particles size in Nano range. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy was used to study the chemical compounds in the Nanoparticles. The presence of peaks in the wavelength range of 700–500 cm−1 validates the presence of metallic compounds in the particles. The crystal structure of the Nanoparticles was determined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique and the Nano crystallite structure was calculated by using Debye-Scherer equation. The diffraction peaks obtained from the XRD patterns were indexed to the pure cubic fluorite structure of CaCO3 and TiO2. From the Debye Scherer’s equation the particle size for CaCO3 and TiO2 were found to be 24.48nm and 37.86 nm, respectively. Visualisation of the Nanoparticles in three dimensions was carried out by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) from which the maximum and minimum size of the particles was determined. The maximum and minimum particle sizes were found to be 99nm and 62nm for CaCO3 whereas for TiO2 it is found to be 76nm and 47nm, respectively. Particle size analyzer was used to calculate the average size of the particle. 1000 ppm of the prepared Nanoparticles was added to tire oil-diesel fuel blend (T20) by means of probe sonication and the phase stability of the blends with CaCO3 and TiO2 Nanoparticles were found to be −18.1 mV and −26.2 mV, respectively. The fuel properties such as viscosity, density, calorific value, flash point, cetane number, cloud point, and pour point were found to align with that of ASTM standards and can be considered as an alternate energy source in a Compression Ignition engine.

STUDY OF SYNTHESIS FEATURES OF NANOCRYSTALLINE ZINC FERRITE

In work the process of formation of nanocrystal zinc ferrite was studied. The samples obtained were characterized with XPS, BET and SEM. The received samples have the developed surface. The average size of crystallites determined by Debye-Scherrer equation was 3 nm.

Effect of Vanadium addition on The Structural Properties of Alloy (Ni-Cu) Nano-Particles

This research aimed to prepare (Ni-Al) alloys by powder technology method because of it is technological and commercial important. Nickel and Copper powders were tacking then there powders mixed and blended together with percent (Ni-30% Cu), Vanadium powder added to matrix alloy powder with percent (0,1,2,3)% respectively then these powders mixed to obtain homogeneous powder, then the powders compacted isostatic cold pressure at (8ton). The sintering process done at (900° C) for one hour under argon gas.
 The X-ray diffractions test indicated that all alloys have Face center Cubic (F.C.C), And D alloy has best properties which include increase of phases intensity and decrease of grain size according to Debye-Scherrer equation.
 The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) also shows better properties with increase vanadium concentration. Where increased softness of surface, homogeneity surface and decrease in grain size with increase Vanadium concentration.

Rare earths (Ce, Eu) molar concentration-dependent of the structural and optical properties of CBD-CdS nanofilms

It presents the characterization of rare earths (Eu,Ce)-doped CdS nanofilms that were synthesised by the growth technique chemical bath deposition (CBD) at the reservoir temperature of 70±2°C. The doping of CdS with rare earths is performed by varying the synthesis time from 60 to 135 min. The rare earths molar concentration was range from 0.0≤x≤3.5, which was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Raman scattering reveal that CdS nanofilms showed the zinc blende (ZB) crystalline phase. The CdS average nanocrystal size was ranged from 1.84 to 2.67 nm that was determined by the Debye–Scherrer equation from ZB (111) direction, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Raman scattering shows that the lattice dynamics is characteristic of bimodal behaviour and the multipeaks adjust of the first optical longitudinal mode for the (Eu,Ce)-doped CdS, which denotes the Raman shift of the characteristic peak about 305 cm−1 of the CdS nanocrystals. The CdS nanofilms exhibit a direct bandgap that slightly decreases with increasing doping, from 2.50 to 2.42 eV, which was obtained by room temperature transmittance. The room-temperature photoluminescence of CdS shows the band-to-band transition at 2.88 eV, which is associated to quantum confinement and a dominant radiative band at 2.37 eV that is called the optical signature of interstitial oxygen. The Eu3+-doped CdS photoluminescence shows the dominant radiative band at 2.15 eV, which is associated to the intra-4f radiative transition of Eu3+ ions that corresponds to the magnetic dipole transition, (5D0→7F1). For the Ce3+-doped CdS the dominant radiative transition, at 2.06 eV, is clearly redshifted, although the passivation of the CdS nanofilms by Ce was approximately by a factor about 21 for the best results.

Biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles using Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract for photocatalytic methyl orange dye degradation and antibacterial applications

Trigonella foenum-graecum is the source of various biological and chemical constituents with a wide area of applications, especially in the treatment/prevention of diabetes and other chronic diseases such as cancer. Multiple biological and organic moieties in the aqueous or the organic phase of Trigonella foenum-graecum carry soft reduction properties to reduce the metal cations to nanoparticles. In this investigation, the Trigonella foenum-graecum was found in the seed extract for the first time in an aqueous medium. We successfully synthesized zero-valent iron nanoparticles (Fe0) (ZV-Fe NPs) and stabilized these nanoparticles in an aqueous medium. The stabilization mechanism of Fe NPs by Trigonella foenum-graecum in an aqueous extract was investigated. Further, Fe NPs were characterized by UV–visible spectrometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis - derivative thermo-gravimetric (TGA/DTG), magnetization, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The size of the nanoparticles, calculated using the Debye-Scherer equation and TEM, was found to be approximately 11 nm with the highest particle distribution number. Fe NPs are very effective for methyl orange dye degradation under UV light following pseudo first-order kinetics, and the rate constant kapp was found to be 0.025 min−1. Furthermore, Fe NPs were applied to check the antibacterial activities with microorganisms such as gram-negative E. coli and gram-positive S. aureus. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Fe NPs for E. coli and S. aureus was calculated as 32 μg/mL and 64 μg/mL, respectively.

Photocatalytic removal of NOx over immobilized BiFeO3 nanoparticles and effect of operational parameters

Perovskite type BiFeO3 (BFO) was synthesized by sol-gel auto-combustion method. Synthesized BFO was immobilized on the micro slides glass plates by sol-gel dip-coating method. The sample was characterized by XRD, FESEM, UV-Vis DRS, and BET techniques. The XRD pattern confirmed the perovskite structure, and from the Debye-Scherrer equation the average crystalline size was calculated as 19 nm. The FE-SEM images of prepared BFO showed porous structure with low agglomeration. The band gap energy was calculated about 2.13 eV, and the specific surface area (SSA) of prepared BFO nanostructure was obtained 55.1m2 g−1. The photocatalytic activity of prepared pure and immobilized BFO was investigated in the removal of NOx under UV irradiation, in the batch photoreactor. The effects of operational parameters such as initial concentration of NOx, light intensity and amount of coated photocatalyst, under identical conditions, were investigated. The results showed that the highest conversion of NOx was obtained as 35.83% in the 5 ppm of NOx with 1.2 g immobilized BFO and under 15 W illumination lamp.

Synthesis of Fluorescent Nanoscale Salts/Metal–Organic Frameworks for Live-Cell Imaging

The reaction between disulfonic acid, i.e., 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid (NDS), Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, and variety of ditopic pyridine analogues viz., 9,10-bis((E)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)vinyl)anthracene (B4PVA), 9,10-bis((E)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)vinyl)anthracene (B3PVA), and 3,3′-(peroxybis(methylene))dipyridine (3PBP), resulted in the formation of salts/metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), i.e., [NDS2–·B4PVA2+·S] (FNP 1a), [NDS2–·3PBP2+·MeOH·H2O] (FNP 1b), [Cu·NDS·B4PVA] (FNP 1c), [Cu·NDS·B3PVA] (FNP 1d), and [Cu·NDS·3PBP] (FNP 1e), by the diffusion method where S in FNP 1a is a squeezed solvent molecule. Sulfonates with six oxygen atoms are involved in coordination with metal center and formed hydrogen bond interactions. X-ray structural analysis showed supramolecular architecture of the salts/MOFs where ligands act as a linear linker. The approximate particle size was calculated by powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the compounds using the Debye–Scherrer equation. The morphological characterization of the FNPs were perfo...

BIOMIMETIC SYNTHESIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF STRONTIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING OCIMUM SANCTUM LEAF EXTRACT

Objective: The investigation and synthesis of nanoparticles using green chemical methods is an emerging field due to ecologically derived materials. In the present study, the reaction under microwave irradiation technique is proposed for synthesizing the strontium oxide nanoparticles (SrO NPs) by reacting the strontium nitrate powder with Ocimum sanctum L. leaf extract followed by heat treatment at 500oC for 2 h.Methods: The crystalline nature, size, and morphological structure of the SrO powder sample were characterized by techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet (UV)-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectral analysis. To investigate the antibacterial properties of SrO NPs, pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Morganella morganii was tested in Mueller–Hinton disc diffusion method.Results: The particle size of the SrO NPs is calculated to be 42 nm using Debye–Scherrer equation. The SrO NPs exhibited absorption peak in the range of 250–350 nm centered at 274 nm in UV region. In addition, it is demonstrated that band gap energy was calculated to be 5.39 eV from Tauc’s plot. The SrO NPs has shown the efficient antibacterial effect by inhibiting zone against Gram-negative bacteria.Conclusion: The main aim of the study is to synthesize cost-effective and eco-friendly green synthesis of SrO NPs from the OS (O. sanctum) leaf extract and their characterization. The mechanism for the formation of SrO NPs in the presence of eugenol as reducing agent is also discussed. The present green chemical approach using plant-based materials for the synthesis of nanoparticles enhances the eco-friendliness, compatibility, effectiveness, and reduces the toxicity.

Characterization of CBD-CdS Doped with Some Rare Earths III (Eu3+,Ce3+) as Function of Synthesis Time

Rare earths (Europium, cerium)-doped CdS nanofilms are prepared using the growth technique chemical bath deposition (CBD) at the reservoir temperature of 70±2°C varying the synthesis time in a wide range. For the rare earths doped CdS nanofilms the synthesis time was ranged from 80 to 135 min. The rare earths molar concentration was in the range 0.0≤x≤3.47, which was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that CdS nanofilms showed the zinc blende (ZB) crystalline phase. The nanocrystal size was ranged from 2.67 to 2.35 nm for the CdS and 1.84-2.33 nm for rare earth-doped CdS that were determined by the Debye-Scherrer equation from ZB (111) direction and it was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The doped CdS exhibits a direct band gap that diminishes with the increase of the synthesis time, from 2.50 to 2.42 eV, which was obtained by transmittance. The room-temperature photoluminescence of CdS presents the band-to-band transition at 431 nm, which is associated with quantum confinement because the grain size is less than its Bohr exciton radius and a dominant band at 523 nm, which is called the optical signature of interstitial oxygen. Eu3+-doped CdS photoluminescence shows the dominant radiative peak at 576 nm that is associated to the intra-4f radiative transition of Eu3+ ions, which corresponds to the magnetic dipole transition, (5D0→7F1). For the Ce3+-doped CdS the dominant radiative transitions are clearly redshifted. Additionally, other radiative peaks associated at structural defects are observed. The passivation of the CdS by rare earths was approximately of two orders of magnitude obtaining better results with cerium.

Preparation and characterisation of Cao nanoparticle for biodiesel production from mixture of edible and non-edible oils

Calcium nitrate (CaO/CaN) and snail shell (CaO/SS) were successfully utilised for the development of CaO nanoparticle and used in biodiesel synthesis from a mixture of edible and non-edible oils. These solid base heterogeneous catalysts were characterised by FT-IR, XRD, and TGA techniques. Debye-Scherer equation also calculated the average crystalline size of a nanometer. The comparable catalytic activity of CaO/CaN and CaO/SS catalyst was also studied for biodiesel production and found the increment of biodiesel yield from 88% to 92% using CaO/SS. The used optimum reaction conditions were: 6 wt% catalyst loading, 65°C reaction temperature, 12:1 methanol: oil molar ratio and four hr of reaction time. This research shows that developed basic nano catalyst from snail shell exhibit good catalytic activity. Five reusability runs were also done and found that no loss of catalytic activity up to five runs.

Synthesis and Characterization of Ag Nano Particle by Solution Combustion Method and their Biological Studies

In this paper we reported a facile, novel and low temperature method for the synthesis of Ag Nano powder. The Catharanthus roseus plant leaf extract was used as bio fuel and Ag(NO3)2.6H2O used as oxidizer at low temperature 400 ±10 °C. Various analytical methods were used to characterize the powder such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformer infers red spectroscopy (FTIR). The phase formation studies were evaluated using PXRD graph and all the diffraction peaks are well matched with cubic structure of Silver NPS Card No. JCPDS 65-2871.The average crystallite size estimated from the Debye-Scherer equation is found to be 28 nm. SEM micrographs show the formation porous and agglomerated ZnO Nano powder. The FTIR spectrum confirms the M-O bond formation and purity of the product. An eco-friendly and simple method of solution combustion method by using bio-fuel synthesis of Silver nanoparticles is suggested so forth to apply for numerous applications like photocatalytic activities, biological activities and catalytic activities can be studied here The IC50 were found to be 183.53µg and 2.12 mg for DPPH and FRAP respectively. The anti-fungal activity ZnO NPs shows the maximum zone of inhibition against A. Niger (5 ± 0.5 mm) and P. aeruginosa (4± 0.4mm) at 30µg concentration.

Structural Characterization and Magnetic Properties of Undoped and Ti-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared by Modified Oxalate Route

Ti-doped zinc oxide and pure zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by a modified oxalate route using Averrhoa carambola fruit juice as a natural source of oxalate. The characteristics of the precursors have been investigated by FTIR, TGA, and XRD. The results from the investigation revealed that the precursors are zinc oxalate and Ti-doped zinc oxalate which readily decompose at 450°C. The as-prepared precursors were calcined at 450°C for 4 hours, and the decomposition products have been characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, and VSM. XRD results revealed crystallinity with hexagonal wurtzite structure, while the average grain size was found to be 26 nm for Ti-doped ZnO and 29 nm for ZnO, using calculations based on Debye-Scherrer equation. Furthermore, the morphological studies by SEM showed particle agglomeration, while the presence of Ti3+ in the zinc oxide lattice is indicated by EDS analysis. Finally the hysteresis loop from VSM results shows that Ti-doped ZnO exhibits ferromagnetism.

Synthesis, characterization and application of starch stabilized zerovalent iron nanoparticles in the remediation of Pb-acid battery soil

Arable and residential soils are being lost in major metropolitan cities and remote areas. The need for innovative and advanced materials that are cost effective and efficient in the environmental remediation of heavy metals continue to remain a major challenge both in developed and developing nations. In this regard, nanoparticles have received considerable attention for its potentials in the remediation of groundwater and sites. This study reports on the effect of starch supported zero-valent iron nanoparticles on Pb-acid battery soil physico-chemical properties. The starch stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI-Starch) were synthesized using the chemical reduction method. The nZVI-Starch nanoparticles crystallographic, magnetic and particle size distribution properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), physical property measurement system (PPMS) and zetasizer techniques. Composite soil samples were collected from a lead acid battery dump-site, characterized and used to evaluate effects of nZVI-Starch on the physic-chemical properties of Pb acid battery polluted soils. XRD pattern of S-ZVFe powder corresponds to that of pure nZVI-Starch nanoparticles, having an average diameter size 9.28nm as calculated using the Debye Scherer equation. The hydrodynamic size distribution shows that the nanoparticles were mono-dispersed and superparamagnetic in nature with saturation magnetization of 27emu/g. Speciation results showed that Zn was associated with the mobile fraction of the soil and Pb was fairly distributed in the organic, Fe-Mn, and residual fractions. After treatment of the parent soil with 1000mg/kg of nZVI-Starch, the fractions of the heavy metals in the mobile fractions became redistributed in the less mobile/bioavailable fractions.

Diclofenac degradation by heterogeneous photocatalysis with Fe3O4/TixOy/activated carbon fiber composite synthesized by ultrasound irradiation

In this work, a photocatalytic system to degrade diclofenac was developed using a composite Fe3O4/TixOy on an activated carbon fiber. Diclofenac is widely used as an anti-inflammatory compound worldwide and it is constantly being added as waste in the environment (Heberer 2002 J. Hydrol. 266 175–89), exceeding the permissible maximum concentration in the wastewater (GEO-3 2002 Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente; Golet et al 2003 Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 3243–9; Oviedo et al 2010 Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 29 9–43; Le-Minh et al 2010 Water Res. 44 4295–323; Legrini et al 1993 Chem. Rev. 1093 671–98). The composite was synthesized by sol-gel technique with and without ultrasound irradiation (Singh and Nakate 2014 J. Nanopart. 2014 326747). The solids were deposited by ultrasound irradiation on active carbon fiber in order to optimize the diclofenac degradation. The solids were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen physisorption (BET), and scanning electron microscopy with EDS microanalysis (SEM-EDS). The crystal size was calculated with the Debye-Scherrer equation, and the band gap values by the diffuse reflectance method. The evaluation process was studied by UV–vis spectroscopy (Rizzoa et al 2009 Water Res. 43 979–88). It was found that in this synthesis method (ultrasound), textural properties such as porosity, specific surface area and morphology depend on the ultrasound irradiation. The proposed system, Fe3O4/titanium oxide hydrate showed better degradation profile than TiO2 anatase phase; the increase of diclofenac degradation was attributed to the textural properties of the composite, it avoids the filtering process since the separation can be achieved by magnetizing and/or decantation.

Catalyst system for olefin polymerization and method for producing olefin polymer

Copper nanoparticles show considerable antibacterial, anti-fungal and related effects in comparison with bulk CuO and have been explored for their biological applications. In this work green synthesis approach was adopted to synthesize CuONps utilizing Syzygium aromaticum bud extract. CuONps showed a sharp band around 298 nm in UV–Vis spectrum, affirming their formation. The average size of synthesized CuONps was inspected by Debye-Scherrer equation using PXRD spectrum and was found 70 nm. Interaction study of CuONps with Calf-Thymus DNA have been investigated which has given significant results. The CuONps have also shown 20% DNA cleavage activity against E.coli DNA.

Enhanced thermoelectric performance of n-type bismuth selenide doped with nickel

Bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) and transition metal (nickel) doped (5 and 7.5 mol %) Bi2Se3 have been prepared by solvothermal approach for investigation of thermoelectric properties of the materials. The morphological characterization reveals plate and flake like structures for undoped and doped samples respectively. There is a decrease in lattice constant, computed from Rietveld refinement data and crystallite size, found using Debye-Scherrer equation for doped samples. Doping by nickel increases the electrical conductivity and reduces both thermo power and thermal conductivity of the materials than pure Bi2Se3. Reduction in thermal conductivity of the doped samples by 42%, results in an increase in figure of merit (ZT) of nickel doped (5%) materials by one order of magnitude (0.02–0.22) compared to pure Bi2Se3.

Green synthesis of nanocrystalline manganese (II, III) oxide

Nanocrystalline Manganese (II, III) Oxides (Mn3O4) were synthesized through green approach using the leaf extract of Adalodakam (Adhatoda vasica Nees / Justicia adhatoda). The probable mechanism towards the formation of nanoparticles, crystallographic structure, the average and effective crystallite sizes, optical characteristics and thermal behavior of the sample were studied comprehensively. The obtained powder x-ray diffraction pattern was indexed with characteristic peaks corresponding to ICDD PCPDFWIN data for tetragonal body-centered lattice of Mn3O4. Considerably broadened peaks in the XRD pattern indicate diminished size of crystallites and in consistent with Debye-Scherer equation, average crystallite size was estimated to be 44nm. Based on the uniform deformation stress model as suggested in Hall-Williamson technique, the broadening of XRD peaks contributed from micro strains developed in the nanocrystalline sample was analyzed and accordingly, the effective crystallite size was separated from micro strain and the value is estimated to be 66nm. Analysis on absorption spectrum recorded for the sample in the UV–Visible-NIR range revealed the direct allowed transition with semiconducting energy band gap equal to 2.50eV. Further, the thermogravimetric analysis resulted in an insight into the thermal changes inside the sample during the process of heating in air. The broad peak in the curve observed at 498.3 °C was reasonably assigned to the absolute phase transformation from Mn3O4 to Mn5O8 and further decomposition to Mn2O3 which crystallizes at 581.3 °C

Dielectric functionalities of anatase phase titanium dioxide nanocrystals synthesized using water-soluble complexes

TiO2 nanostructures were successfully prepared via hydrothermal technique using water-soluble complexes. The phase, functional groups, and morphological analysis of the synthesized nanostructures were characterized using powdered X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses, respectively. Impedance spectroscopy was applied to investigate the dielectric behavior of nanostructured TiO2 at anatase phase. The average grain size of polymorphic anatase phase TiO2 NPs was found to be 18 nm using Debye–Scherrer equation. More significantly, synthesized nanostructures ensure predominant dielectric constant at Curie temperature, with less dielectric loss 0.026 (1 kHz) and constant chemical capacitance (67 pF). In addition, it was inferred that maximum activation energy (0.5 eV) was encountered at mid frequency region and subsequently, the dielectric relaxation behavior was investigated through dielectric modulus formulation. These results indicate that the synthesized nanoparticles can be an efficient candidate for applications in microelectronics when operated at mid frequency region at 100 °C.