Dead Skin Cells Research Articles

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN CLEANSING BALM EKSTRAK ETANOL BUNGA TELANG (Clitoria ternatea L.)

Skin is the outermost layer of the human body that protects the organs inside and skin is the layer that adapts most to the external environment, weather or climate. Facial cleansing is the first step to remove dead skin cells, dirt, sebum and cosmetic residue, which causes acne, redness, irritation and can be made worse by the presence of free radicals. Compounds that are able to ward off free radicals are antioxidants, so this research will make Cleansing Balm with butterfly pea flower extract (Clitoria ternatea L.) as an antioxidant and find out the best formula and storage stability from experimental research by testing antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The Cleansing Balm preparation was made with three additional concentrations of butterfly pea flower extract (Clitoria ternatea L.), namely F1 (0.1%), F2 (0.2%), and F3 (0.3%). In this research, the results showed that telang flower extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones, tannins and saponins. The antioxidant activity of Cleansing Balm of butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) shows an IC50 F1 of 95,732 ppm, F2 of 51,368 ppm, F3 of 10,213 ppm. From the research, it can be concluded that Cleansing Balm Formula 3 which contains 0.3% butterfly pea flower extract (Clitoria ternatea L.) is the most effective formula for antioxidant activity

Formulation and Evaluation of Natural Rice Flour Face Scrub

In ancient times, cosmetics were derived from natural sources such as plants, minerals, and animals which were used for various purposes including skincare, haircare, and spiritual rituals. Herbal cosmetics are skincare and beauty products that utilize plant-based ingredients such as herbs, roots, flowers, and essential oils to promote health and natural beauty. Herbal cosmetics offer numerous benefits, including improved skin health, reduced inflammation, enhanced natural beauty, and minimal risk of adverse reactions. An herbal face scrub is a gentle exfoliating product that utilizes natural herbs and botanicals to remove dead skin cells, reduce acne, and improve skin tone and texture. The main objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate natural rice flour face scrub. The preparation consists of natural constituents such as unpolished rice flour, shea butter, kokum butter, coconut oil, and vitamin E oil capsules. Different formulations were formulated and evaluated for various parameters such as organoleptic properties, viscosity, spreadability, pH, homogeneity, and washability and were found to be satisfied with all required characterizations. Thus, the prepared formulation of natural rice flour face scrub was effective for healthy, clear, and glowing skin. Keywords: Herbal scrub, exfoliating, natural constituents.

Body Scrub Salt Formulation from Cinnamomum burmannii (C. Ness & T. Ness) Blume Extract as an Antibacterial Against Staphylococcus aereus

Skincare is currently a major focus in the beauty industry with skin exfoliation being an important step. One product used to exfoliate the skin is a body scrub, which contains ingredients such as himalayan salt and cinnamon bark extract. Himalayan salt helps remove dead skin cells and moisturizes the skin, while cinnamon extract has antimicrobial properties that can protect the skin from bacteria. This study aims to formulate and test the effectiveness of body scrub with skin analyzer and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. This research uses an experimental method with several stages, namely plant material collection, plant identification, powder making, extract making, preparation making, evaluation and stability, effectiveness test with skin analyzer and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The 10% body scrub has better effectiveness than 0%; 2.5% and 5% which obtained a percent increase in skin moisture (71.62%), a decrease in the number of blemishes on the skin (70.73%) and a decrease in pore size on the skin (76.38%) for 4 weeks of treatment. In testing antibacterial activity, the 10% concentration was also considered the optimal concentration because it had the greatest inhibition of 14.20 ± 0.59 mm. The results concluded that Himalayan salt and cinnamon bark extract can be formulated into a body scrub dosage form that meets the stability requirements and has the effectiveness in moisturizing, smoothing, and brightening the skin. The formula that has the most effective antibacterial activity is a body scrub containing extracts with a concentration of 10% against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Prevalence and associated factors for isolated Malassezia species in patients with Dandruff in Mekelle City, Tigrai, Ethiopia

ObjectiveDandruff, a condition caused by lipophilic Malassezia fungi, is an excessive shed of dead skin cells from the scalp. Effective preventive and curative measures of the condition depend on knowledge and understanding of the prevalence of the condition, the common etiologic species, and the associated factors. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, common etiologic species, and associated factors of Malassezia infection in Mekelle City, Ethiopia.MethodA facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2019 to June 2020 involving 217 participants who were visiting dermatology clinics to seek treatment for dandruff conditions. Information on the socio-demographic characteristics and hair care behaviors of the participants was obtained. Isolation and identification of Malassezia species from scalp scrapings using cultural and biochemical tests were carried out.ResultsOut of the 217 participants with dandruff, 111 (51.15%) were positive for Malassezia fungi. One hundred forty (140) Malassezia isolates were collected from the 111 positive participants. Further study of the isolates yielded three etiologic species: Malassezia globosa (67.15%), M. furfur (21.70%), and M. restricta (12.15%). Demographic characteristics, namely gender (AOR = 2.605; 95%CI: 1.427 − 4.757) and age (AOR = 2.667; 95%CI: 1.046 − 6.795), as well as hair care behaviors, namely use of hair oil (AOR = 2.964; 95%CI: 1.288 − 6.820), were associated with the presence of Malassezia species. However, the use of anti-dandruff shampoo (AOR = 2.782; 95%CI: 1.301 − 10.993) was negatively associated with the presence of Malassezia species among the participants with dandruff conditions. These findings open opportunities to devise effective prevention, management, and control measures for Malassezia-based dandruff conditions.

Formulation and Evaluation of Cinnamon and Walnut Foot Scrub

Foot care is a crucial aspect of overall well-being, as our feet endure daily stressors and are often neglected until problems arise. This study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a cinnamon and walnut foot scrub designed to address common foot issues such as dryness, cracked skin, and fungal infections. Cinnamon is incorporated for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, offering a soothing effect while stimulating circulation. Walnut shells serve as an effective natural exfoliant, gently removing dead skin cells and revealing smoother skin underneath. The scrub not only exfoliates but also hydrates, thanks to the nourishing properties of walnut oil, making it particularly beneficial for dry, cracked heels. The prepared formulation was evaluated for various parameters, including color, appearance, consistency, pH, and viscosity. By integrating this scrub into regular foot care routines, individuals can experience improved skin texture and overall foot health. The future of cinnamon walnut foot scrubs looks promising, with potential advancements in formulations tailored to various skin types and conditions, ensuring a natural and effective approach to foot care.

The effect of different salt concentration in physical nature preparation of face scrub gel Caulerpa racemosa

Abstract Facial skin that is often exposed to sunlight can experience a disturbance in the balance of the skin so that the skin’s moisture decreases and the skin becomes dry and dull and there is an accumulation of dead skin cells. Therefore, a treatment is needed to get healthy facial skin by using cosmetic preparations such as face scrubs as exfoliate cleansers. The use of Caulerpa racemosa seaweed in face scrub gel preparations is used as a producer of agar which acts as a gel former in face scrub gel preparations and the use of salt as a scrub which removes dead skin cells (exfoliating). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding salt on the physical properties of the Caulerpa racemosa face scrub gel preparation. The results of the research that has been done shows that salt has a significant effect (p <0.05) on the physical properties of the Caulerpa racemosa face scrub gel preparation. Appearance of the Caulerpa racemosa face scrub gel for each homogeneous treatment. Specific gravity and viscosity values are close to SNI standards. The face scrub gel has a pH of 6 and does not cause irritation and based on appearance, smell and color parameters it shows the best results by adding 30% salt to the Caulerpa racemosa face scrub gel.

The effect of different salt concentrations on the physical properties of preparations gel face scrub gracilaria sp.

Abstract Human skin is often exposed to sunlight and pollution so it looks dull and lacks shine. This causes a buildup of dead skin cells so it is necessary to exfoliate using a Scrub. The Scrub material that can be used is salt. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding salt concentration on the physical properties of the face Scrub gel preparation Gracilaria sp. The method used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment with four treatments and five replications. The treatment used was administration with different salt concentrations, namely P0 (0%), P1 (10%), P2 (20%) and P3 (30%). The main parameters observed were the physical properties of the facial Scrub gel preparation which included pH test, homogeneity test, viscosity test, organoleptic test, specific gravity test. While the supporting parameters are irritation test and SEM-EDX test. The results showed that the administration of different salt concentrations had a significant effect on the physical properties of the facial Scrub gel preparation. The best formulation was in the P2 treatment (20% salt).

Evaluating the efficacy of Kali bromatum in treating Adolescent Acne: A Clinical study

Acne is a skin condition where the hair follicles get blocked due to sebum and dead skin cells.1 This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Kali bromatum in treating acne among adolescents aged 13-20 years.  Methodology: A total of 30 patients participated in the study. Different potencies were administered based on the severity and duration of the disease. 30 potency in 11 patients, 200 in 17 patients, and 1M in 2 patients. Assessment of acne was done using the Global Acne Grading System.  Results: 19 patients showed good improvement and 11 patients showed moderate improvement. The study was significant with p value 5.354×10-21 which is less than 0.05.  Conclusion: Kali bromatum has proven potential in treating adolescent acne.

Cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr) Isolated from the Human Skin Commensal Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum Inhibits Tyrosinase.

Melanin is produced by melanocytes to protect human skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation. During skin cell renewal, melanin and dead skin cells are disposed of. However, prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays or aging can disturb this cycle, leading to skin hyperpigmentation due to melanin accumulation. Tyrosinase is a crucial enzyme involved in melanin biosynthesis. Although various compounds, including tyrosine inhibitors, that counteract melanin accumulation have been reported, some, such as hydroquinone, are toxic and can cause vitiligo. Meanwhile, the skin is the largest organ and the outermost layer of the immune system, containing a diverse range of bacteria that produce low-toxicity compounds. In the current study, we aim to identify metabolites produced by skin microbiota that inhibit tyrosinase. Specifically, mushroom tyrosinase served as the study model. Following commensal skin bacteria screening, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum was found to inhibit tyrosinase activity. The active compound was cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr); commercially available cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr) also exhibited inhibitory activity. Docking simulations suggested that cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr) binds to the substrate-binding site of mushroom tyrosinase, obstructing the substrate pocket and preventing its activity. Hence, cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr) might have potential applications as a cosmetic agent and food additive.

Formulation of Skin Moisturizing Body Scrub with Kedondong Leaf Extract (Spondias dulcis)

Background: Body scrub is a skincare preparation that effectively removes dead skin cells caused by free radicals. Kedondong leaves are a plant with extraordinary wealth, especially its vitamins, namely A, B1, and C, and have a high antioxidant content, so they can be used as a natural moisturizer for the skin. Objective: This research aims to formulate a body scrub containing Kedondong leaf extract. Method: Kedondong leaf extract was formulated with a concentration of 10.0; 15.0; and 20.0%. Evaluation of the body scrub formulation includes organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, irritation and moisture using a skin analysis tool. Results: Research shows that the body scrub formulation with Kedondong leaf extract is homogeneous and has a shape, colour and pH value corresponding to skin pH standards. This formulation also does not irritate and provides adequate moisture for the skin. The formulation with a concentration of 20% (F4) shows the best effectiveness, being able to moisturize the skin up to 47.8%. Conclusion: Kedondong leaves can be formulated into an effective body scrub to improve the condition of dull skin to make it brighter, cleaner and smoother.

Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Scalp Scrub

Scalp scrub is usually used to treat problems like dead skin cells, dandruff, and flakes, and also controls sebum imbalance which helps to regulate hair growth. This article contains how aloe vera juice, fenugreek granules, rice powder, neem extract, hibiscus dried powder, optiphen, and lemongrass oil are used in scalp scrub. The properties of natural ingredients play an important role in removing impurities from the scalp and help exfoliate the scalp, balance the sebum, and soften and moisturize the scalp.

Antibacterial Activity Of Clay Mask From Houttuynia Cordata Leaves Extract Against Staphylococcus Aureus

Facial skin that often looks dull and not glowing can be caused by the accumulation of dead skin cells. The solution to this problem is to exfoliate using a scrub. The content of secondary metabolites in Amis-amisan leaves (Houttuynia cordata Thunb) has antibacterial activity. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the face scrub ethanol extract of amis-amisan leaves against Staphylococcus aureus. The extract was obtained using the remaceration method using 96% ethanol. Concentrations of face scrub are 10%, 20%, and 30%. Antibacterial activity using the pour plate method. The results antibacterial activity of face scrub with concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% are 1.127 cm, 1.282 cm and 1.460 cm, respectively. The best antibacterial activity is a 30% concentration face scrub. The physical characteristics of the organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesion, and irritation tests of the face scrub meet the specified requirements.

Acne treatment using tea tree oil, aloe vera, lavender, and calendula: The perception of pharmacy students

Skin acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. In this paper, the use tea tree oil, aloe vera, lavender, and calendula for skin acne is reviewed along with a survey of the views of first-year pharmacy students on these products. The survey included 5 knowledge-based and 5 opinion-based questions, focusing on skin acne remedies. The survey enrolled 10 male and 29 female participants. The response rate for the demographic questions was 100%. In the knowledge-based and opinion survey questions, 34 participated for a response rate of about 87%. For the knowledge-based questions, the correct average response rate was 75.9%, with one question scoring 14.7% correct rate. The highest correct response rate was 97.1%. Opinion-based questions revealed a positive attitude towards herbal skin acne remedies with approximately 37.4% expressing strong agreement. On average, over 93% of the respondents agreed with the positive aspects of the products. Nearly 53% strongly believed that lavender has therapeutic properties such as promoting relaxation and reducing stress. This survey provided valuable pharmacy students’ insights into the potential of herbal remedies for skin acne properties.

Recent Advances in Combating Acne with Novel Drug Delivery Systems: A Review

Abstract: Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory disorder of the skin that occurs when hair follicles get clogged with sebum and dead skin cells resulting in pustules, papules, or nodules. This condi-tion affects a large number of people throughout the world. Over time, various conventional ther-apies like topical, systemic and hormonal treatments have been prescribed by doctors to patients for managing acne. Amongst these, topical therapy is the first-line therapy dominated by retinoid and antibiotic drugs. However, conventional topical treatments have many drawbacks concerning physicochemical instability, poor ability to penetrate the skin, and wide-ranging side effects. Novel drug delivery systems are the formulations that were first devised to overcome the issues faced by traditional methods. Researchers have developed novel therapies for topical use, such as niosomes, transfersomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, microsponges, microemulsion, microspheres, nanocochleates, and liposomes, which can be used to target acne. These nanoparticulate systems aim to overcome the disadvantages of conventional treatment and provide higher safety and effi-cacy, along with an increase in the stability of the formulation. Many comparative studies have been conducted between the novel and conventional methods, which give us a better understand-ing of the safety and efficacy of drugs present in the formulation and prove that novel drug deliv-ery systems are more favorable than their conventional counterparts. This review article provides a brief insight into the conventional methods, discusses in depth the earlier mentioned novel ther-apies that can be used successfully in treating acne, and provides patent information on the drug delivery systems.

Formulasi dan Stabilitas Mutu Fisik Sediaan Lulur Serbuk dari Ampas Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica) Gayo, Ubi Jalar Ungu (Ipomea batatas L) dan Rimpang Jahe (Zingiber officinale)

Scrub is a traditional cosmetic preparation that has been prescribed for generations and is used to remove dead skin cells, dirt, and open pores so that air exchange is free and the skin becomes brighter and whiter. Previous research reported that Gayo Arabica coffee grounds discarded as waste contain antibacterial and antioxidant compounds. Purple sweet potatoes are reported to contain natural antioxidants because they contain anthocyanins and beta-carotene, apart from that, ginger rhizomes are reported to be able to inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause body odor on human skin. Therefore, these three ingredients have the potential to be used as ingredients for making natural powder scrubs. This research aimed to determine the effect of the proportion of Gayo Arabica coffee grounds, purple sweet potato, and ginger rhizome on the finished product of powdered scrub preparations as seen from the stability of their physical quality. The research method used was experimental in the laboratory with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The powder scrub formulation is made in 3 formulas (F1, F2, and F3) by varying the ratio of the amount of Gayo Arabica coffee grounds, purple sweet potato, and ginger rhizome respectively, namely F1 (1:3:1), F2 (2:2: 1) and F3 (3:1:1). The weight of each formula is 100 g. The physical quality stability test of the powder scrub preparation was carried out on the 1st, 7th, and 14th days including organoleptics, water content, homogeneity, pH, drying time, and adhesion. The test results showed that during 2 weeks of storage, the body scrub preparations that were made had met the requirements for good physical quality. In the organoleptic test, the color, shape, and odor of the preparation did not change, the preparation was homogeneous, the pH was stable at 6.2, and the water content was stable at below 10% where the F3 formula showed the lowest water content. The results of the drying time test meet the requirements, namely a minimum of 15 minutes and the adhesion test meets the requirements, namely greater than 1 second.

Concentration of isolated DNA face masks made of gelatin for halal authentication

The function of using a face mask is to remove dirt and dead skin cells found in the pores of the skin, open clogged pores and clean the remaining cosmetics that cannot remove with ordinary cleansers, repair and tighten the skin, provide nutrition, smooth, soften and maintain skin moisture. People are aware of halal-labeled cosmetics, one of which is face masks because some face masks contain gelatin. Some face masks on the market contain gelatin. Preparation of 5 reference samples with different concentrations. Preparation of face masks, DNA isolation, and checking the isolation results. The test results with the Nanodrop Spectrophotometer showed that the face mask DNA containing pig and cow gelatin extracted in this study ranged from 163.35 ng/µl in sample S6 to 83.550 ng/µl in sample S7. With the largest concentrations of 163.35 ng/µl and 83.550 ng/µl, while the highest purity value at the λ260/λ280 ratio was 1.41.

The role of current synthetic and possible plant and marine phytochemical compounds in the treatment of acne.

Acne is a long-standing skin condition characterized by plugged hair follicles due to the accumulation of dead skin cells, sebum, and Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) bacteria, causing inflammation, and the formation of pimples or lesions. Acne was recognized in the ancient times by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Since ancient times, folk medicine from different cultures have comprised herbal and natural products for the treatment of acne. Current acne medications include antibiotics, keratolytics, corticosteroids, in addition to hormonal therapy for women. However, these conventional drugs can cause some serious side effects. And therefore, seeking new safe treatment options from natural sources is essential. Plants can be a potential source of medicinal phytochemicals which can be pharmacologically active as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, keratolytic and sebum-reducing. Organic acids, obtained from natural sources, are commonly used as keratolytics in dermatology and cosmetology. Most of the promising phytochemicals in acne treatment belong to terpenes, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins, and essential oils. These can be extracted from leaves, bark, roots, rhizomes, seeds, and fruits of plants and may be incorporated in different dosage forms to facilitate their penetration through the skin. Additionally, medicinal compounds from marine sources can also contribute to acne treatment. This review will discuss the pathogenesis, types and consequences of acne, side effects of conventional treatment, current possible treatment options from natural sources obtained from research and folk medicine and possible applied dosage forms.

The use of 3D printing and growth factor in cosmetics medicine

The equipment we have designed consists of two main parts: the outer part and the inner part. The outer part features a 3D printed nose bridge made from Polylactic acid (PLA) and collagen. This combination of materials serves a dual purpose: the PLA aids in replacing dead skin cells and supports blood clotting, which facilitates faster post-operative recovery. Meanwhile, the inner part is filled with autologous fat infused with connective tissue growth factor. This choice is grounded in the fact that cartilage, a key component in this context, belongs to the connective tissue category. Under optimal conditions, this innovative equipment demonstrates promising efficacy.

SISTEM PAKAR IDENTIFIKASI PENYAKIT KULIT ACNE VULGARIS MENGGUNAKAN METODE DEMPSTER SHAFERER

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease caused by clogged pores due to blockage from excessive oil glands and piles of dead skin cells, causing the initial appearance of acne, namely blackheads, which can then develop into more severe festering. These types of acne are categorized into mild, moderate, and severe acne. The low level of awareness for acne sufferers is caused by a lack of knowledge about acne and limited costs for consulting a skin expert or beautician to get the right facial treatment. For this reason, an expert system is presented to help ordinary people deal with skin diseases, especially acne vulgaris, quickly and precisely. The expert system was built using the Dempster-Shafer method in carrying out the reasoning process to find a conclusion from the facts that exist. The accuracy results obtained by comparing the results of the system diagnosis with the results of diagnoses made by experts on 115 acne vulgaris disease data obtained an accuracy value of 94%.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Anti-acne Foaming Face Wash

In the past, people have changed their lifestyle to keep up with the changing times. Nowadays, cosmetics are designed to cleanse, protect, and replenish the skin. People have been concerned about acne, which is common among teens and adults as a result of their daily lifestyles. Herbal products are popular in the global market, and one such product is a face wash. A foaming face wash is a gentle cleanser used to remove makeup, dead skin cells, dirt, oils, and other pollutants from the face without causing any discomfort to the skin. Current research has focused on the use of extracts of Aloe vera, Turmeric, Neem Oil, and Rosehip Oil, which have been found to have beneficial anti-acne, anti-bacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property. The face wash was prepared with ingredients at different concentrations and was evaluated for various parameters like colour, odour, consistency, spreadability, washability, foamability, irritancy and stability.