Dead Space Wound Research Articles

Wound healing activity and docking of glycogen-synthase-kinase-3-β-protein with isolated triterpenoid lupeol in rats

A triterpene compound lupeol isolated from petroleum ether extract of leaves of Celastrus paniculatus was screened for wound healing activity (8 mg/ml of 0.2% sodium alginate gel) by excision, incision and dead space wound models on Swiss Albino rats (175-225 g). In lupeol treated groups wound healing activity was more significant (17.83+/-0.48) than the standard skin ointment nitrofurazone (18.33+/-0.42). Epithelialization of the incision wound was faster with a high rate of wound contraction (571.50+/-5.07) as compared with the control group. In dead space wound model also the weight of the granulation tissue of the lupeol treated animal was increased indicating increase of collagenation and absence of monocytes. The comparative docking of isolated lupeol molecule and standard drug nitrofurazone to glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta protein by Wnt signaling pathway also supported the wound healing property of lupeol. The activation domain of GSK3-beta consisted of Tyr216, with residues Asn64, Gly65, Ser66, Phe67, Gly68, Val70, Lys85, Leu132, Val135, Asp181 in the active pocket docked with lupeol at the torsional degree of freedom 0.5 units with Lamarckian genetic algorithm showed the inhibition constant of 1.38 x 10(-7). The inhibition constant of nitrofurazone was only 1.35 x 10(-4).

Management of Morel-Lavallee Lesion Associated with Pelvic and/or Acetabular Fractures.

Management of Morel-Lavallee soft tissue lesion (MLL) in patients with associated pelvic and/or acetabular fractures is still under discussion. Especially, the sequence of treatment of MLL soft tissue management and osteosynthesis of pelvic and acetabular injury remains controversial. We report all consecutive patients with MLL associated with pelvic ring and/or acetabular fractures during an 8-year period at our hospital. Surgical access and techniques were analyzed concerning complications and outcome. Altogether, 20 patients were included in the study. One patient was treated conservatively and MLL healed without complications; 19 patients had an operative treatment of MLL. In 15 patients debridement was performed within one day after injury and in four patients with delay of 5 days at least. Ten patients had surgery for an associated pelvic ring or acetabular fracture. In four of them MLL was operated before, in six patients simultaneously to osteosynthesis. In three patients, the same surgical approach for osteosynthesis and debridement of MLL was used; none of them showed postoperative complications. Altogether, in nine operated patients (47.4%) MLL healed without any complications. Nine operated patients presented prolonged wound healing, however, during long term follow-up, all patients showed complete healing of the MLL. One patient died during resuscitive surgical procedures. We recommend debridement for early and delayed treatment of MLL. Osteosynthesis during first debridement may be performed without adverse outcome. Identical surgical access for both procedures can be used. In case of repeated surgical debridement VAC(®) therapy may be a helpful tool for dead space reduction and wound conditioning.

Evaluation of the Wound‐Healing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Morinda citrifolia L. Leaf

Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) is one of the most important traditional Polynesian medicinal plants. The primary indigenous use of this plant appears to be of the leaves, as a topical treatment for wound healing. The ethanol extract of noni leaves (150 mg kg−1 day−1) was used to evaluate the wound-healing activity on rats, using excision and dead space wound models. Animals were randomly divided into two groups of six for each model. Test group animals in each model were treated with the ethanol extract of noni orally by mixing in drinking water and the control group animals were maintained with plain drinking water. Healing was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, time until complete epithelialization, granulation tissue weight and hydoxyproline content. On day 11, the extract-treated animals exhibited 71% reduction in the wound area when compared with controls which exhibited 57%. The granulation tissue weight and hydroxyproline content in the dead space wounds were also increased significantly in noni-treated animals compared with controls (P < 0.002). Enhanced wound contraction, decreased epithelialization time, increased hydroxyproline content and histological characteristics suggest that noni leaf extract may have therapeutic benefits in wound healing.

Screening of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br., for wound healing activity

Alstonia scholaris (Family: Apocynaceae) has been indicated for the treatment of various diseases, one among which is wound healing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the wound healing effect and antioxidant role of Alstonia scholaris leaves in animal models. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of Alstonia scholaris (EEAS, AEAS respectively) were tested against excision, incision and dead space wound models to evaluate the wound healing activity. In excision wound model, treatment was continued till the complete healing of wound, in incision and dead space wound models, the treatment was continued for 10 days. For topical application, 5% w/w ointment of EEAS and AEAS were prepared in 2% sodium alginate. For oral administration, EEAS was suspended in distilled water using Tween 80 and AEAS was dissolved in distilled water. The wound healing was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelialisation, skin breaking strength, granulation strength, dry granulation tissue weight, hydroxyproline, collagen and histopathology of granulation tissue. Malondialdehyde level was also estimated to evaluate the extent of lipid peroxidation. AEAS and EEAS significantly promoted wound healing activity in all the wound models studied. Increase in the rate of wound contraction, skin breaking strength, granulation strength, dry granulation tissue weight, hydroxyproline and collagen, decrease in the period for epithelialisation and increased collagenation in histopathological section were observed with EEAS and AEAS treated groups. EEAS and AEAS also significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation. The present study is suggestive that EEAS and AEAS promote wound healing activity.

Wound healing activity of Matricaria recutita L. extract

To evaluate the wound healing activity of M. recutita (chamomile) extract in rats. Wound healing activity was determined using excision, incision and dead space wound models. The animals were divided into two groups of six for each model: animals in the test group were treated with the aqueous extract of M. recutita (120mg/kg/day), which was mixed in their drinking water. Animals in the control group were maintained with plain drinking water. Healing was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelialisation, wound-breaking strength, granulation tissue weight and hydoxyproline content. Antimicrobial activity of the extract against various microorganisms was assessed. On day 15 animals in the test group exhibited a greater reduction in the wound area when compared with the controls (61 % versus 48%), faster epithelialisation and a significantly higher wound-breaking strength (p<0.002). In addition, wet and dry granulation tissue weight and hydroxyproline content were significantly higher. The increased rate of wound contraction, together with the increased wound-breaking strength, hydroxyproline content and histological observations, support the use of M. recutita in wound management. However, this needs to be studied further before it can be considered for clinical use.

Effects of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L (Malvaceae) on Wound Healing Activity: A Preclinical Study in a Sprague Dawley Rat

Hibiscus rosa sinensis (H rosa sinensis), a plant product, has been used for the treatment of a variety of diseases as well as to promote wound healing. The wound-healing activity of the ethanol extract of H rosa sinensis flower was determined in rats, using excision, incision, and dead space wound models and is presented in this report. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups of 6 each in all the models. Test group animals in each model were treated with the ethanol extract of H rosa sinensis orally by mixing in drinking water (120 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), and the control group animals were maintained with plain drinking water. Healing was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelialization, tensile strength (skin breaking strength), granulation tissue weight, and hydroxyproline content. The antimicrobial activity of the flower extract against selected microorganisms that infect the wounds was also assessed. Animals treated with the extract exhibited an 86% reduction in the wound area compared with controls, who exhibited a 75% reduction. The extract-treated animals were found to epithelize their wounds significantly faster than controls (P < .002) and have shown significantly higher skin-breaking strength than controls (P < .002). The dry and wet weight of granulation tissue and hydroxyproline content were also increased significantly when compared with controls. The reported observations suggest H rosa sinensis aids wound healing in the rat model.

The evidence based wound healing activity of Lawsonia inermis Linn.

The ethanol extract of Lawsonia inermis (200 mg/kg/day) was used to evaluate the wound healing activity on rats using excision, incision and dead space wound models. The animals were divided into three groups of six each in the excision model and two groups of six each in the incision model and dead space models. The topical application was made in the case of excision wound model, whereas, oral treatment was done with incision and dead space wound models. The following differences were noted in the group of experimental animals which were treated with an extract of L. inermis when compared with the control and reference standard animals: a high rate of wound contraction (p < 0.001), a decrease in the period of epithelialization (p < 0.001), high skin breaking strength (p < 0.001), a significant increase in the granulation tissue weight (p < 0.001) and hydroxyproline content (p < 0.05). The extract-treated animals showed 71% reduction in the wound area when compared with controls which was 58%. Histological studies of the tissue obtained on day 10 from the extract-treated group showed increased well organized bands of collagen, more fibroblasts and few inflammatory cells when compared with the controls which showed inflammatory cells, scanty collagen fibres and fibroblasts. Enhanced wound contraction, increased skin breaking strength, hydroxyproline and histological findings suggest the use of L. inermis in the management of wound healing.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Wound Healing Effects of Alcoholic and Aqueous Extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn in Rats.

In recent years, oxidative stress and free radicals have been implicated in impaired wound healing. Ocimum sanctum (O. sanctum), a plant widely used in Ayurveda, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present study was undertaken to assess the potential of alcoholic and aqueous extracts in wound healing in Wistar albino rats. The rats were divided into five groups of six animals each. Group 1 is normal wounded control and the other four groups were treated with two different doses each of alcoholic and aqueous extract of O. sanctum. The wound healing parameters were evaluated by using incision, excision and dead space wounds in extract-treated rats and controls. Both the doses of alcoholic and aqueous extract significantly increased wound breaking strength, hydroxyproline, hexuronic acid, hexosamines, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione and significantly decreased percentage of wound contraction and lipid peroxidation when compared with the control group. The results suggest that O. sanctum has antioxidant properties, which may be responsible and favorable for faster wound healing and this plant extract may be useful in the management of abnormal healing and hypertropic scars.

Comparative evaluation of wound healing potency of Vitex trifolia L. and Vitex altissima L.

The wound healing potency of ethanol leaf extracts of V. trifolia L. and V. altissima L. was evaluated in excision, incision and dead space wound models. Both plants were found to possess significant wound healing activity which was evidenced by a decrease in the period of epithelialization, an increase in the rate of wound contraction, skin breaking strength, granulation tissue dry weight, hydroxyproline content and breaking strength of granulation tissue. Histopathological study of the granulation tissue also showed an increased collagenation when compared with the control group of animals. Of the two extracts, the ethanol leaf extract of V. trifolia showed maximum wound healing activity compared with the leaf extract of V. altissima. However, on comparison with the control group, both leaf extracts were found to possess significant wound healing potency.

Wound healing activity of &lt;i&gt; Lycopodium serratum&lt;/i&gt;

Wound healing activity of aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of L. serratum was studied by excision, incision and dead space wound models on rats. As compared to aqueous and control group of animals, ethanol extract showed significant wound healing activity which was evidenced by significant decrease in the period of epithelialisation (17.84±0.06) and increase in wound contraction rate, skin breaking strength (581.45±4.98), granulation tissue breaking strength (512.80±5.08), dry weight of granulation tissue (47.23±0.10) and elevated concentration of hydroxyproline (2322.83±8.49). Histopathalogy of the granulation tissue of the ethanol extract treated animals showed few macrophages with increase in collagenation indicating the potency of the ethanol extract in promoting the process of wound healing. The present finding provides a scientific base to the ethno medicinal use of L. serratum.

Wound Healing Activity of Euphorbia neriifolia Leaf Ethanolic Extract in Rats

Objective: Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) is a commonly occurring plant around the dry, rocky, hilly areas of North, Central and South India. The milky latex and leaves of this plant is frequently used by the natives of Central India in case of burn, piles and to treat the deep cracks in soles of legs. The present study was designed to explore the wound healing activity of E. neriifolia leaf along with its effect on wound tissue growth and oxidative status. Methods: LD 50 was determined following the OECD guideline No. 420 and 425. Wound healing activity was evaluated on excision wound and dead space wound model along with determination of hydroxyproline, protein, catalase and superoxide dismutase in wound granulation tissue. Results: E. neriifolia leaf extract in 200&400 mg/ kg doses showed significantly (p<0.05) enhanced epithelization. E. neriifolia at 200 and 400 mg/kg dose significantly (p<0.001) increases hydroxyproline content, protein content, catalase activity and decreases superoxide dismutase activity in granulation tissue. The positive control groups were treated with vitamin C (250 mg/kg, i.p). Conclusions: E. neriifolia augments wound contraction and epithelisation. It also increased protein and hydroxyproline content, collagenation with added antioxidant activity on the wound site in 200&400 mg/kg doses. These activity may be due to presence of flavonoids and saponins which reduced oxidative stress in wound area and promote healing.

Catharanthus roseus flower extract has wound-healing activity in Sprague Dawley rats

BackgroundCatharanthus roseus L (C. roseus) has been used to treat a wide assortment of diseases including diabetes. The objective of our study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and wound healing activity of the flower extract of Catharanthus in rats.MethodsWound healing activity was determined in rats, after administration (100 mg kg-1 day-1) of the ethanol extract of C. roseus flower, using excision, incision and dead space wounds models. The animals were divided into two groups of 6 each in all the models. In the excision model, group 1 animals were topically treated with carboxymethyl cellulose as placebo control and group 2 received topical application of the ethanol extract of C. roseus at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight/day. In an incision and dead space model group 1 animals were given normal saline and group 2 received the extract orally at a dose of 100 mg kg-1 day-1. Healing was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelization, tensile strength (skin breaking strength), granulation tissue weight, and hydoxyproline content. Antimicrobial activity of the flower extract against four microorganisms was also assessedResultsThe extract of C. roseus significantly increased the wound breaking strength in the incision wound model compared with controls (P < 0.001). The extract-treated wounds were found to epithelialize faster, and the rate of wound contraction was significantly increased in comparison to control wounds (P < 0.001), Wet and dry granulation tissue weights, and hydroxyproline content in a dead space wound model increased significantly (p < 0.05). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated sensitivity to C. roseusConclusionIncreased wound contraction and tensile strength, augmented hydroxyproline content along with antimicrobial activity support the use of C. roseus in the topical management of wound healing.

Wound healing activity of embelin isolated from the ethanol extract of leaves of Embelia ribes Burm.

Ethanol extract of the leaves of Embelia ribes Burm. (Myrsinaceae) and its isolated quinone compound embelin were screened for wound healing activity by excision, incision and dead space wound models on Swiss Albino Rats. Significant wound healing activity was observed in both ethanol crude extract (30 mg/ml) and the constituent treated groups. In embelin treated groups (4 mg/ml of 0.2% sodium alginate gel), epithelialization of the incision wound was faster with a high rate of wound contraction. The tensile strength of the incision wound was significantly increased than the ethanol extract. In dead space wound model also the weight of the granulation was increased indicating increase in collagenation. The histological examination of the granulation tissue of embelin treated group showed increased cross-linking of collagen fibers and absence of monocytes. The wound healing effect was comparatively evaluated with the standard skin ointment Framycetin.

Effect of Centella asiatica L (Umbelliferae) on Normal and Dexamethasone-Suppressed Wound Healing in Wistar Albino Rats

Centella asiatica is a reputed medicinal plant used in the treatment of various skin diseases in the Indian system of medicine. The objective of the study presented in this article was to evaluate the wound-healing potential of the ethanolic extract of the plant in both normal and dexamethasone-suppressed wound healing. The study was done on Wistar albino rats using incision, excision, and dead space wounds models. The extract of C asiatica significantly increased the wound breaking strength in incision wound model compared to controls (P < .001). The extract-treated wounds were found to epithelize faster, and the rate of wound contraction was significantly increased as compared to control wounds (P < .001). Wet and dry granulation tissue weights, granulation tissue breaking strength, and hydroxyproline content in a dead space wound model also increased at statistically significant levels as shown. The extract of the leaves had the effect of attenuating the known effects of dexamethasone healing in all wound models (P < .001, P < .05). The results indicated that the leaf extract promotes wound healing significantly and is able to overcome the wound-healing suppressing action of dexamethasone in a rat model. These observations were supported by histology findings.

Wound healing activity of NOE-aspirin: A pre-clinical study

Aspirin, one of the oldest non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, impedes tissue repair by virtue of retarding inflammation. The present study was undertaken to find out if linking of nitrooxyethyl ester to aspirin reverses its healing-depressant propensity. Nitrooxyethyl ester of aspirin (NOE-Asp) was synthesized in our laboratory through well-established synthetic pathway, starting from aspirin through esterification with ethylene glycol and nitration with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids at 0 °C. The effect of NOE-Asp on phases of healing such as collagenation, wound contraction and epithelialization and on scar size of healed wound was evaluated in three wound models—incision, dead space, and excision wounds. To assess its influence on the oxidative stress, the levels of glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbiturate reactive species (TBARS) were also determined in 10-day-old granulation tissue. NOE-Asp was further screened for its anti-inflammatory activity in rat paw edema model. NOE-Asp promoted collagenation (increase in breaking strength, granulation weight, and collagen content), wound contraction, and epithelialization phases of healing. NOE-Asp also showed a significant antioxidant effect in 10-day-old granulation tissue as compared to aspirin. The results vindicate our assumption that the esterification of aspirin with nirooxyethyl group reverses the healing-suppressant effect of aspirin. The compound also showed equipotent anti-inflammatory activity as aspirin.

Wound healing potential of Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. in rats

Tephrosia purpurea is a well-known herb for its hepatoprotective, anticancer, antiulcer, antibacterial and in healing bleeding piles, etc. The present study was aimed for wound healing potential of ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea (aerial part) in the form of simple ointment using three types of wound models in rats as incision wound, excision wound and dead space wound. The results were comparable to standard drug Fluticasone propionate ointment, in terms of wound contraction, tensile strength, histopathological and biochemical parameters such as hydroxyproline content, protein level, etc. Histopathological study showed significant ( P < 0.05) increase in fibroblast cells, collagen fibres and blood vessels formation. All parameters were observed significant ( P < 0.05) in comparison to control group.

Impaired Wound Healing Due to Cyclophosphamide (CLP) Alleviated by Supplemental Ginkgo biloba (GB)

Objective: To evaluate whether the extract of Ginkgo biloba (GB) could reverse the healing suppressant effect of Cyclophosphamide(CLP). Methods: The wound healing effects of CLP (12.6 mg/kg/ IP single dose on 3'd post wounding day) and GB (50 mg/kg IP) daily were tested on dead space and excision wound models in male rats. Results: CLP has significantly (p<0.05) reduced and GB has significantly(p<0.05) increased the breaking strength and hydroxyproline content of granulation tissue in dead space wounds. GB has significantly (p<0.01) reversed the suppressant effect of CLP. In case of excision wounds there was no change in wound contraction and epithelization period by CLP, GB or GB+CLP when compared to control. Conclusion: The healing suppressant effect of CLP was reversed by co-administration of GB. This effect of GB may due to its antioxidant property.

Antipyretic and wound healing activities of moringa oleifera lam. in rats

Qualitative chemical tests confirmed the presence of phytosterols, glycosides, tannins, and amino acids in the various leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam., whereas its seed extracts showed the presence of phytosterols, glycosides, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates and amino acids. The ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of seeds showed significant antipyretic activity in rats, whereas ethyl acetate extract of dried leaves showed significant wound healing activity (10% extracts in the form of ointment) on excision, incision and dead space (granuloma) wound models in rats.

Nitrooxyethylation Reverses the Healing‐Suppressant Effect of Ibuprofen

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs like ibuprofen impede tissue repair by virtue of retarding inflammation. The present study was undertaken to explore if linking of nitrooxyethyl ester to ibuprofen reverses its healing-depressant propensity. Nitrooxyethyl ester of ibuprofen (NOE-Ibu) was synthesized in our laboratory through a well-established synthetic pathway. NOE-Ibu was screened for its influence on collagenation, wound contraction and epithelialization phases of healing, and scar size of healed wound in three wound models, namely, incision, dead space, and excision wounds. Besides, its influence on the oxidative stress (levels of GSH and TBARS) was also determined in 10-day-old granulation tissue. NOE-Ibu was further screened for its antiinflammatory activity in rat paw edema model. NOE-Ibu promoted collagenation (increase in breaking strength, granulation weight, and collagen content), wound contraction and epithelialization phases of healing. NOE-Ibu also showed a significant antioxidant effect in 10-day-old granulation tissue as compared to ibuprofen. Results vindicate that the esterification of ibuprofen with nitrooxyethyl group reverses the healing-suppressant effect of ibuprofen. The compound also showed equipotent antiinflammatory activity as ibuprofen.

Wound healing activity ofLeucas hirta

The wound healing efficacy of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Leucas hirta was evaluated in excision, incision and dead space wound models. The parameters studied include rate of wound contraction, period of complete epithelialization, tensile strength of incision wound and granulation tissue, granulation tissue dry weight, hydroxyproline content and histological studies of granulation tissue. Among the two extracts studied, methanol leaf extract was found to possess significant wound healing activity followed by aqueous extract, which was evidenced by decrease in the period of epithelialization, increase in the rate of wound contraction, skin breaking strength, granulation tissue dry weight, hydroxyproline content and breaking strength of granulation tissue. Histopathological study of the granulation tissue evidenced increased collagenation when compared to control group of animals.