Debre Tabor Town Research Articles

Frequency of ABO and Rh Blood Group Distribution at Debre Tabor Blood Bank, Amhara Region, North-Central Ethiopia. A Six-Year Retrospective Survey.

IntroductionBlood is arranged into four groups based on their surface antigen (A, B, AB, and O). In addition to this classification based on the Rhesus factor, each blood group clustered into RH positive and RH negative. This study was done to identify the distribution of blood group and rhesus factors on the local blood bank.ObjectiveTo identify the frequency of ABO blood group and RH factors distribution on voluntary blood donator at Debre Tabor blood bank from May 2014 to May 2020.MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional survey was conducted to identify the frequency of ABO and Rh factor distribution on voluntary blood donors at Debre Tabor town blood bank. The data was collected at Debre Tabor blood bank. A six-year data and a total of 19,901 bags collected blood samples were used for summarization of the data. The data was analysed by using SPSS version 21.ResultsBlood group ”O” was the dominated one with 39.6% followed by blood group “A”, “B” and “AB” with 29.48%, 24.06%, and 6.7%, respectively. When we see the RH classifications, RH positive accounts the highest percentage 92.77% and the remaining 7.23% was Rh negatives.ConclusionIn this survey, the majority of blood groups were found “O” followed by “A”, “B”, and “AB”. Among the collected blood unities, 92.77% was RH positive. The leading blood donators were male.

Youth friendly sexual and reproductive health service utilization among high and preparatory school students in Debre Tabor town, Northwest Ethiopia: A cross sectional study.

Youth continue to fall victim to sexual and reproductive health problems. Despite, reproductive health needs of youth had been supported by different organizations, utilization of those services is low. All efforts have not been felt across the Ethiopian learning institutions as is evidenced by persistent reproductive health problems. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the magnitude of youth friendly sexual and reproductive health service utilization and associated factors among high and preparatory school youths in Debre Tabor town, Northwest Ethiopia. An institution based cross- sectional study was conducted from March 1 to 28, 2016. The data were collected using a pre-tested and structured self-administered questionnaire. Multistage cluster sampling method was used to select the study participants. The data were entered into Epi-data version 4.2.0.0 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Binary logistics regression was used for analysis. Odds ratio along with 95%CI was estimated to measure the strength of the association. Level of statistical significance was declared at p value ≤0.05. Overall utilization of reproductive health service was 28.8%. Being male (AOR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.25), prior discussion on reproductive health issues (AOR = 6.33, 95% CI: 4.22, 9.51), and previous sexual intercourse within the past one year (AOR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.10, 3.44) were significantly associated with youth friendly health service utilization. Youth friendly health service utilization among high school and preparatory students in Debre Tabor town was low. Ensuring gender empowerment and advocating sexual and reproductive service discussion among themselves and with others might be important in improving reproductive health utilization and health. Future researcher should address segment of population who does not enter school.

Prevalence of malnutrition and its associated factors among under five children at debretabor town north-west ethiopia

An estimated of 230 million under-five children are believed to be chronically malnourished in developing countries Similarly,

Intention to use vasectomy and its associated factors among married men in Debre Tabor Town, North West Ethiopia, 2019

Vasectomy is one of the most effective and permanent male contraceptive methods, and involves cutting and ligating the vas deferens to make the semen free of sperm during ejaculation. Although it is effective, simple, and safe, it is not well known and practiced in the majority of our community. This study assessed the intention to use vasectomy and its associated factors among married men in Debre Tabor Town, North West Ethiopia, 2019. A community- based cross-sectional study was conducted among 402 married men from March 05 to April 15, 2019. A simple random sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. Data was collected by face to face interview using a structured and pre-tested questionnaire. Questions concerned socio-demographic and reproductive variables and views on vasectomy. The association between variables was analyzed using a bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model. A total of 402 participants were included with a response rate of 98.75%. The mean participant age was 37.12(SD ± 6.553) years with the age range of 20-56 years. The prevalence of intention to use vasectomy was 19.6% with 95%CI (15.6%-23.4%). Multivariable logistic regression showed that age from 30-39 years (AOR = 3.2(95% CI: 1.19-8.86)), having more than three living children (AOR = 2.5(95% CI: 1.41-4.68)), good knowledge (AOR = 3.4(95%CI: 1.88-6.40)) and positive attitude (AOR = 4.8(95% CI: 2.61-8.80)) of married men were significantly associated with intention to use vasectomy. Intention to use vasectomy was comparable with findings in four regions of Ethiopia (Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray). Age, the number of living children, knowledge, and attitude were significantly associated with the intention to use vasectomy. Improving the level of knowledge and attitude towards vasectomy is an essential strategy to scale up the intention of men to use vasectomy.

Determinants of First Aid Knowledge and Basic Practice Among Elementary School Teachers in Debre Tabor Town, Northcentral Ethiopia

Background: Pre-hospital school-based Emergency Medical Service (EMS) at school by school personnel is mandatory for saving the pupils from disability and death attributed to injury-related problems. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the determinant factors of first aid knowledge and basic practice among elementary school teachers in Debre Tabor, Ethiopia. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was employed in Debre Tabor among 216 elementary school teachers. A simple random sampling technique with proportional allocation was applied for the selection of the study participants. Data entry was done by Epi data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 21 for cleaning and analysis. Descriptive statistics was performed by using frequency, percentage, and table. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were performed to determine the significance and strength of association at a 95% confidence interval. P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results and Discussion: Our study revealed that 45.8% of study subjects were knowledgeable on first aid. More than 75% of study participants reported that they have encountered a child who needs first aid. Among these, 64% of them provide first aid. The multivariable analysis revealed that service year (AOR=3.51, 95%CI: (1.06, 11.59)), educational status (AOR=12.15, 95%CI: (3.17, 46.67)), previous first aid training (AOR=0.43, 95%CI: (0.21, 0.87)) and information about first aid (AOR=0.12, 95%CI ;(0.03, 0.48)) were found to be significantly associated with having knowledge on first aid. Conclusion: School teachers have low knowledge of first aid. Educational status, service year, previous first aid training and information on first aid were the predictors of first aid knowledge. Introducing essential first aid training in the curriculum during teachers’ training shall be considered.

Willingness to Pay for Spectacle: An Outreach-Based Cross-sectional Study

ABSTRACT Aim The ophthalmic service lacks to supply spectacles following standard refraction, because of the absence of the optical dispensing unit. The aim was to determine willingness to pay for a pair of spectacles among presbyopic people if the service begins. Methods An interview-based questionnaire was employed among presbyopic people, who were refracted during a community-based outreach service conducted at Debre-Tabor town, South Gondar. Results A total of 322 study subjects have completed the questionnaire. The median value of gross monthly income was US $75.0 (Range from US $7.1–321.4). The mean amount of willing to pay for a pair of spectacles was US $17.9 (Range from US $1.1–107.1). Participants who were willing to pay at least US $12.5 (minimum cost at the public optical dispensing unit) for a pair of spectacles accounted 63.0% (95% CI: 57.8–68.3). Based on multivariable logistics regression output analysis age (P = .049), occupation (P = .001), monthly income (p = .001), and positive history of previous spectacles wear (P = .005) show statistically significant association with willingness to pay for a pair of spectacles. Conclusion In the study area, the mean amount willing to pay for a pair of spectacles was higher than the average set of the price at the public optical dispensing units in Gondar. Public willingness to pay for a pair of spectacles could be considered as an assurance to set up an affordable and financially sustainable spectacle supply service. Conducted on a community-based outreach service may likely pool keen population segments to overestimate the result. Abbreviations: ANOVA: Analysis of Variance; CI: Confidence Interval; SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Science; USA: United States of America; US$: United States dollar

Quality of care for tuberculosis patients in public health facilities of Debre Tabor town, Northwest Ethiopia.

BackgroundEven though there are different tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control measures implemented globally including Ethiopia, TB is still major public health problem. This is partly due to compromised quality of care delivered for tuberculosis patients in health facilities (HFs) during diagnosis, treatment and follows-up. Thus this study is intended to determine the quality of care delivered for TB patients in all public HFs of Debre Tabor town, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsCross sectional study was conducted from January to May 2018. Data were collected with face-to-face interview and TB registration book review using structured questionnaire and checklist respectively. Collected data was entered and processed using SPSS and P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The quality of care for each HF was graded as very good, good, moderate, poor and very poor if HFs achieve [90–100%], [80–90%), [70–80%), [60–70%) and <60% of performance indicators respectively using Donabedian structure, process and outcome model of health care quality.ResultsAll HFs have sputum collection area, enough microscopic slide, at least one functional microscope and sufficient anti TB drug supply. But HFs lack backup laboratory stains. Overall structural aspects of quality of care in all HFs were very poor achieving 42.5–52.9% structural performance indicators out of 100%. Similarly the overall process aspects of quality of care was poor in all public HFs which achieved 60–68.9% of the scores out of 100%. In the study; 68.9%, 54.5% and 80.6% of Medical Laboratory, pharmacy and other healthcare workers (HWs) provided correct response respectively on TB causative agent, risk factor, transmission, treatment, prevention, case management and case finding strategies. HWs who knew at least two TB case finding strategies in DTH was significantly higher than those HWs working in Health Centers (P = 0.004). On the other hand, except Ginbot 20 HC, HFs was graded as good by scoring 86.6–89.3% of performance indicators on the outcome aspects of quality of care. In all HFs studied, all TB patients’ unit TB registration number, sex, age, TB category, treatment initiation date and intensive phase treatment start year were properly registered. Moreover 110 (78%) and 147 (69%) contact person address in DTH and HCs was properly registered on TB unit register book respectively with no statistical difference in hospital and HCs (P = 0.063). There was proper TB patients’ address registration in hospital than HCs studied (P< 0.001).ConclusionsThe outcome aspects of quality of care for TB patients in all HFs were promising. But structural & process aspects of quality of care was compromised which necessitate different corrective actions to be taken by different stakeholders to enhance quality of care for TB patients in public HFs studied. Moreover based on the study findings, continuous supply of drugs, laboratory equipment and reagents, availing current guideline/s in HFs, providing up-to-date training for HWs on TB and proper documentation are important to improve quality of care provided for TB patients.

Assessing the socio-demographic, economic and water source types that influences households drinking water supply in Debre tabor town, north-west Ethiopia

Background: Human life depends on clean and healthy environment. However, low environmental standards lead to reduced life expectancy. Most peoples who live in the developing countries are under risk of getting clean water and any form of sanitation services. Because of this, millions of peoples are suffering from diseases associated with water. Nowadays, it needs emphasis on the accessibility of drinking water and factors which determine the supply of safe drinking water for urban households. Objectives: This study aimed to assess socio-demographic, economic and water source types that influences households drinking water supply in Debre Tabor Town, North-West Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted among households from February to March 2019. An interview-based pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data collection samples were selected randomly and proportional to each kebeles. Epi info version 7.2.1.0, and SPSS Version 24 were used to enter and analyze the data; respectively and descriptive statistics with frequency counts and simple percentages were performed. Results: 418 households were participated. On average there were about 4.53 persons per each household. The most frequently used water source is pipe water (78.95%). Fetching water was the responsibility of females and children. Majority of the population of the town had no alternative sources, since traditional water sources were polluted by animal and human wastes. Due to high scarcity of water supply, traditional water sources were used by the residents. The time taken from home to traditional water sources was about 55.74% of the population had got their water for a trip of 15-30 minutes and 35.17% of the population 31-45 minutes, was much longer than the country average. 44.50% of the population got their water supply partially per week. 91.15% of the population was under the problem of water scarcity in the town. About 85.65% scarcity was happened due to weak administration of the concerned government bodies. Conclusion: The water supply was inadequate, and the quality was low. The median consumption was found to be 30 liters per household per day and 6.62 l/p/d, lower than the national and WHO minimum water consumption level of 20 l/p/d. Nine out of ten persons was under the problem of water scarcity in the town. The concerned government bodies should provide adequate and quality potable water facilities for the town residents.

Determinants of Youth Entrepreneurship in Ethiopia Specific Evidence from Graduated Unemployed Youth in Debre Tabor

The purpose of the study was to examine the determinants of youth entrepreneurship in Ethiopia specific evidence from graduated unemployed youth in Debre Tabor Town. It employed descriptive and causal research designs. 294 youths were taken as a sample and to get them snowball and convenience-sampling techniques were used. To check the correlations that exist among variables person correlation was employed. Furthermore, multiple linear regression analyses with the help of a Statically Package for Social Science used to investigate the determinants of youth entrepreneurship. Pearson correlation analysis results revealed that predictors such as government support, family background, culture influence, entrepreneurial capability, access to finance and business experience have a positive significant relationship with youth entrepreneurship. The regression analysis result discloses that 64.1% of the variation in youth entrepreneurship can be explained by six independent variables in the model. The hypothesis testing result revealed that all six predictors are significant to predict the dependent variable. The study recommended that youth’s families and the government bodies better to find out and provide fund for the youth to promote entrepreneurship and encourage the transition of youth from education to the private job market. Keywords: Determinants, Youth, Entrepreneurship, Debre Tabor DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-4-02 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Utilization of Traditional Medicine among the Communities of Debre Tabor Town, Amhara Regional State, North Central Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Traditional medicine is used by about 80% of the Ethiopian people to meet their healthcare needs. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the community on traditional medicine in Debre Tabor town. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out from November 1, 2018, to December 30, 2018, with a face-to-face interview method and involved 402 participants recruited by systematic random sampling technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. The association of independent and dependent variables was determined by binary logistic regression. Results Among the participants, 294 (73.13%) were females and 108 (26.87%) were males. The ages of participants ranged from 18 to 80 (mean age of the participants was 35.73 ± 0.59 years). Above three-fourths, 322 (80.1%) of the participants had good knowledge. 158 (39.3%) of the participants had a good attitude and 145 (36.1%) of the participants used traditional medicines in their lifetime for different ailments. From all the participants who use traditional medicine, 41 (28.3%) encountered minor adverse effects. Conclusions The study participants in Debre Tabor have good knowledge but poor attitude and utilization of traditional medicine.

Sexual violence and associated factors among housemaid’s living in Debre-Tabor town, Northwest Ethiopia

Introduction: sexual violence is a serious public health and human rights problem with both short and long term consequences on women´s physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health. But no sufficient study about housemaid sexual violence was conducted in Ethiopia. Therefore, this research is expected to identify the prevalence of sexual violence and associated factors among housemaids.

Assessment of Knowledge, Practice and Associated Factors Towards Prevention of Novel Corona Virus Among Clients Attending at Debre Tabor General Hospital Debre Tabor Town, North West Ethiopia, 2020: Institutional Based Cross-Sectional Study

Assessment of Knowledge, Practice and Associated Factors Towards Prevention of Novel Corona Virus Among Clients Attending at Debre Tabor General Hospital Debre Tabor Town, North West Ethiopia, 2020: Institutional Based Cross-Sectional Study

Assessment of Knowledge, Practice and Associated Factors Towards Prevention of Novel Corona Virus among Clients Attending at Debre Tabor General Hospital Debre Tabor Town, North West Ethiopia, 2020: Institutional Based Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Coronavirus disease is a highly infectious disease caused by the newly innovated coronavirus. An emerging respiratory disease was abbreviated as COVID 19, after it has been first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan city of China. Ethiopia Ministry of Health initiated a multidisciplinary approach to tackle COVID-19 of which awareness creation is the main. The aim of this study is to assess knowledge, practice, and associated factors towards the prevention of novel coronavirus among clients in Debre Tabor general hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study design was conducted in DTGH from May 15 to May 30, 2020. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The data were entered into epi data version 4.4 and exported to SPSS window version 25 for analysis. Binary and multivariable logistic regression was fitted. Odds Ratios with 95% Confidence interval and P-value ≤ 0.05 were considered to assert significance. Result: A total of 345 clients were analyzed and the response rate was 96.4%. The mean age was 32.95 with S.D ± 13.18 years. The majority of the respondents were male (75.7%). Among the study participants 54.2% with (95% CI: [49.0, 59.2%]) and 49.0% with (95% CI: [43.5, 53.4%]) have good knowledge and god practice on COVID 19 preventions respectively. Sex AOR: 4.33 (2.06, 9.09), family size AOR: 2.49 (1.01, 6.15, and heard from social media AOR: 2.78 (1.21, 6.39) were significantly associated with knowledge of respondents. Knowledge AOR: 3.11 (1.59, 6.10) was significantly associated with practice of clients. Residency and those heard from TV were significant variables for both. Conclusion and Recommendation: In this study, the overall knowledge and preventive practices of the respondents were found to be low. Sex, family size, residency, and sources of information were associated factors for knowledge. In addition to this knowledge was a significant factor for practice. Health education programs aimed at mobilizing and improving COVID-19- related knowledge and practice intend to be strengthened

Physical Violence and Associated Factors among Housemaids Living in Debre-Tabor Town, Northwest Ethiopia: Does Employer Alcohol Intake Increase Housemaid Violence?

Background Violence against women and girls continues to be a global epidemic, including Ethiopia. Housemaids are a neglected segment of the population, and there are no sufficient findings in our country. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of physical violence and associated factors among housemaids aged 15 years and above living in Debre Tabor town, northwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Debre Tabor town, northwest Ethiopia from April 1 to 30, 2018. A total of 634 housemaids were selected using cluster sampling method. Data were entered into Epi info version 7.2.2.6 and analyzed with SPSS version 20 using descriptive and analytic statistics. Binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify independent significant factors. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to report the strength of associations. Results From 634 housemaids that participated in the study, 235 (37.1%, 95% CI: 33.1−41.0) of them experienced at least one type of physical violence in their lifetime. Housemaids who previously lived in rural areas (AOR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.61, 4.94), had high working experience (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.27, 3.71), not having parents (AOR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.18, 3.46), being divorced (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.31, 4.20), employer alcohol consumption (AOR = 4.97, 95% CI: 2.81, 8.79), and presence of extended family with employers (AOR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.42, 3.59) were independently associated with the probability of housemaid physical violence. Conclusion High prevalence of housemaid physical violence has been reported. Socio-demographic characteristics of both employers and employees and the behavioral characteristics of employers contributed to physical violence. It is important to give special attention to housemaids who came from rural areas and do not have parents. It is also important to make work experience of housemaids as short as possible.

Nutritional status and associated factors among high school adolescents in Debre Tabor Town, South Gondar Zone, Northcentral Ethiopia

BackgroundAdolescents are among the nutritionally vulnerable group due to their nutritional demand for pubertal spurt. At this age, adequate nutrition, nutritional education, and counseling are very important to halt the consequence and its impact on this segment of the population. So, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and its associated factors of nutritional status among high school adolescents aged 10–19 years in Debre Tabor Town, South Gondar Zone, and North central Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from September to October 2017. A total of 349 high school adolescents were selected by using simple random sampling. Data were collected through face to face interview and physical measurement. The data were entered into Epi info version 7 software and then exported into SPSS version 20 software for further analysis. A p-value < 0.2 was used to select independent variables for multivariable logistic regression. A p-value ≤0.05 was used to declare the statistical significance. Also, odd ratios were calculated with a 95% of the confidence interval to check the existence of the association.ResultA total of 327 adolescents participated in this study with the overall response rate of 93.69%. The magnitude of stunting and thinness was 15% (95% CI: 11, 19) and 4.9% (95% CI: 2.4, 7.4) respectively. Sex (AOR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.15, 4.36), residency (AOR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.28, 4.82), and family size (AOR: 3.41, 95% CI: 1.65, 7.05) were the associated factors for stunting. Residence (AOR: 3.67, 95% CI: 1.16, 11.56), and living away from the family (AOR: 4.37, 95% CI: 1.20, 15.95) were the associated factors for the development of thinness.ConclusionStunting is a mild public health problem but not thinness. Sociodemographic variables were the determinant factors for the development of stunting and thinness. To halt this, integrated adolescent related school and nutrition services is very important with adequate and quality food access to adolescents. In addition to this the government shall have to increase the access of education.

Assessment of breast self- examination practice and associated factors among female workers in Debre Tabor Town public health facilities, North West Ethiopia, 2018: Cross- sectional study.

BackgroundAlthough breast Self-Examination is no longer tenable as a standard method to detect early breast cancer, world health organization recommends breast self -examination for raising awareness of women about breast cancer. Secondary prevention through monthly breast self-examination is the best option to tackle the rising incidence of breast cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess breast self -examination practice and associated factors.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from April 23 to May 23, 2018. A total of 421 female workers in Debre Tabor Town public health facilities were included. The study participants were selected using simple random sampling technique from the study population. The collected data were checked for completeness. The data were entered and cleaned using EpiData version 3.1 then exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Crude odd ratio and probability value were identified for each independent variable and all independent variables with probability value of less than 0.2 were entered into multivariables logistic regression. Statistically significant associated factors were identified based on probability value (p-value) less than 0.05 and adjusted odd ratio with 95% confidence interval.ResultThe mean age of participants was 25.2 (S.D = 4.12) and 137 (32.5%) of the participants had practiced breast self -examination and 64 (15.2%) of them performed it monthly. Family history of breast cancer (adjusted OR = 6.5, CI = 1.54–21.4), Knowledge about breast -self examination (adjusted OR = 5.74, CI = 2.3–14.4) and self- efficacy in practicing breast self -examination (adjusted OR = 4.7, CI = 1.84–12.11) were significantly associated with breast self -examination practice.ConclusionsThe study showed that the prevalence of breast self-examination was low. Family history of breast cancer, knowledge about breast self -examination and self- efficacy in practicing breast self- examination did have statistically significant association with breast self—examination practice.

Prevalence of goiter and its associated factors among primary school age children aged 6–12 years old in Debre tabor town, northwest Ethiopia

Prevalence of goiter and its associated factors among primary school age children aged 6–12 years old in Debre tabor town, northwest Ethiopia

Implanon Discontinuation Rate and It&amp;apos;s Associated Factors in Debre Tabor Town, North Central Ethiopia

Family planning could avert a significant number of maternal mortality and contributes to child survival with its focus on women's rights. Generally, a long-acting reversible contraceptive is more effective and cover all the advantage and eliminates the disadvantages of other types of contraceptives. The acceptance and utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptive including implanon were very low in many developing countries including Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of discontinuation and to identify variables influencing Implanon utilization. A cross-sectional design was conducted between January to December 2018 in Debre Tabor town. In the community, a total of 132 women who have been using or discontinuing Implanon during the study period were selected. Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire were conducted for data collection. The data were entered, cleaned and analyzed by a statistical package for social sciences version 20. The data were processed and analyzed by a statistical package for social sciences version 20 using descriptive and analytical statistics including chi-square test that identified the association between some selected independent variables and implanon discontinuation. The overall implanon discontinuation in the year 2018 was 16.7% in Debre Tabor town. The most frequently mentioned reason for implanon discontinuation was health-related issues (31.8%), side effects (27.3%), desire to have more children (22.7%) and method shift (18.2%). Factors associated with Implanon discontinuation were developing side effects, women who have living children and not providing counseling service. Implanon discontinuation among Implanon users in Debre Tabor town during the year 2018 was found to be high and the most frequently mentioned rationale was health-related issues. Health care providers should provide counseling before Implanon insertion.

Effect of Internal and External Challenges on Micro and Small Enterprises’ Prospect

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of internal and external challenges on Micro and Small Enterprises’ prospect in Debretabor town. The research type employed to conduct this study was descriptive survey method in 200 owners of MSEs in Debretabor town. As to the tools that the researchers used were questioner, focused group discussion and unstructured interview. These were involved in 34questionnaires that contain 4 questions on owner’s information and 6 questions on external challenges, 20 questions on internal challenges and 4 questions about enterprises prospects. Regarding to the unstructured interview for Debretabor town MSEs Office and Debretabor Poly Technic College, 8 unstructured items were used. For focused group discussion 4 topics were administered.The result of the this study shows that prospects of SMEs can be negatively affected by Marketing problem followed by control and evaluation problem, environmental challenges and financial problems respectively in Debretabor town.Generally speaking, as the researcher has seen those back-ups from the study, there must be an immediate and strict measure should be taken by the local government and owners of MSE. Such as to solve the problem of finance, the government should develop specially loan system/strategy for SMEs with minimum collateral amount at fair interest rate. At the same time owners of MSEs should create a means of solving financial problems by forming informal financial sources association like “Equib” and through savings. MSEs should create an effort to compete with large companies by forming unions, and associations rather than competing independently and the local government also should encourage and improve the situation to MSEs owners to operate in different sectors to minimize the intensity of competition among themselves. And lastly owners should avoid unplanned withdrawal of cash for personal use and should apply principles of business entity concept. Keywords: Challenge, prospect, micro and small enterprises DOI : 10.7176/EJBM/11-1-06

Neonatal asphyxia and associated factors among neonates on labor ward at debre-tabor general hospital, Debre Tabor Town, South Gonder, North Centeral Ethiopia

Back ground Birth asphyxia is defined as a harm to newborn NB caused by lack of oxygen hypoxia and or lack of perfusion ischemia of various organs with sufficient intensity to promote changes in aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism It triggers metabolic acidosis and cardiovascular decomposition such as peripheral vasodilatation and decreased cardiac output resulting in severe fetal hypotension and reduced cerebral blood flow and consequently brain damage and organ dysfunction or fetal neonatal death Apgar score is used to determine the level of birth asphyxia Objectives To assess neonatal asphyxia and associated factors among neonates on labor ward at DTGH South Gonder North Central Ethiopia Methods Facility based cross sectional study design was conducted at DTGH from December to Systematic random sampling technique was used to select study units A total of participants were involved in the study Data were collected from participants using structured questionnaires Data were entered into Epi data and exported into SPSS version for analysis Descriptive statistics bivariate and multivariate binary logistic analyses were carried out Finally the findings were presented in text figure and graph format Results A total of neonates and their respective mothers were participated in this study with a response rate of Among neonate of them had birth asphyxia with Apgar score of less than seven The predicted probability using logistic regression showed that gestational age cord prolepses presentation mode of delivery and meconium status were statistically associated with p value lt Conclusion and recommendation Neonatal asphyxia low Apgar score le was generally at DTGH during this study Gestational age cord prolepses presentation mode of delivery and meconium status were statistically associated Investigator recommends providers should get appropriate skill and strictly follow each laboring mother during labor and delivery to alleviate this problem