Debris Management Research Articles

Dynamic post-disaster debris clearance problem with re-positioning of clearance equipment items under partially observable information

Emergency response systems should respond to disasters in a timely and cost-effective manner. One of the most complicated tasks facing managers is debris management. During post-disaster operations, response teams must make road network connections between supplier nodes and demand (population) nodes in order to protect human health and safety. The effectiveness of response operations depends on positioning of relief supplies in anticipation of new clearance equipment requests at new locations, as well as with relocation of clearance equipment items to rebalance the use of items post disaster. To solve this problem, a novel dynamic post-disaster debris clearance problem is introduced—one that features non-myopic positioning of clearance equipment items based on a queuing formulation that is compatible with the maximum-weighted flow problem under incomplete information proposed by Çelik et al., (2015). By including a clearance equipment positioning strategy, we improve the strategy of the stochastic debris clearance problem, with a new framework on dynamically optimizing the post-disaster debris clearance strategy with limited observable information about the disaster-relief resources located on the road network. The proposed dynamic debris clearance approach sets out to satisfy the need for debris clearance and relief services by using the connection between the demand nodes and the supplier nodes in a case where information on the disaster region is only partially observable. An empirical study of Hurricane Harvey in the City of Houston was performed to obtain concepts into the impacts of dynamic programming model and parameters in order to supply the needed relief via a positioning strategy for clearance equipment items.

Monitoring marine plastics – will we know if we are making a difference?

In the context of marine anthropogenic debris management, monitoring is essential to assess whether mitigation measures to reduce the amounts of waste plastic entering the environment are being effective. In South Africa, baselines against which changes can be assessed include data from the 1970s to the 1990s on microplastics floating at sea, on macro- and microplastic beach debris, and interactions with biota. However, detecting changes in the abundance of microplastics at sea is complicated by high spatial and temporal heterogeneity in net samples. Beach debris data are easier to gather, but their interpretation is complicated by the dynamic nature of debris fluxes on beaches and the increase in beach cleaning effort over time. Sampling plastic ingested by biota is a powerful approach, because animals that retain ingested plastic for protracted periods integrate plastics over space and time, but there are ethical issues to using biota as bioindicators, particularly for species that require destructive sampling (e.g. turtles, seabirds). Bioindicators could be established among fish and invertebrates, but there are technical challenges with sampling microplastics smaller than 1 mm. Fine-scale debris accumulation on beaches provides an index of macroplastic abundance in coastal waters, and offers a practical way to track changes in the amounts and composition of debris in coastal waters. However, upstream flux measures (i.e. in catchments, rivers and storm-water run-off) provide a more direct assessment of mitigation measures for land-based sources. Similarly, monitoring refuse returned to port by vessels is the best way to ensure compliance with legislation prohibiting the dumping of plastics at sea.
 Significance:
 
 Monitoring is required to assess whether mitigation measures to reduce waste plastics at sea are making a difference.
 Monitoring the leakage of plastic from land-based sources is best addressed on land (e.g. in storm drains and river run-off) before the plastic reaches the sea.
 Illegal dumping from ships is best addressed by monitoring the use of port waste reception facilities.
 Sampling plastic ingested by biota is a powerful approach, using fish and invertebrates as bioindicators for larger microplastic fragments.

A review and modelling on the critical management of the disaster debris of earthquake in Bhutan

AbstractAfter an earthquake, the debris generated by it can hinder relief efforts, resulting devastating economic, environmental, and health problems. This paper reviews the condition of post‐earthquake situation in Bhutan and develops a mathematical model for improving the condition. Earthquake debris management system plays a vital role in managing the debris after the disaster, thus accelerating the early recovery of the affected regions. The modelling aims to optimize the disaster‐debris transportation cost along with selecting suitable debris dumping site. The outcomes improve the lifestyle of the people of the affected area simultaneously reducing the debris transportation cost and utilizing the reusable items. To analyse the phenomenon, the mathematical models are derived which would be validated through some real data collected from available literature on disaster management. Other than existing literature, the process of segregation of the reusable items is performed at the time of removal of debris from the affected regions which is preferable for comparatively small disaster and hilly areas like Bhutan. The study shows that the after disaster debris management cost can be reduced by determining a suitable TDMS and the loss of property can be saved up to a certain amount by reusing the undamaged or slightly damaged debris.

LEGAL ISSUES ON INDONESIAN MARINE PLASTIC DEBRIS POLLUTION

Various problems related to marine plastic debris pollution have yet to be resolved. Therefore, the definition, categorization, origin, and degradation of marine plastic debris must be thoroughly investigated to gain a comprehensive understanding of the related issues. The presence of marine plastic debris has significant implications on marine environments, including ecological, biodiversity, health, and economic impacts. Marine plastic debris originates from both landand ocean-based sources, and there have been efforts to prevent or reduce its introduction and accumulation in the marine environment. In Indonesia, such a problem must be solved through the implementation of more effective, efficient, and specific regulations, especially because it is the second-largest contributor of plastic debris in the marine environments throughout the world. In order to reduce 70% of such debris by 2025, the Government of Indonesia established the National Coordination Team of Marine Debris Management, which is tasked to draft policies and carry out coordination, control, and evaluation related to marine plastic debris pollution. The law enforcement in marine plastic debris pollution is known as the legal system, which comprises the substance of the law, facilities, society and culture, and the officers enforcing the law. The effectiveness of law enforcement refers to the ideal combination of these aforementioned elements.

Disaster debris management best practice case studies.

To identify debris management best practices for planning and responding to debris-generating disaster events. Four best practice county case studies were selected through the responses of emergency management directors to an initial survey about debris management. Interviews were setup with the emergency management directors, and additional interviewees were identified through snowballing. Interviews were conducted, transcribed, and coded to identify six themes. The six themes that were identified through the coding include: debris management plans, challenges, collaboration, learning, communication, and debris operations. Case study interviewees identified their pre-event debris management plans as important for an effective and efficient debris management process. Interviewees also demonstrated a strong willingness to work together on debris management as well as an understanding of individual roles and responsibilities. Furthermore, interviewees address the concept of learning from past disaster events as a means of managing the uncertainty of disaster debris management.

Disaster debris management best practice case studies.

To identify debris management best practices for planning and responding to debris-generating disaster events. Four best practice county case studies were selected through the responses of emergency management directors to an initial survey about debris management. Interviews were setup with the emergency management directors, and additional interviewees were identified through snowballing. Interviews were conducted, transcribed, and coded to identify six themes. The six themes that were identified through the coding include: debris management plans, challenges, collaboration, learning, communication, and debris operations. Case study interviewees identified their pre-event debris management plans as important for an effective and efficient debris management process. Interviewees also demonstrated a strong willingness to work together on debris management as well as an understanding of individual roles and responsibilities. Furthermore, interviewees address the concept of learning from past disaster events as a means of managing the uncertainty of disaster debris management.

Designing reverse logistics network of end-of-life-buildings as preparedness to disasters under uncertainty

Preparedness as a fundamental disaster management stage, aims to rise the chance of victims to survive. Further, the reconstruction of the end-of-life-buildings is the vital step for the preparedness to earthquakes. Therefore, this study aims to mitigate the effect of earthquakes by reconstructing end-of-life-buildings and developing plans on recycling the debris occurs during the demolition processes. Since Turkey survived several earthquakes, the government started a project to reconstruct end-of-life-buildings located on the seismically active zones. With this motivation, a stochastic MILP model is developed to design a reverse logistic network for end-of-life-buildings’ debris. In the worst case, in total, 447063915 tons of debris is anticipated to occur, and 20 different cases are developed and analyzed to determine the best plan for Istanbul. Based on the results and sensitivity analysis, the best strategy is determined as setting up an extra landfilling area and transferring 80% of the debris from demolition sites to recycling centers and increasing the capability of the recycling centers to be able to process 90% of the debris arrive at the centers. By applying this strategy, the costs could be reduced by 98%. The developed framework is the first study that considers debris management as a preparedness stage to earthquakes, and the proposed model is easily can be applied to any region in the world, given that the parameters are revised because each region or country has its unique dynamics.

Improving the surface durability of patterned AISI 316LM steels by nitriding treatment for dry friction sliding

In this study, different configurations of hard micro-patterns on AISI 316LM samples are obtained by a dry etching step followed by plasma nitriding. A “ball-on-plane” tribometer was used for low velocity reciprocal dry friction tests in order to characterise the influence of configurations on asperity lifetime, friction coefficient and wear mechanisms. The distance between asperities plays a key role in friction and wear behaviours by acting on contact pressure and development of debris. For a given ball dimension, pattern configuration determines the debris management at the contact and along the wear track. With 100 μm spacing between asperities, most part of the debris are simply trapped. At 300 μm, wear mechanisms are more complex with a debris recycling by the ball.

Using tabletop exercises to evaluate nurses' clinical performance of hazardous materials disaster management: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundHazardous materials (Hazmat) disaster is a specific event with low probability but may be a heavy burden on public health. Competence in Hazmat disaster emergency management is necessary for nurses who care about mass casualties in the first line, especially for nurses in military hospitals. However, less attention has been paid to evaluation of competence of Hazmat disaster emergency responses using tabletop exercises. ObjectiveTo identify competence in Hazmat disaster emergency response and factors influencing performance on tabletop exercises. MethodsA cross-sectional design was employed in this study. Competence of nurses responding to a hazardous materials invasion was evaluated by a tabletop exercise. In each case the “Task Based Checklist” was used for evaluation. Multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted to detect the effects of traditional training on performance in Hazmat disaster tabletop exercises. ResultsA total of 161 nurses were recruited for this study. A checklist with 12 items comprised of two dimensions of disaster management was created and validated (CVI = 0.90). Inter-rater reliability for the evaluators ranged from 0.88 to 1. Performance on Hazmat site control, debris management and individual skills in decontamination were found to be suboptimal. Traditional disaster nursing training had no significant influence either on performance on Hazmat site control or patient care after controlling for differences in education level, age and gender. ConclusionsThe tabletop exercise is an innovative method for disaster nursing educators seeking to evaluate response competence in Hazmat disaster simulation exercises. It is necessary to consider the characteristics of the participants when designing the training program and educational strategies. Participants from the military hospital were shown to have limited competence in Hazmat disaster emergency management.

Leaching behavior of prototypical corium samples: A step to understand the interactions between the fuel debris and water at the Fukushima Daiichi reactors

On 11 March 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake occurred and caused a severe nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (1F). A policy for corium debris retrieval will be decided in the near future. To this end, debris management after removal from reactors must be optimized. From the viewpoint of cost and waiting for definitive solutions, interim or long-term underwater storage is one of the considered options after debris removal. Leaching data on the long term behavior of debris in water are therefore needed before debris removal. In addition, it is important to understand potential differences in leaching behaviors between debris and Spent Fuel (SF) to get comparative elements.For these reasons, simulated in-vessel and ex-vessel corium debris, fabricated in the Colima experimental facility set up in the PLINIUS platform at CEA Cadarache, were selected and leaching experiments were carried out under oxidizing conditions. In parallel, geochemical modeling was performed to better understand the experimental concentrations, pH evolutions and secondary phase’s formation.Finally, the Fractional Release Rates of the (U, Zr)O2 matrix for the two kinds of samples (in-vessel and ex-vessel) were found to be close to or one order of magnitude lower than that of SF under oxidizing conditions (from 10−6 to 10−7 per day) but the release processes are different. Indeed, the Fraction of Inventory in Aqueous Phase of Mo, Ba, Sr, Rh, La, Nd, Ce and Y tended to be higher than that of uranium and zirconium in this study whatever the element considered. The release of simulating PFs, including low volatile element like trivalent rare earths, does not appear to be fully controlled by that of the (U, Zr)O2 matrix from a macroscopic and average point of view. The FPs could be partially located outside the (U, Zr)O2 solid solution as a function of the corium history (quenching rate and thermal history, chemical interactions…). The location of inventories and their chemical forms are not very well known moreover uncertainties related to heterogeneity are important and may also impact the calculation of the global released fractions over time. For the ex-vessel sample, releases into the solution of the main concrete elements (Si, Ca, Mg) seem well correlated and dissociated from the behavior of the (U, Zr)O2 phase. Further studies are needed especially on real or prototypical corium approaching the conditions of the Fukushima accident. The study of simpler and model systems could also provide information on the reactivity of the (U, Zr)O2 matrix.

Identification of Inaccessible Roads and Vulnerable Settlements in Dhaka City Using ArcGIS Tools

Dhaka, the capital, is a highly populated city in Bangladesh. Indiscriminate and unplanned urbanization, with narrow road networks, has made the city more vulnerable and risk-prone for any disaster. This study focuses on the identification of inaccessible roads and vulnerable areas of Dhaka city for improving search and rescue operations, response initiatives, and debris management. For the study purposes, four different locations of Dhaka city have been selected to analyze the accessibility of emergency vehicle and equipment for rescue operations. The narrowest roads and vulnerable areas including individual houses have been identified using ArcGIS. The analysis reveals that a maximum of 60% houses of old Dhaka has been found vulnerable whereas in Uttara there are 2.4% vulnerable houses. In addition, the traffic volume analysis is performed for the most vulnerable area in terms of narrow roads. Thus, vulnerable houses have been identified on the basis of maximum congestion in a scenario of no disaster to access basic facilities like hospital and fire stations.

SMACC: A System for Microplastics Automatic Counting and Classification

The management of plastic debris is a serious issue due to its durability. Unfortunately, million tons of plastic end up in the sea becoming one of the biggest current environmental problems. One way to monitor the amount of plastic in beaches is to collect samples and visually count and sort the plastic particles present in them. This is a very time-consuming task. In this work, we present a Computer Vision-based system which is able to automatically count and classify microplastic particles (1-5 mm) into five different visual classes. After cleaning a collected sample in the lab, the proposed system makes use of a pair of its images with different characteristics. The procedure includes a segmentation step, which is based on the Sauvola thresholding method, followed by a feature extraction and classification step. Different features and classifiers are evaluated as well as a deep learning approach. The system is tested on 12 different beach samples with a total of 2507 microplastic particles. The particles of each sample were manually counted and sorted by an expert. This data represents the ground truth, which is compared later with the results of the automatic processing proposals to evaluate their accuracy. The difference in the number of particles is 34 (1.4%) and the error in their classification is less than 4% for all types except for the line shapes particles. These results are obtained in less than half of the time needed by the human expert doing the same task manually. This implies that it is possible to process more than twice as many samples using the same time, allowing the biologists to monitor wider areas and more frequently than doing the process manually.

Lessons learned from the Ezgeleh–Sarpol Zahab earthquake of November 2017: status of damage and disposal of disaster waste

A massive earthquake of magnitude Mw 7.3 shook Kermanshah Province in Western Iran along the Iraqi border on November 12, 2017. The epicenter of the earthquake was approximately 10 km southwest of Ezgeleh Town in Kermanshah Province. Field observations almost 4 months after the disaster indicated that the earthquake had caused tremendous damage to most structures in both urban and rural areas, and left an enormous amount of disaster waste. To investigate the status of the damage and disposal of the disaster waste, remote sensing was conducted using an unmanned aerial vehicle (drone). Through the capture of low-altitude images by drone and the generation of 3D models, the quantity of debris accumulated in a waste disposal facility near Sarpol Zahab was estimated at approximately 480,000 m3. A compositional analysis of the disaster waste was performed using an imaging technique. This revealed that the disaster waste was largely composed of concrete (39.6%), hollow brick (35.4%), and gypsum (21.2%) in the urban area, whereas soil was the dominant component (77.4%) in the rural area. The damage caused to most buildings was essentially due to their non-standard construction. The management of debris from the damaged buildings was a critical issue for the authorities, and the lack of preparedness was a serious drawback that consumed an enormous amount of time, budget, and workforce. A practical post-disaster preparedness plan would help the decision-makers and the public to manage the otherwise overwhelming nature of the post-disaster conditions in a more reasonable manner.

Indonesia Response and Recent Development of Law and Policy in Addressing Marine Plastic Litter

Marine plastic litter is one of the major problems that undermine the Indonesian Government’s vision for making the sea as the future for the Indonesian nation. Marine areas of Indonesia are endangered by the massive plastic pollution, which is causing serious marine environmental problems. Indonesia is referred to as the biggest source of plastic waste in Southeast Asia and second biggest in the world. Indonesia government through Presidential Decree No. 7/2017 has established National Plan of Action (NPOA) on Marine Plastic Debris Management to strengthen the Indonesian commitment in reducing marine plastic litter. Furthermore, the Indonesian government also enacted Presidential Regulation No. 83/2018 on Handling Marine Litter. Thus, the present study argues that it is of paramount necessity to assess the impact of the legal framework regulating marine plastic litter in Indonesia in order to identify the lacuna in the existing legislative and policy framework for dealing with marine environmental pollution caused by marine plastic litter.

IMPACT OF USING RECYCLED AGGREGATES ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Recycled aggregate concrete is considered the next generation in the field of construction: it respects the environment, solves the problem of debris management and is economically profitable. In order to better adapt its use, technical studies, experimental studies and simulations are carried out in all research centers around the world in order to define its field of application. Our study falls within this framework. It is concerned with the study of the mechanical characteristics of recycled aggregate concrete essentially the compression test for various percentages of replacement. The purpose of this study is to confirm the results of studies by other researchers and to find techniques that will maximize the replacement of natural aggregates with recycled aggregates. The concrete chosen for these tests is an old building in the region of Rabat, Morocco which has been built more than 40 years and demolished in the year of 2017. The tests carried out showed a decrease in the compressive resistance noted when the replacement rates exceed 50% rate. The first improvement methods were put in place and being tested: the partial replacement of cement with pozzolan (20% rate) known by his improving of the compressive strength for ordinary concrete, the partial replacement of the large proportion [12.5-31.5] only in recycled concrete and work with natural gravels. Other improvements will be proposed as the studies progress.

Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity of 134Cs and 137Cs in Topsoil after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident and the Importance of Tsunami Debris Management

We present measurements of 134Cs and 137Cs activity concentrations in topsoil from the greater area of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) in the period 2011–2013. Fallout concentrations were determined by means of gamma-ray spectrometry, using high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors. Concentration measurements ranged up to tens of thousands Bq/kg in Fukushima and Miyagi, and less in Iwate Prefecture, indicative of the fallout distribution following the accident. Samples collected from undisturbed topsoil yielded higher fallout concentrations than those collected from ploughed/cultivated land, suggesting that soil agitation redistributed fallouts deeper in the ground. Overall, areas affected by the tsunami yielded, in general, very low topsoil concentrations. This could be attributed to tsunami debris cleanup, and to the flattening and uprooting of vegetation, which also adsorbs and absorbs fallouts, thus rendering these areas prone to soil erosion. Certain fallout hotspots identified in the inundation zone might have resulted from debris pile-up during initial cleanup. This highlights the importance of comprehensive debris cleanup.

Limitations on the applicability of RDC 306 in Veterinary Medicine

The work had as an objective the evaluation of the knowledge level of veterinary doctors and students from the 9 th and 10 th terms of veterinary medicine concerning ANVISA’s “Resolução Diretoria Colegiada-RDC N° 306/2004” that highlight the policies for the management of debris generated by health services. A quantitative field work has been completed using a survey forwarded through Google Drive to 60 veterinary doctors and 70 veterinary medicine students. The target groups of the research were veterinary doctors who work in clinics, labs, veterinary hospitals and students from the 9 th and 10 th terms of veterinary medicine. We asked each participant to answer the survey and forward it to other professionals with the same profile, using the Snowball Sampling methodology. The research was carried out from February 2 nd ,2018 to April 2 nd, 2018. Based on the analysis of the results, it was possible to see various gaps in both students’ and professionals’ knowledge, what damages the applicability of the Norm and, in turns, leads to inappropriate handle of health’s solid debris. Guiding measures have been suggested in order to approach the subject in the broadest and most concise way, collaborating not only with the environment, but mainly with the safety and health of the area professionals during their working time.

Spatial Data modelling to study and improve waste management after hurricanes. The case of French West Indies

Abstract. In the past decades, catastrophic natural disasters such as storms and hurricanes have impacted millions of people around the world: around 33 million of people are affected per year between 2007 and 2016 (Bellow and Wallemacq, 2018). For instance, hurricane Katrina (USA, 2015) caused catastrophic damage from central Florida to Eastern Texas, at least 1836 people died and total property damage was estimated at 125 billion dollars. Furthermore, climate change is likely to increase frequency of most intense categories of hurricanes in some parts of the world and is expected to increase sea levels, leading to more destructive storm surges when hurricanes occur (IPCC, 2013). In the same time, growing populations and rising incomes are expected to place more people and property in harm’s way.Depending on their nature and severity, disasters can create large volumes of debris and waste (Brown et al., 2011). In some cases, debris volume from a single event were the equivalent of 5–15 times the annual waste generation rates of the affected community (Reinhart and McCreanor, 1999). Often, the debris removal process takes months or even years to treated (Pramudita et al., 2014). In France, storm Xynthia (2010) waste generation was equivalent to about 12 normal years (CEPRI, 2012). Thus, waste can overwhelm existing solid management facilities and the presence of disaster waste impacts almost every aspect of an emergency response and recovery effort (Brown et al., 2011). For instance, in the immediate response, disaster debris can cause road blockages. Moreover, if poorly managed, the waste can have significant environmental and public health impacts (Brown et al., 2011), such as water and air pollution.In this paper we present the Depos data modelling (named Depos-model) to improve the management of debris and waste after hurricanes. In the Depos project, funded by the French research agency (ANR), we intend to understand the process of waste management thanks to testimonies on previous hurricanes and to propose a digital modelling of waste management. In the following we do not distinguish debris and waste. The case study is the French west Indies (composed of different territories including the Guadeloupe and Martinique) and the very first island to study is the Island of Saint Martin in the Caribbean Sea where Irma hurricane (2017) had huge impact. This hurricane was the most powerful ever recorded hurricane in Atlantic with sustainable winds of nearly 300 km/h, with a gust to 360 km/h. The research work began with a study from the association Robin des Bois to describe and estimate waste after Irma on Saint Martin. These experts were questioned to identify the key entities and actors involved in hurricane waste management. We set a first data modelling that will be questioned and improved during the next 2 years. The depos-model should be able 1- to replay what occurred during a previous hurricane, 2- to simulate different situations on fictive hurricanes and hopefully 3- to be used after a future hurricane to improve waste management. In this paper we do not include the actors although they are key elements in the modelling. To introduce the data model, we decomposed it in different part. We first present the waste (figure 1) before presenting the transportation of waste to waste treatment areas (figure 3).

IMPACT OF USING RECYCLED AGGREGATES ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Recycled aggregate concrete is considered the next generation in the field of construction: it respects the environment, solves the problem of debris management and is economically profitable. In order to better adapt its use, technical studies, experimental studies and simulations are carried out in all research centers around the world in order to define its field of application. Our study falls within this framework. It is concerned with the study of the mechanical characteristics of recycled aggregate concrete essentially the compression test for various percentages of replacement. The purpose of this study is to confirm the results of studies by other researchers and to find techniques that will maximize the replacement of natural aggregates with recycled aggregates. The concrete chosen for these tests is an old building in the region of Rabat, Morocco which has been built more than 40 years and demolished in the year of 2017. The tests carried out showed a decrease in the compressive resistance noted when the replacement rates exceed 50% rate. The first improvement methods were put in place and being tested: the partial replacement of cement with pozzolan (20% rate) known by his improving of the compressive strength for ordinary concrete, the partial replacement of the large proportion [12.5-31.5] only in recycled concrete and work with natural gravels. Other improvements will be proposed as the studies progress.

Coarse Woody Debris Management with Ambiguous Chance Constrained Robust Optimization

Coarse woody debris (deadwood) serves as a dwelling space for many rare species, and is therefore a most important factor to ensure diversity in forest ecosystems. However, wood from forest ecosystems is also needed for construction and heating. Therefore, a forest enterprise has to simultaneously incorporate the provision of suitable habitats, as well as the production of wood into their long-term management plans. If the owner wants to fulfil such multiple objectives in an effective way, the providing of ecosystem services can be included in economic planning. Applying computer aided robust optimization techniques, we optimized the provision of deadwood for two exemplary enterprises in East Bavaria, Germany. The results show that high amounts of deadwood provision can cause severe opportunity costs for the forest owner. These costs highly depend on the tree species, the sorting strategy and the time horizon, in which the deadwood objective is reached. Low deadwood targets up to 5 m 3 h a − 1 can be provided most cost-effectively with crown material, while higher targets (20 m 3 h a − 1 and more) are better achieved with heavy timber grades or the provision of total trees. The novelty of our research is the inclusion of deadwood targets in a risk-considering optimization tool on enterprise level. Instead of calculating the economic loss of commercially not-used timber assortments we show a way of deriving the impact of such decisions at stand level on the economic performance of the whole forest enterprise. We were able to derive optimized opportunity costs. These costs can be used as guidelines for necessary incentives to encourage forest owners to incorporate the provision of deadwood into their management.