Death Of Others Research Articles

QUESTIONING THE SKULL: ZHUANGZI AND HAMLET ON DEATH

This article aims to explore some aspects of our shared human experience of death through a parallel reading of Hamlet and Zhuangzi. These two classics belong to radically different cultural contexts, and both have traditionally been interpreted as texts in between philosophy and literature. As such, I hope this article will be of some interest for both students of world literature and transcultural philosophy, disciplines that, despite the contemporary academic distinctions, share much in common. Section 1 highlights some differences and similarities between Hamlet and Zhuangzi. Section 2 proceeds by elucidating three aspects of the problem of death approached by both texts (uncertainty; the death of others; my death). Section 3 examines two predominant perspectives in Chinese and European cultural backgrounds (the “individual” and the “cosmic” perspectives). Sections 4 analyzes how Hamlet approaches uncertainty, the death of others and my death from the individual perspective, while section 5 does the same for the cosmic perspective in Zhuangzi. In section 6, the two mirroring passages of the dialogues with the skull are compared, showing how the individual and the cosmic perspectives mutually implicate each other as two sides of the same coin.

Impact de la COVID-19 sur les services de prévention du VIH et de prise en charge des personnes vivant avec le VIH dans la ville de Bukavu : une étude mixte séquentielle explicative

Introduction : Depuis son apparition fin 2019 en Chine, les mesures de riposte contre l’infection à COVID-19 ont perturbé la prestation des services de santé primaires dont ceux liés au virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH). En République démocratique du Congo, l’effet des mesures anti-COVID-19 (confinement) sur l’utilisation des services de prévention du VIH et de prise en charge des personnes vivant avec le VIH (PVVIH) reste peu décrit à ce jour. Objectif : Comparer et comprendre l’effet des mesures anti-COVID-19 sur l’utilisation des services préventifs du VIH et de prise en charge des PVVIH dans les Centres de traitement ambulatoire (CTA) de Bukavu avant (octobre 2019 à février 2020) et pendant (mars à juillet 2020) la période des mesures anti-COVID-19. Méthodes : Étude mixte multisite avec un devis séquentiel explicatif réalisée à Bukavu entre juillet et septembre 2021. La phase quantitative est observationnelle, descriptive, rétrospective et basée sur des données programmatiques issues des CTA. La phase qualitative, guidée par les résultats quantitatifs, est basée sur 31 entretiens semi-structurés avec les soignants et les PVVIH. Résultats : Par comparaison avec la période pré-COVID-19, les mesures anti-COVID-19 ont entrainé une baisse de 11 à 20% des services de prévention du VIH et de prise en charge des PVVIH. Elles ont également induit les ruptures de stock d’antirétroviraux et de tests VIH, la réorganisation des services VIH, la contamination de certains soignants à la COVID-19 et le décès d’autres, ainsi qu’une baisse de l’utilisation des services VIH. Discussion et conclusion : À Bukavu, les mesures anti-COVID-19 ont eu un impact négatif sur le parcours de soins des personnes à risque et infectées par le VIH. Elles ont entravé les progrès vers les objectifs : 95% des personnes dépistées au VIH, 95% des PVVIH sous traitement et 95% des PVVIH avec une charge virale supprimée.

Effects of progesterone and selective ligands of membrane progesterone receptors in HepG2 cells of human hepatocellular carcinoma

Progesterone exerts multiple effects in different tissues through nuclear receptors (nPRs) and through membrane receptors of the adiponectin and progestin receptor (mPRs) family. The effect of progesterone on cells through different types of receptors can vary significantly. At the same time, it affects the processes of proliferation and apoptosis in normal and tumor tissues in a dual way, stimulating proliferation and carcinogenesis in some tissues, suppressing them and stimulating cell death in others. In this study, we have shown the presence of a high level of mRNA and mPRβ protein in HepG2 tumor cells of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Expression of other membrane and classical nuclear receptors was not detected. May be mPRβ has an important function in HepG2 cells. The main goal of the work was to study the function of this protein and the mechanisms of its action in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Previously, we have identified selective mPRs ligands, compounds LS-01 and LS-02, which do not interact with nuclear receptors. Their employment allows differentiating the effects of progestins mediated by different types of receptors. The work studied the effects of progesterone, LS-01 and LS-02 on the proliferation and death of HepG2 cells, as well as the activating phosphorylation of two kinases, p38 MAPK and JNK, under the action of three steroids. It was shown that all three progestins after 72 hours of incubation with cells suppressed their viability and stimulated the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the outer surface of membranes, which was detected by binding to V-FITC annexin, but they did not affect DNA fragmentation of cell nuclei. Progesterone significantly reduced the expression of proliferation marker genes and stimulated the expression of the p21 protein gene, but had a suppressive effect on the expression of some proapoptotic factor genes. All three steroids activated JNK in these cells, but had no effect on p38 MAPK activity. The effects of progesterone and selective mPRs ligands in HepG2 cells were the same in terms of suppression of proliferation and stimulation of apoptotic changes in outer membranes, therefore, they were mediated through interaction with mPRβ. JNK is a member of the signaling cascade activated in these cells by the studied steroids.

Exposure to the Death of Others during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Growing Mistrust in Medical Institutions as a Result of Personal Loss.

The prominence of death during the COVID-19 pandemic was heightened by the potential of personally knowing someone who lost their life to the virus. The terror management theory (TMT) suggests that the salient presence of death has a pronounced effect on behavior and may result in the ossification of beliefs and actions aligned with one's worldview (i.e., the mortality salience hypothesis). In this study, we evaluated how death exposure early in the COVID-19 pandemic could enact the process of firming up held beliefs and attitudes related to health and safety. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to a personal loss during the pandemic would strengthen participants' baseline attitudes and behaviors regarding COVID-19 safety guidelines. Data were analyzed from a prospective, regional survey administered at two time points during the pandemic, June-July 2020 and May 2021, in five United States northeastern states. Baseline and follow-up surveys were administered approximately 12 months apart, with adherence to public guidance and death exposure measured at both timepoints and other safety measures at follow-up only. Our results indicated that there were significant main effects of death exposure on guideline adherence and support for COVID-related public policy. Contrary to the mortality salience hypothesis, death exposures after baseline were related to higher medical mistrust at follow-up for those high in adherence at baseline, rather than those with low adherence. Our results offer some conflicting evidence to the mortality salience hypothesis. Rather than entrench people in their worldviews, death in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic appeared to sway people away from their initial stances. This finding has important implications for TMT literature and for the COVID-19 pandemic response.

ПРИКЛАДНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГІЧНОГО РОЗУМІННЯ СМЕРТІ ТА СМЕРТНОСТІ

The presented article attempts to structure the phenomenological interpretation of death and mortality through the study of their relationship with other significant phenomenological themes, in particular corporeality, intersubjectivity, and temporality. The author determined that the phenomenological understanding of corporeality as a combination of the physical body (German: der Körper) and the living body (German: der Leib) is capable of helping to overcome the natural-scientific reduction of the body to physical and functional aspects. The article also highlights the intersubjective rootedness of a person's understanding of his own transience and defines the role of experiencing the deaths of others in the formation of an attitude towards one's own death. The author expresses the idea of the inaccessibility of experiencing death as an actual, immediate reality. In the context of temporality, death is defined by the author as a moment in which no continuity is established, as time that no longer unfolds. In the concluding remarks, the understanding of death as the loss of a unique contribution to intersubjective experience is substantiated, and the role of awareness of mortality in the emergence of culture is determined. Overall, it was concluded that phenomenology can become not only a theoretical tool for the interpretation of death but also an applied basis for the development of bioethics.

Criminal Liability For Perpetrators of Negligent Crimes Resulting in the Death of Others in Traffic Accidents

Criminal responsibility leads to the prosecution of the perpetrator who has committed a criminal act and fulfills its elements as stipulated in the law. Viewed from the perspective of the occurrence of a prohibited act (obligation), an individual will be criminally accountable for such actions if they are against the law. To hold someone criminally accountable, one must consider the culpability of the perpetrator. However, it is not sufficient to consider only the culpability; one must also consider the reasons and circumstances that eliminate the penalty as outlined in Articles 44, 48, 49, 50, and 51 of the Indonesian Penal Code (KUHP). In cases where the perpetrator has met the provisions of those articles, they are exempted from the threat of criminal charges. The research method used is normative juridical, which involves legal research on primary and secondary legal materials, especially those related to the discussed subject matter. This study aims to determine how criminal responsibility is imposed on perpetrators of negligent crimes resulting in the death of others in traffic accidents. From the research findings, it is concluded that the defendant Mariyanto, based on the trial facts, did not meet the criteria set forth in Articles 44, 48, 49, 50, and 51 of the KUHP that would eliminate the penalty. Therefore, Mariyanto can be held responsible and subject to criminal accountability. Considering that the victim also bears some responsibility contributing to the commission of the offense and that the defendant had no malicious intent, posing no danger, the writer suggests that the defendant should be appropriately sentenced to probation, as proposed by Mariyanto's Legal Counsel in their plea, taking into account humanitarian and justice considerations.

Effects of Progesterone and Selective Ligands of Membrane Progesterone Receptors in HepG2 Cells of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Progesterone exerts multiple effects in different tissues through nuclear receptors (nPRs) and through membrane receptors (mPRs) of adiponectin and progestin receptor families. The effect of progesterone on the cells through different types of receptors can vary significantly. At the same time, it affects the processes of proliferation and apoptosis in normal and tumor tissues in a dual way, stimulating proliferation and carcinogenesis in some tissues, suppressing them and stimulating cell death in others. In this study, we have shown the presence of high level of mPRβ mRNA and protein in the HepG2 cells of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Expression of other membrane and classical nuclear receptors was not detected. It could imply that mPRβ has an important function in the HepG2 cells. The main goal of the work was to study functions of this protein and mechanisms of its action in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Previously, we have identified selective mPRs ligands, compounds LS-01 and LS-02, which do not interact with nuclear receptors. Their employment allows differentiating the effects of progestins mediated by different types of receptors. Effects of progesterone, LS-01, and LS-02 on proliferation and death of HepG2 cells were studied in this work, as well as activating phosphorylation of two kinases, p38 MAPK and JNK, under the action of three steroids. It was shown that all three progestins after 72 h of incubation with the cells suppressed their viability and stimulated appearance of phosphatidylserine on the outer surface of the membranes, which was detected by binding of annexin V, but they did not affect DNA fragmentation of the cell nuclei. Progesterone significantly reduced expression of the proliferation marker genes and stimulated expression of the p21 protein gene, but had a suppressive effect on the expression of some proapoptotic factor genes. All three steroids activated JNK in these cells, but had no effect on the p38 MAPK activity. The effects of progesterone and selective mPRs ligands in HepG2 cells were the same in terms of suppression of proliferation and stimulation of apoptotic changes in outer membranes, therefore, they were mediated through interaction with mPRβ. JNK is a member of the signaling cascade activated in these cells by the studied steroids.

Passive trauma

IntroductionWives of military personnel in action living on bases located in areas of armed conflict in Colombia before the peace negotiations with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), were first-hand observers of the war, their husbands' participation in the war and the consequences and effects of the combat in which others participated. ObjectiveTo offer a hypothesis regarding these women's experience of direct trauma and characterise the dimensions of their experience as observers of the suffering of others. MethodsQualitative study and secondary discourse analysis in intentional snowball sampling of wives of military personnel (officers and chiefs) with whom semi-structured interviews were conducted. ConclusionsDirect trauma is not the sole cause of psychosomatic and psychopathological consequences; the experience of constantly observing the suffering and deaths of others also generates a cumulative effect that can affect physical and mental health. This experience is called passive trauma.

Oversight Resulting in the Death of Others According to Article 359 of the Criminal Code

As the times progress, more and more means of transportation are needed to meet the needs of humans. Mobility in traffic becomes an obstacle in dealing with vital error problems in traffic accidents. Indeed, such things cannot be denied in traffic, in intentional or even unintentional arrangements. Road traffic violations are actions or actions that are contrary to the provisions of traffic laws and regulations. In the Criminal Code (KUHP) criminal acts are divided into crimes (misdrijven) and violations (overtredingen). Cases of negligence that result in the death of other people are urgent matters to be discussed in a legal perspective, therefore the purpose of this paper is to find out the application of Article 359 of the Criminal Code so that people who commit criminal acts because their negligence causes people to die can be punished. In this study using normative legal research methods, which examines the law which is conceptualized as a norm or rule that applies in society and becomes a role model for everyone's behavior. The conclusion is that mistakes in criminal law are very important because a person cannot be convicted if he has no mistakes. And someone can be said to be guilty if he commits a crime, in a state of being able to take responsibility for what he has done intentionally or by negligence and there is no excuse for forgiveness.

A Qualitative Study of How Hospice Workers Cope With Their Level of Exposure to Death.

To identify whether hospice workers hold unique and theoretically-informative perspectives about death, especially as they relate to terror management processes. Twelve hospice workers from two hospices in Tucson, Arizona, United States, participated in semi-structured interviews. Interview and analytic practices were guided by Grounded Theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Three categories were identified in relation to death attitudes: effects of chronic confrontation with death; reasons for working in hospice; and perceptions of death in others. Two theoretically informative trends appeared. First, hospice workers largely manage death anxiety as identified by existing literature with the notable exception that hospice workers overall seem to integrate death and dying into their worldviews as a meaningful category, as opposed to avoiding thinking about death. Second, even among those regularly exposed to death, there seems to be a range across participants on a continuum from avoiding to confronting the topic of death.

TNF licenses macrophages to undergo rapid caspase-1, -11, and -8-mediated cell death that restricts Legionella pneumophila infection.

The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is necessary for host defense against many intracellular pathogens, including Legionella pneumophila. Legionella causes the severe pneumonia Legionnaires' disease and predominantly affects individuals with a suppressed immune system, including those receiving therapeutic TNF blockade to treat autoinflammatory disorders. TNF induces pro-inflammatory gene expression, cellular proliferation, and survival signals in certain contexts, but can also trigger programmed cell death in others. It remains unclear, however, which of the pleiotropic functions of TNF mediate control of intracellular bacterial pathogens like Legionella. In this study, we demonstrate that TNF signaling licenses macrophages to die rapidly in response to Legionella infection. We find that TNF-licensed cells undergo rapid gasdermin-dependent, pyroptotic death downstream of inflammasome activation. We also find that TNF signaling upregulates components of the inflammasome response, and that the caspase-11-mediated non-canonical inflammasome is the first inflammasome to be activated, with caspase-1 and caspase-8 mediating delayed pyroptotic death. We find that all three caspases are collectively required for optimal TNF-mediated restriction of bacterial replication in macrophages. Furthermore, caspase-8 is required for control of pulmonary Legionella infection. These findings reveal a TNF-dependent mechanism in macrophages for activating rapid cell death that is collectively mediated by caspases-1, -8, and -11 and subsequent restriction of Legionella infection.

Five stages of grief in C.S. Lewis’ Novel A Grief Observed

Death is inevitable, inapprehensible, yet it is the most trustworthy experience by human. People have their own various ways to encounter deaths, some by witnessing the death of others, some by reading fictional stories. Death and literature has close relationship as the literary genres portray deaths in various perspectives, such as death is praised in Classics, death is tragic in Romantics, and death is a part of life in postmodern literature. However, the attitude of people towards death and grief are vary. This research aims at finding the stages of grief (death and dying) using Kübler-Ross theory in C. G. Lewis novel A Grief Observed (1961). This research is qualitative using content analysis approach. The data were gathered through words, phrases, and sentences contained in the novel. The findings shows that the main charater, Lewis, finally succeed managing the whole five stages such as denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance. Moreover, with his acceptance of the death of his wife, he can capture the world in more meaningful ways and find peace in his heart. This is also strengthen that literature can be a media for consolation from suffering since this novel is based on true life story by the author himself.

Eudaimonic Well-Being of Italian Young Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Predictive and Mediating Roles of Fear of Death and Psychological Inflexibility.

The literature has widely acknowledged the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of young adults. Despite extensive research, eudaimonic well-being, which focuses on self-knowledge and self-realization, has been scarcely investigated. This cross-sectional study aimed to add knowledge on the eudaimonic well-being of young adults one year after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, verifying its potential linkages with fear of death and psychological inflexibility. A total of 317 young Italian adults (18-34 years), recruited through a chain sampling method, completed measures of psychological inflexibility, fear of death, and eudaimonic well-being included in an online survey. The study's hypotheses were tested with multivariate multiple regression and mediational analyses. Results showed that psychological inflexibility was negatively associated with all the dimensions of well-being, while fear of the death of others was associated with autonomy, environmental mastery, and self-acceptance. Furthermore, in the association between fear of death and well-being, the mediation role of psychological inflexibility was verified. These results contribute to the extant literature on the factors associated with eudaimonic well-being, providing clinical insights into the work with young adults within challenging times.

A subaltern civil war: Precariat in-Fighting in Murakami Ryu’s Popular Hits of the Showa Era

ABSTRACT Published just a few years after the beginning of Japan’s Lost Decade, Murakami Ryu’s 1994 novel Popular Hits of the Showa Era posited that this new economic reality inflicted deep psychological wounds on individuals who were already deeply fractured. Within this text the invisible violence of post-Bubble Japan’s social order is made explicit through a low-stakes, yet hyperviolent, guerilla war undertaken by a set of ludicrous and narcissistic characters whose increasingly deadly attacks are met with public indifference. Within the consumer-capitalist social order, personal satisfaction is the paramount goal (McGowan 2004, 11–12). However, this system fosters the belief that it is necessary to be hostile and mistrustful of others (McGowan 2004, 177–179). These aspects of consumer-capitalism have warped the psyches of the characters in this novel so deeply that even extreme violence is met with apathy. The deaths of others are viewed as a threat to their ego, rather than a tragedy. Rather than coalescing into a new social order in response to lives made hollow by consumer-capitalism, individuals in this novel are instead pulled apart. Blind to the violence that is perpetrated against them by consumer capitalism, Murakami’s characters believe that their irrationality is rational (Kalekin-Fishman 2008, 537).

Lyndsay Galpin, Male Suicide and Masculinity in 19th Century Britain

Suicide is a catastrophic event. The ripples of a death extend through surrounding communities, bringing into question previously held certainties—about others, about relationships, about health, behaviour and identity. Speculation abounds in newspapers, magazines and official reports as writers search for meaning in the lives and deaths of those who die by their own hand. It is this focus on the process of forging meaning from the tragic deaths of others that informs Lyndsay Galpin’s book. Galpin offers a new perspective on suicide in Victorian England by interrogating these historical deaths for what they can tell us about ideas and ideals of masculinity. Galpin’s monograph draws critically on previous histories of suicide and attempted suicide in England, from the classics (Olive Anderson and Barbara Gates) to more recent work by Victor Bailey and John Weaver.1 She argues that suicide was not necessarily feminised, as others have assumed, with the lives and deaths of male suicides often compared to other men, rather than to women. While suicide, she explains, is a gendered experience, it cannot be labelled as either inherently masculine or inherently feminine.

An overview on the treatments and prevention against COVID-19

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to plague the world. While COVID-19 is asymptomatic in most individuals, it can cause symptoms like pneumonia, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome), and death in others. Although humans are currently being vaccinated with several COVID-19 candidate vaccines in many countries, however, the world still is relying on hygiene measures, social distancing, and approved drugs.ResultThere are many potential therapeutic agents to pharmacologically fight COVID-19: antiviral molecules, recombinant soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, corticosteroids, interferon therapies, and herbal agents. By an understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 structure and its infection mechanisms, several vaccine candidates are under development and some are currently in various phases of clinical trials.ConclusionThis review describes potential therapeutic agents, including antiviral agents, biologic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and herbal agents in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. In addition to reviewing the vaccine candidates that entered phases 4, 3, and 2/3 clinical trials, this review also discusses the various platforms that are used to develop the vaccine COVID-19.

Long-Term Outcomes Following Transarterial Embolisation of Proximal Type I Endoleaks Post-EVAR.

To describe the long-term outcomes following transarterial embolisation for type Ia endoleaks (ELIa) in patients who failed or were unsuitable for standard endovascular/surgical options. A retrospective single-centre observational study was performed between October 2010 and April 2018. Technical success rates and long-term outcomes were evaluated. A sub-analysis was performed comparing outcomes of covered aortic endografts and Nellix endovascular aneurysm sealing systems. A total of 34 transcatheter embolisations were performed for ELIa in 27 patients (13 endografts and 14 patients with Nellix systems). A combination of Onyx and coils was used most frequently (18/34), followed by Onyx alone (14/34) and coils alone (2/34). Technical success was achieved in 33/34 (97%) procedures . Seven early complications occurred with no immediate mortality, 5 of which involved migration/reflux of embolic into the endograft-all successfully managed via endovascular approach. Following the surveillance period (mean 25months), 13/26 (50%) of patients were free from recurrent endoleak. Sac expansion occurred in 42% (11/26). 21/26 patients died; 6 due to aneurysm sac rupture, 10 due to unrelated causes, and 5 had no cause of death available. No significant difference in survival was found between patients with an endograft or Nellix graft-Chi-squared value - 0.011 (p < 0.05 = 3.84). Transcatheter embolisation for type Ia endoleaks is a safe and effective option in a select patient cohort-where traditional endovascular and surgical options are unsuitable or have failed. The procedure may prevent recurrence in some whilst delaying rupture and death in others.

Economies of Extinction: Animals, Labour, and Inheritance in the Longleaf Pine Forests of the US South

Despite mounting critiques, extinction continues to be framed as a unidirectional problem where humans, through acts of negligence and intent, lead nonhuman species to their demise. In addition to universalizing the actors and processes involved, unidirectional approaches overlook the ways nonhuman beings participate in the extinction of others and the ways extinction continues to impact multispecies communities long after the violent event or the death of an endling. With its focus on how nonhuman animals experience and navigate violence, the field of critical animal studies can illustrate how nonhuman animals contribute to extinction events and how extinction unfolds across distinct groups over extended temporal periods. Placing critical animal studies in conversation with species loss, this article takes up the longleaf pine forests of the US South, an ecological community that was once among the largest in the world and is now among the most endangered. I consider how late-nineteenth and earlytwentieth century naval stores and logging operations used animal labour and the logics of animality to extract longleaf pine and its products. Animal-dependent industries like turpentining and logging, I argue, were part of what John Levi Barnard calls an ‘extinctionproducing economy’. Looking at the labour of oxen, mules, and horses, together with the Black and immigrant labourers tasked with providing their care, I ask how animals and their human caretakers become caught up in the wider deaths of others. Acknowledging that the absences resulting from species loss extend beyond the historical events and timeframes that produced them, I then examine how subsequent generations of humans and nonhumans have inherited the loss of longleaf forests. Turning to Janisse Ray’s memoirs Ecology of a Cracker Childhood and Wild Card Quilt: The Ecology of Home, I consider her family’s involvement in eradicating longleaf forests and how this loss continues to be experienced.

Special Dossier: The New Politics of Existence

Special Dossier: The New Politics of Existence William Egginton and Yi-Ping Ong When the editors of this special issue first met in 2019 to discuss hosting a conference on the topic of “The New Politics of Existence,” a world-wide pandemic that would kill tens of millions around the world, devastate economies, and exacerbate divisiveness and conspiracy mongering never crossed our minds. We focused instead on the apparent rise in the appeal of existentialist thought among students, colleagues, and even the general public. Sarah Bakewell had made a splash with a book on freedom, being, and apricot cocktails called At the Existentialist Café. Martin Hägglund’s This Life, an attempt to re-envision our political and economic order in light of mortality and finitude, had just come out. Yi-Ping had recently published The Art of Being, in which she analyzed the power of novelistic form to reorient existentialist philosophy towards the nature of human freedom and the meaning of life. Bill’s most recent graduate seminars on existentialism had attracted suspiciously large enrollments, and our colleague and contributor to this volume Jennifer Gosetti-Ferencei reported similar numbers in her classes devoted to the subject. While we certainly speculated on the reasons for the upsurge our (admittedly minuscule) sampling suggested, the emergency whose most minor consequence would be to postpone our meeting for nearly three years ended up laying open what could be the primary driver: our abiding precarity. The sense that all we have rests on a razor thin sheet of ice over an abyss of the unknown leads us to reach for the illusive security of essences: the national and ethnic substances that anchor our identities amidst the rush of cultural differences; the sexual relation that reassures [End Page 853] half the world’s population of its nature-given dominance; the marching-orders given straight to our immortal souls regarding who is damned and who is saved. And when such essences are ascendant, the philosophy we call existentialist strives to break the fever dream in which one group’s salvation lies in the oppression, exclusion, or death of others. The six essays we gather in this volume were delivered at Johns Hopkins University on September 24, 2022. They represent a small but decisive intervention in our intellectual culture’s return for guidance to thinkers from Kierkegaard through de Beauvoir, while also making arguments for existentialist perspectives on philosophers and authors not traditionally associated with that canon. We collect these not in the spirit of self-satisfied complacency, but in the modest hope that even such minor efforts to revisit this tradition will constitute a modicum of inoculation against the ideologies that would divert us from our own fragile existence. William Egginton and Yi-Ping Ong, November 2022 [End Page 854] Copyright © 2023 Johns Hopkins University Press

죽음에 관한 철학적 인식 확장을 위한 김광균 시 읽기 방법

Objectives The purposes of this study were to attempt as such is expected to help readers break away from the narrow-mindedness of appreciating Kim Kwang-gyun’s poems from the fixed viewpoint of modernists while securing the usefulness to overcome the restriction of appreciation to compress death-related poetry works into themes such as the frustration and anxiety of humans due to the finiteness or death of humans. Methods For this purpose, Kim Gwang-gyun's works were analyzed in terms of death poetics. The discussion was conducted in relation to the literature study on existing philosophical discussions, and the emotions of others, communication with others, and the paradox of overcoming anxiety were examined in order to suggest a method of appreciation and education based on a qualitative study. Results The purposes of this study were to the poetic educational attitude as such will become a momentum to expand the audience-centered diverse appreciations and interpretations and is expected to enable students to acquire emotion-centeredness that departs from reason, others-orientedness instead of subject-centered thoughts, and the expansion of perception of the meaning of human existence through spiritual overcoming of death. Conclusions Students can reflectively reflect on their subject-centered customs by indirectly experiencing death, which cannot be experienced by the subject, through the death of others and immersing in others’ emotions in the process and furthermore, they can implement the possibility of others-centered communication. In addition, it is regarded that by identifying the cause of anxiety due to death and exploring the meaning of human existence through the foregoing, they can improve their attitude toward real life.