Deaf Ears Research Articles

Appeasing Hitler: Chamberlain, Churchill and the road to war

What should we do about dictators who threaten their neighbours and seize their territory? It is as much of a question today as it was in the 1930s, which witnessed the rise of Hitler and Nazism. The Treaty of Versailles, signed 100 years ago, was intended to set the seal on the war to end all wars. Yet only 20 years later Europe and beyond were plunged into a Second World War. Tim Bouverie's brilliant and meticulously researched account of the vain attempts to appease Hitler reads like a thriller, though demonstrating strong academic rigour. There is no doubt that Versailles punished Germany through the loss of territory and colonies, and through reparations and limits on military power. It sowed in German minds the seeds of injustice that Hitler was able to exploit. Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia, in an attempt to build an Italian empire in Africa, and the failure of the League of Nations to react, convinced Hitler that Germany could acquire new territories with impunity. Hitler gambled that Britain and France would fail to react to the occupation of the Rhineland in 1936, despite their military superiority at the time. Early warnings from Winston Churchill and Sir Horace Rumbold, the British Ambassador in Berlin, about the long-term intentions of Hitler and the brutality of the Nazi regime fell on the deaf ears of Prime Ministers Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain.

ECONOMICS AND CULTURE

The notion that something that cannot be measured does not exist seems to apply to the absence of consideration of culture in economics, where the role of institutions is at the center of the link between the two. Yet, economic prosperity, crisis, and deprivation result from human behavior, reflecting the outcome of social learning—a central concept of culture. Institutions and culture interact and evolve in complementary ways. Each can affect the process of exchange and transaction costs, which in turn determine economic performance. Although more work has been done to better understand the interrelation between economics and culture, most falls on deaf ears among mainstream economists, despite the fact that real-world cases show the critical role of this interrelation. This paper demonstrates a deficiency of mainstream economics in its disregard of the role of culture and institutions.

Re-training the deaf ear: Auditory training for adult cochlear implant users with singlesided deafness

Objective: While cochlear implant (CI) provision for adults with single-sided deafness (SSD) is now an accepted treatment option, auditory training programs specific to this group of CI users have not been described. This paper details the auditory training protocol and critical factors required to rehabilitate CI users with post-lingual SSD.Outcomes and Results: Several key factors are integral to the success of the rehabilitation program; these include 1) CI users with SSD require a map that is balanced as closely as possible to their normal hearing ear and has optimal mapping levels; 2) the auditory training program needs to be stimulating, rewarding, and directly stimulate the implanted ear via Direct Auditory Input (DAI); 3) CI users need to achieve some success in the early post-implantation stages to maintain or increase their motivation; 3) CI users need to be fully committed to the auditory training; and 5) a well-defined structured auditory training program with immediate feedback and markers of success helps ensure optimal communication outcomes. As an indication of success, from the foundation of the program in 2008 until the present all adults with SSD who have received a CI at our clinic (N = 114) only 5 have elected to stop using their device.Conclusion: The auditory training program described herein has been developed to optimize hearing and quality of life outcomes for adult CI users with SSD.

Current indications for cochlear implantation in adults and children.

Surgical treatment of deafness by cochlear implants is used for more than 40 years, and during this period permanently, gradual and significant expansion of indications for this surgery has been observed. In our Department in the years 1994-2018 1480 cochlear implantations were performed, both in adults (647) and in children (883). In this study current indications and the rules for eligibility of patients based on 25 years of experience are presented. Indications for cochlear implantation in adults are: 1) bilateral postlingual deafness, 2) bilateral sensorineural hearing loss - in pure tone audiometry > 70 dB HL (average 500-4000 Hz) and in speech audiometry in hearing aids understanding < 50% of words for the intensity of the stimulus 65 dB, in the absence of the benefits of hearing aids, 3) bilateral profound hearing loss for high frequency with good hearing for low frequency, in the absence of the benefits of hearing aids, 4) some cases of asymmetric hearing loss with intensive tinnitus in the deaf ear. An indication in children is bilateral sensorineural hearing loss > 80dB HL confirmed by hearing tests, after about 6 months of rehabilitation with the use of hearing aids. Although cochlear implantation is used for more than 40 years, the indications for this treatment underlies constant modifications. They concern the age of eligible patients, implantation in patients with partially preserved hearing, as well as treatment for patients with difficult anatomical conditions. In many countries, bilateral implantations are commonly performed, and more and more centers recommend this treatment in the case of unilateral deafness or asymmetric hearing loss, especially with the accompanying tinnitus in the deaf ear.

“Not only hard to make but also hard to take:” Team leaders’ reactions to voice

Voicing concerns and suggestions is a central aspect of effective team communication. Engaging in voice has been shown to be an important factor for improving team performance and preventing errors. But voice can only make a beneficial contribution, if it does not fall on deaf ears. Little is known about the interplay of sending and receiving voice in teams. This is problematic because the recipient of voice bears much of the responsibility for the voice message’s outcome and will contribute to the decision if voice is implemented. This study investigates the team leaders’ reactions (i. e., implementation vs. rejection) to three different voice verbalizations (i. e., respectful, explicit, and oblique). We hypothesized that team leaders will implement respectful and explicit voice more likely than oblique voice. Building on the concept of rudeness, we also hypothesized that explicit voice will be perceived as ruder than respectful voice. We tested the hypotheses in 39 teams performing a tower building task. Our results indicate that, compared with oblique voice, both respectful and explicit voice increased the likelihood of voice implementation. Further, explicit voice was perceived as ruder than oblique and marginally ruder than respectful voice. In an exploratory analysis, we also considered the content of voice (i. e., promotive vs. prohibitive). Results revealed that the implementation of voice was related to an interplay between the type of voice verbalization and voice content. Our findings suggest an important link between voice verbalization and voice implementation and contribute to a better understanding of the complex dynamics of team communication.

Rethinking Political Power in Judicial Review

For decades, scholars have argued that the proper judicial response when democratically enacted laws burden politically powerless minority groups is more aggressive judicial review. This political process approach, however, has fallen on deaf ears at the Supreme Court since the 1970s. Justice Scalia was thus accurate (if not politic) when he derided political process theory as an “old saw” of constitutional law. There is a different role that political power may yet play. The key to seeing it is to focus on the other side of the political power spectrum. Courts can be attentive to situations when the groups burdened by a law are politically powerful, not just when they are powerless. Political power’s presence, I want to suggest, can be a good reason for judges to defer to democratically enacted laws, even if one thinks its absence is a bad reason to strike laws down. This Article advances a positive and normative case for an approach to judicial review that is attuned to political power. As a positive matter, it turns out the Supreme Court has employed such an approach in a number of decisions, including in opinions joined by seven of the nine current Justices. And as a normative matter, treating political power as a reason for judicial deference may help unlock the democratic and institutional benefits of leaving contested constitutional questions to the political branches without sacrificing the role of courts in safeguarding individual rights. The Article concludes by applying these insights to five contemporary disputes in constitutional law: the rise of First Amendment Lochnerism, gun control and the Second Amendment, same sex marriage, due process limits on punitive damage awards, and the closely-regulated industries exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement.

Nonsurgical Management of Single-Sided Deafness: Contralateral Routing of Signal.

In recent years, an increasing research effort has been directed toward remediation of single-sided deafness. Contralateral routing of signal (CROS) is the longest standing rehabilitation solution for individuals with single-sided deafness. The primary goal of CROS technology is to transfer the signal received at the deaf ear to the better hearing ear, thereby reducing the impact of the acoustic head-shadow. This allows for individuals with single-sided deafness to regain access to sounds located at the deaf ear. The hearing deficits associated with single-sided deafness are often debilitating. While surgical management of single-sided deafness is on the rise, CROS hearing aids offer a nonsurgical option to compensate for some of the deficits that occur when a listener is limited to a single ear. Limitations of early CROS devices resulted in poor adoption and acceptance in those with single-sided deafness. Following significant advances in both design and technology, the acceptance of CROS devices has increased in recent years. This paper reviews relevant literature in CROS application for the management of single-sided deafness. Technological advances, benefits, limitations, and clinical considerations are also reviewed in this article.

PrivTech for Data Risk & Value: It's Time to Cross the Valley of Death

Despite clear advancement by the R&D community in attenuating the privacy-utility dichotomy, as well as a public and private market that is increasingly demanding both privacy protection and continual innovation, the transition and adoption of PrivTech capabilities to operational deployment is slow-going at best and moribund at worst. Why have repeated demonstrations that disprove the zero-sum conclusion of privacy vs. utility continued to fall on deaf ears, struggling to mature from proof-of-concept into pilot programs and onward toward general adoption? This article offers a progressive but pragmatic way to think about PrivTech (privacy- preserving computation) against the sociopolitical backdrop of stated needs and capability gaps facing government and industry. Our intent is to help bridge this Valley-of-Death between government-funded PrivTech and the enormous demand for the sharing of sensitive data for legitimate purposes, by dispelling misperceptions and lack of awareness that impede the trust needed to propel PrivTech from the lab and into the business processes of government and industry.

Discurso(s) e polemicidade: algumas reflexões

This paper draws on the complementary notions of “visee argumentative” and argumentative dimension proposed by Amossy (2012 [2000]), or, according to Micheli (2012), the narrow and broad concepts of argumentation, in order to characterize polemic discourse. Pondering on these issues necessarily leads to consider the enunciative-pragmatic and configuration dimensions of discourses. Although in a more “classic” perspective argumentation relies on logos, it is nowadays indisputable that it also relies on pathos and ethos, and that emotions play a central role in the strategy employed by the speaker/locutor to influnce the hearer/addressee and in the outlining of an antagonistic space. The analysis will focus on the “polemicity” marks (a concept proposed by Amossy) imprinted on the discursive materiality as a result of the construction of a point of view (Grize’s “eclairage”)presented to the locutor; we will analyse excerpts of speeches delivered at the Portuguese Parliament (“Assembleia da Republica”) and texts published in the press the context of two referendums, bearing in mind Amossy’s notion of “argumentativity. On the other hand, we will place special emphasis on the strategies of dichotomization (Amossy, 2014) underlying the tension between ethical and ideological positions within a polemic. While it is generally understood that argumentative discourse aims to persuade/convince, this analysis shows that the dichotomization inherent to polemics may lead to an impossible intercomprehension or even to a «dialogue of deaf ears», in Angenot’s (2008) words.

Monaural Neonatal Deafness Induces Inhibition among Bilateral Auditory Networks under Binaural Activation

Worldwide, almost 500 million people are hearing impaired, making hearing loss the most common sensory impairment among humans. For people with single-sided deafness (SSD), cochlear implants (CIs) can be enormously beneficial by providing binaural information. However, binaural benefits in CI users have been only incompletely realized. Overcoming these limitations requires a better knowledge of how neuronal circuits adapt to SSD and how unilateral CI stimulation can compensate a deaf ear. We investigated effects of neonatal SSD on auditory brainstem circuitry using acoustic (AS), electric (ES), or acoustic stimulation on one ear and electric stimulation on the other ear (AS + ES). The molecular marker Fos was used to investigate changes in interneuronal communication due to SSD. To induce SSD, neonatal rats obtained a unilateral intracochlear injection of neomycin. In adulthood, rats were acutely stimulated by AS, ES, or AS + ES. AS and ES were applied correspondingly in terms of intracochlear stimulation side and intensity resulting in bilaterally comparable Fos expression in hearing rats. In contrast, SSD rats showed a loss of tonotopic order along the deafened pathway, indicated by a massive increase and spread of Fos expressing neurons. We report three major results: First, AS of the hearing ear of SSD rats resulted in bilateral activation of neurons in the cochlear nucleus (CN). Second, ES of the deaf ear did not activate contralateral CN. Third, AS + ES of SSD rats resulted in bilateral reduced Fos expression in the auditory brainstem compared to monaural stimulations. These findings indicate changes in inhibitory interactions among neuronal networks as a result of monaural deafness.

Carlos V y su persecución del Protestantismo

In 1557, Protestant groups were discovered in Seville and Valladolid. The Peace of Augsburg had ratified the ascription of an important part of the Empire to the new Lutheran creed, but the discoveries of the groups in Seville and Valladolid showed that Spain was threatened with the same heresy. The emperor is as much or more at fault than his son for the severe repression of Spanish Protestantism. Charles V, turning a deaf ear to the advice of his confessor, violated the Privilege granted in 1477 by his great-grandfather Charles the Bold, who had granted great autonomy to the Low Countries. The reaction to the problems discovered in Valladolid and Seville was neither new for the emperor or something Charles V had not been confronted with before. There had already been many lamentable analogous situations, with alarming effects, in the Flemish territories.

Falling on Deaf Ears? Exploring the Effects of Newspaper Coverage of the European Parliament on Public Support for it

Abstract The European Parliament (EP) is the only directly elected institution at the European Union (EU) level, and its empowerment was long regarded to quasi-automatically lead to greater legitimacy of EU politics. The strength of the EP has grown continuously. However, this has not translated into greater appreciation of a crisis-ridden EU which seems more fundamentally questioned than ever before. Starting from the assumption that mass media serve as the most important source of political information and therefore as a crucial connective interface, we explore newspaper contents about the EP and their effects on public support for it to assess the actual link between the people’s representation at EU level and the people at home. The analysis is conducted for EP elections of 2009 and 2014 in Finland, Germany and the UK. Results suggest that effects of coverage on public support of the EP became stronger and more direct in 2014, which is explained by the increased salience of EU politics in times of crisis. However, expectations of what the EP is or should be may have to be adapted to the reality of a second-order parliament.

Guest Editor's Introduction: Toward an Archaeogenealogy of Post-truth

Guest Editor's Introduction: Toward an Archaeogenealogy of Post-truth

Turning a blind eye and a deaf ear to traditional and complementary medicine practice does not make it go away: a qualitative study exploring perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders towards the integration of traditional and complementary medicine into medical school curriculum in Uganda

BackgroundA substantial proportion of healthcare professionals have inadequate understanding of traditional and complementary medicine and often consider their use inappropriate.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study to understand the perceptions and attitudes of medical students, medical school faculty and traditional and complementary medicine practitioners. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Thematic approach was used in data analysis to identify emerging themes and sub themes. Data analysis was supported with use of Atlas.ti v6.1.1.ResultsThe majority of participants commended the inclusion of traditional and complementary medicine principles into medical school curricula. The main reasons advanced were that: patients are already using these medicines and doctors need to understand them; doctors would be more accommodating to use and not rebuke patients, thereby minimizing delays in care due to pursuit of alternative therapies; promote patient safety; foster therapeutic alliance and adherence to therapy; uphold patients' right to self-determination; lead to discovery of new drugs from traditional medicines; and set ground for regulation of practices and quality control. However, participants anticipated operational and ethical challenges that include inadequate number of faculty to teach the subject, congested curricula, increased costs in research and development to produce evidence-base data, obstruction by pharmaceutical companies, inaccessibility to and depletion of medicinal plants, and potential conflicts due to diversity in culture and values. A substantial minority of participants thought traditional medicine need not be taught in medical schools because there is lack of scientific evidence on efficacy, safety, and side effects profiles. These shortfalls could make the determination of benefits (beneficence) and harm (maleficence) difficult, as well as compromise the ability of physicians to adequately disclose benefits and harms to patients and family, thereby undermining the process of informed consent and patient autonomy.ConclusionsTraining medical students in principles of traditional and complementary medicine is considered reasonable, feasible, and acceptable; and could lead to improvement in health outcomes. There are anticipated challenges to implementing a hybrid medical school curricula, but these are surmountable and need not delay introducing traditional and complementary medicine principles into medical school curricula in Uganda.

A Dozen Years, A Dozen Roses

Twelve years have passed since my first editorial for the Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, on the occasion of the silver anniversary of our journal and the golden anniversary of the Philippine Society of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery (PSO-HNS).1 Special editorials have similarly marked our thirtieth (pearl)2 and thirty-fifth (coral or jade)3 journal anniversaries, punctuating editorials on a variety of themes in between. Whether they were a commentary on issues and events in the PSO-HNS or Philippine Society, or on matters pertaining to medical research and writing, publication and peer review, I have often wondered whether my words fell on deaf ears. But write, must I-- despite my writer’s doubt.
 
 What then, do a dozen years symbolize? As a baby boomer, I am all too familiar with what “cheaper by the dozen” meant in daily life, outwardly displayed in the matching attire my siblings and I wore on special occasions -- such as Yuletide when we would sing the carol “twelve days of Christmas.”4 We read the comedy “Twelfth Night”5 in school, although I admittedly enjoyed “The Dirty Dozen”6 more than Shakespeare. College ROTC introduced me to the “Daily Dozen” and the grueling Navy count- 1,2,3, ONE! One, two, three, TWO! (One, two, three, four! I love the Marine Corps!) And that is as far as my list of memorable dozens goes, covering five dozen years of life.
 
 Of these, one fifth or 20% of my life has been devoted to our journal. From that perspective, I cannot help but wonder whether, or how it mattered. After 12 years, the day-to-day routine has hardly changed; neither have the periodic problems that precede the birth of each issue. I still find it difficult to solicit and follow-up reviews, and I still burn the midnight oil on weekends and holidays, patiently guiding authors in revising their manuscripts. Nevertheless, our journal has come a long way from where it was when we started (although it has not reached as far and as quickly as I would have wanted it to). Much depends on our authors and the caliber of their contributions, and our reviewers and the quality and timeliness of their reviews. However, despite our efforts to conduct education and training sessions on Medical Writing and Peer Review, the new batch of submissions and reviews each year evinces the need to repeat these regularly. In this regard, the increasing response-ability of our associate editors and continuing support of our society are needed to ensure our progress.
 
 This year, we welcome Dr. Eris Llanes as our new Managing Editor as we thank and congratulate Dr. Tony Chua (who retains his position as Associate Editor) for serving in that role for the past 12 years. We have finally migrated from our previous platform to the Public Knowledge Platform - Open Journal Systems (PKP-OJS) available from https://pjohns.pso-hns.org/index.php/pjohns/index. The PSO-HNS has become a member of the Publishers International Linking Association (PILA), which manages and maintains, deposits and retrieves, Metadata and Digital Identifiers inclusive of associated software and know-how. This will enable us to register Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) for all our content using the Crossref® system (https://www.crossref.org/about/), making our “research outputs easy to find, cite, link, and assess.”7 We are also subscribing to the Crossref® Similarity Check plagiarism detection software service powered by iThenticate® (https://www.crossref.org/services/similarity-check/)7 and are exploring ways and means of converting all our articles to eXtensible Markup Language (XML) format. These steps reflect our continuing efforts to comply with the requirements for indexing in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)8 and our re-application for indexing in Scopus®.9 These steps would not have been possible without the full support of the PSO-HNS Board of Trustees under the leadership of our President, Dr. Aggie Remulla, for which we are truly grateful.
 
 Indeed, the past 12 years may represent a complete cycle (such as 12 hours on a clock, or months in a year, or 12 signs of the zodiac), the first steps in the rebirth of our journal. Although they may not count among the “memorable dozens” of my life, each of these years may be likened to a rose (with its attendant thorns) – a bouquet of a dozen roses that I offer to all of you.
 “for there’s no rose without a thorn,
 no night without the morn,
 no gain without some meaningful loss …”10

Improved interaural timing of acoustic nerve stimulation affects sound localization in single-sided deaf cochlear implant users

The main impairment associated with single-sided deafness (SSD) is the loss of binaural hearing. Currently, the most effective treatment to compensate for this deficit is to supply patients suffering from SSD with a cochlear implant (CI) in the deaf ear. With this approach binaural hearing abilities can be restored to a certain extent, which is expressed in an improvement in such patients with regard to sound source localization and speech comprehension in noise after receipt of a CI. However, binaural performance of these listeners does not reach the level of normal-hearing listeners. One of the reasons for this might be that the electrical stimulation via CI and the physiological stimulation via the intact ear are not synchronized: the CI transmits the information to the auditory nerve with different timing than does the intact inner ear. As a result, there is a timing mismatch of the information transfer between the left and the right side, which may account for the limited binaural performance. The effective mismatch in timing depends on the CI system because of different stimulation strategies implemented in devices from different manufacturers. For the particular CI device used in this study (MED-EL Mi1000/Mi1200) electrical stimulation led to faster activation of the auditory nerve than natural for a wide frequency range. In particular, electrical stimulation was about 1 to up to 2 ms ahead of time for frequencies above 1.5 kHz. Hence, it was hypothesized that information transfer between the left and the right ear can be tuned by delaying the CI signal. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether such a delay in the CI signal affects binaural performance of CI users with SSD. For this purpose, sound source localization and speech perception in noise were tested in a sample of 12 CI users with SSD (mean age 51 ± 12 years). The tests were performed for four different delay times of the CI signal applied spontaneously (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 ms) and for the base line condition “no delay” in the CI signal (i.e. everyday use). It was found that delaying the signal had a significant impact on sound source localization. Speech perception in noise was affected, but less pronounced than was sound localization. Regarding sound source localization, a signal delay of 1 ms applied to this particular CI device produced the best performance in our patients. It is concluded that improving the synchronisation between the CI-transferred signal and the naturally transferred signal could increase binaural hearing performance in CI users with SSD.

“Playing in the Big Leagues Now”: Exploring Feedback Receptivity During the Transition to Residency

IntroductionLearners’ perceptions of feedback can significantly undermine its impact. Consequently, some feedback has been known to fall on deaf ears. At times when stress is heightened, however, feedback may hold value for both learning purposes and reassurance. Because stress and uncertainty are intensified during the steep transition from medical school to residency, we aimed to explore new residents’ receptivity to feedback and the characteristics of feedback that could optimise it at this stage in their training. Material and methodsNine residents who were two to three months along in a residency program were recruited through voluntary sampling, then met individually for a semi-structured interview. Qualitative analysis of these interviews was conducted to explore new residents’ perception of their new context and their experiences with feedback, using a constructivist approach. Emerging themes and categories were developed inductively. ResultsInsights gained from our participants’ perspectives suggest that common circumstantial factors prompt novice residents to seek more guidance through feedback. In this study, novice residents were most receptive to feedback when its content was practical and aligned with residents’ personal objectives, when it was coherent with previous feedback and when it was discussed one-on-one in a setting which the resident considered safe. Participants expressed a need for more feedback on specific topics such as medical knowledge, clinical reasoning, prescribing, prioritizing, managing critically ill patients and dealing with increased anxiety. ConclusionMedical teachers should be mindful of learners’ increased anxiety and uncertainty during the transition from medical school to postgraduate training, because more guidance may be needed during this period, including through feedback. Future research is needed to determine how this teaching momentum can best be utilized.

Framing Controversy on Social Media: #NoDAPL and the Debate About the Dakota Access Pipeline on Twitter

<bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Background:</b> This research explores how controversial engineering decisions become the subject of widespread social media debates, using the prominent case of activism opposed to the Dakota Access pipeline (DAPL). The #NoDAPL Twitter hashtag became the primary vehicle for activism, with Twitter users shaping the debate through how they framed the controversy. <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Literature review:</b> Framing refers to how information is packaged and presented. Because framing shapes the interpretation of information, it plays a crucial role in scientific controversies. <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Research questions:</b> 1. Which framing strategies are present in the most influential (determined by the number of retweets and “likes”) posts using #NoDAPL on Twitter? 2. How do the framing strategies used in the most influential #NoDAPL tweets change in relation to major political events? 3. Do the framing strategies used in the most influential #NoDAPL tweets amplify the echo-chamber effect and polarization on Twitter? <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Methodology:</b> The team collected daily data on the #NoDAPL hashtag and selected tweets with #NoDAPL that had more than 1500 likes or retweets, and categorized them by the frames that they exhibited. <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Results and discussion:</b> The most-used frames were conflict/strategy and morality/ethics, with no noticeable middle path frame, leading to the echo-chamber effect and online polarization. The scientific/technical uncertainty frame was used only sporadically, in contrast with project proponents who tried to emphasize the pipeline's safety. <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Implications:</b> Engineers seeking to understand and participate in public debates about issues central to their profession should recognize and engage the frames being used by the public to understand information. The project proponents’ defense of the pipeline fell on deaf ears, likely because they focused on safety rather than broader questions of morality. While engineers should share technical information related to a project under fire, they cannot ignore the concerns expressed by their critics.

Rules, Practices, and Information Technology: A Trifecta of Organizational Regulation

As information technology (IT)-based regulation has become critical and pervasive for contemporary organizing, information systems research turns mostly a deaf ear to the topic. Current explanations of IT-based regulation fit into received frameworks such as structuration theory, actor-network theory, or neoinstitutional analyses but fail to recognize the unique capacities IT and related IT-based regulatory practices offer as a powerful regulatory means. Any IT-based regulation system is made up of rules, practices, and IT artifacts and their relationships. We propose this trifecta as a promising lens to study IT-based regulation in that it sensitizes scholars into how IT artifacts mediate rules and constitute regulatory processes embracing rules, capacities of IT endowed by the artifact, and organizational practices. We review the concepts of rules and IT-based regulation and identify two gaps in the current research on organizational regulation: (1) the critical role of sensemaking as part of IT-based regulation, and (2) the challenge of temporally coupling rules and their enactment during IT-based regulation. To address these gaps we introduce the concept of regulatory episode as a unit of analysis for studying IT-based regulation. We also formulate a tentative research agenda for IT-based regulation that focuses on tensions triggered by the three key elements of the IT-based regulatory processes.The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2017.0771 .

Extremely common radiographic finding of cochlear nerve deficiency among infants with prelingual single-sided deafness and its clinical implications

ObjectivesTo clarify the common radiographic findings of audiologically documented prelingual single-sided deafness (SSD) and identify the prevalence of cochlear nerve deficiency (CND) in SSD infants referred from the newborn hearing screening program. MethodsBetween March 2012 and March 2017, the records of all infants referred to our otology clinic after undergoing newborn hearing screening program were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-four consecutive well infants without risk factors who had a confirmed diagnosis of prelingual SSD under the age of 1 year and who underwent internal auditory canal (IAC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were included. The sizes of cochlear nerve (CN), IAC, and cochlear nerve canal (CNC) were measured on MRI. The presence of CND was visually determined by comparing the CN size to the ipsilateral facial nerve (FN) in the affected side via an oblique sagittal view of IAC MRI and defined when CN was absent or smaller than FN. ResultsCND was seen in all 24 deaf ears (100%) on MRI. There was one with incomplete partition type I, and another with combined cochleovestibular nerve absence. Twenty-four subjects demonstrated either an absent (20/24, 83.3%) or small (4/24, 16.7%) CN. When the absent and small CN groups were compared, the former group had a higher prevalence of narrow CNC and narrow IAC. Of the 20 infants without identifiable CN on the affected side, 17 (85%) had narrow IAC and 17 (85%) had narrow CNC. In the 20 ears with absent CN, only one had both normal-sized IAC and CNC. ConclusionThe contribution of CND to prelingual SSD in Korean infants reached 100%, according to IAC MRI alone.