Dead Season Research Articles

COVID-19 та трансформація цифрового політичного дискурсу України у 2020 р.

A political discourse digitalization potentially may lead to decreasing a disproportion in official and non-official actors representation in a crisis times, which was observed in mass-media period of the discourse development. To check this hypothesis, the Ukrainian digital political discourse transformation was observed between January-Mau 2020. These data was compared with 2019 data. A corpus of texts was formed form a prominent Ukrainian social and political site «Ukrayins’ka pravda» (more than 10 thousand items). The texts were processed with the help of Python programs. Four indicators were measured: diversification, uniqueness, balance and domestic focus.The diversification indicator decreased in comparison with 2019 (1,2). In March-April 2020 the indicator had the lowest rate (0,5-0,6). And vice versa, the uniqueness indicator increased and was stable in 2020 – 25-27%. In the quarantine period this characteristic coincided with the Ukrainian digital political discourse characteristics during so called «dead season» (holidays, vacations) in 2019. This shows a lower intensity of political life. Additionally, in March-May lower heterogeneity in a list of the most popular political actors is observed (officials mainly). However, there is a smaller gap between the first (Zelensky) and the second position (Klychko) in the list. And the greatest attention towards internal affairs is considered (domestic focus is higher, than 2019 average).As a result, it may be claimed, that the Ukrainian digital political discourse has been transforming, due to COVID-19 pandemic. The interrelations between the political actors was minimized, which may testify low engagement of non-official actors or their invisibility in the discourse.

"No Going Back": The Telltale Model as Thought Experiment

Since the release of The Walking Dead in 2012, the "Telltale Model" of interactive narrative has attracted a lot of criticism for providing choices that 'don't matter'. This paper is a response to this discussion taking place both in academia and popular games culture. While Telltale's choices indeed 'don't matter' this overlooks the ways in which they actually function. The Telltale Model works in a way that is analogous to the philosophical thought experiment. It presents a sequential series of moral dilemmas that all communicate a common theme. The penultimate choice in The Walking Dead Season 2 Episode 5: No Going Back (2013) performs as a final lesson - testing the player to see if they have properly internalised the themes of the series. It then responds not to the accumulated memory of their choices, but to how they respond to the final 'test' that bookends the series’ many ethical dilemmas. Telltale's choices may not have any long-term consequences, but they do serve an informative pedagogical function - just don't expect Kenny to ever "remember that".

Tropy akowskie w poezji Jerzego Ficowskiego

The article presents the evolution of the theme of Armia Krajowa (Home Army) and the Warsaw Uprising, in Ficowski’s poetry. The theme, engaged by the poet in the late 1940s (Ołowiani żołnierze, 1948), was quickly abandoned as incompatible with the imaginary, magical direction in the development of young Ficowski’s poetry. Neither was the theme fostered by the general political background of the “dead season” of Communist Poland, by censorship, and by Ficowski’s fear of settling for the post-Romantic stereotype and patriotic myth-making. The theme returned in the 1970s (Gryps, 1979; Errata, 1981), which was related to Ficowski’s decision to liberate himself from self-censorship, and his readiness to express the once repressed content in his own, mature poetic idiom. The present study presents two aspects of historical narration in the Home-Army poems from the 1970s: the fabulous quality, which positions history in Ficowski’s private topics and intimate memory, and the scientific, naturalistic quality, which relates history to physical and cosmic categories. Both aspects redeem the poetry from the narrow specificity of Polish national myth, and make it possible to reconcile individual truth of the experience of death and suffering with the discourse of concepts and historiosophy, which also touches upon the cosmic order.

Dead Season: A Story of Murder and Revenge on the Philippine Island of Negros. By Alan Berlow. New York: Pantheon Books, 1996. xvi, 302 pp. $25.00.

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Mauvais temps, morte saison. Un patrimoine paradoxal

Martin de la Soudière, Bad weather, dead season Though in the past it was dreaded, the harsh cold of winter is something city dwellers long for and seek out when they go skiing or mountain climbing. This dead season is reflective of our present-day predicament.

Traders and Customs Officials in 1660S Iskenderun

Present-day Iskenderun (Alexandrette) is a purely modern city. Throughout the pre-Tanzimat period, settlement in this locality was insignificant, and the name of Iskenderun denoted a landing stage (iskele), rather than a town or city. When the traveller Evliya Çelebi passed through Iskenderun in the middle of the seventeenth century, he noted the fact that there was no business district or even shop-lined street, no khan and no public bath (Evliya Çelebi, 1314/1896-97 to 1938, Vol. 3, pp. 46-47; Vol. 9, p. 367 ff.). Moreover, since the few inhabitants were all non-Muslims, there was no mosque, but Evliya did not notice any churches either. Thus seventeenth-century Iskenderun belonged to a very specific category of settlement found in other parts of the Ottoman Empire as well as in medieval northern Europe or seventeenth-century Mexico: very few people lived there permanently, but during the seasonal arrival of ships, the settlements came to life, only to empty again during the “dead season.” In the present study, we will attempt to sketch the commercial activity that went on in Iskenderun during the second half of the seventeenth century and explain why the place, in spite of an advantageous geographical location, did not develop into a town.

Flight from Theory

For Sovietologists, who for some reason refuse to belong to the community of historians of Russia, the recent elevation of Iurii Andropov poses one major question: will he manage to consolidate his power and to break the stagnation that characterized the previous regime? To historians, who have seen so many alternating periods of stagnation and seemingly successful reforms, liberal overtures and unbelievably cruel dictatorships in the course of the last halfmillennium of Russian history, the question appears rather technical. Let us assume, the historian would reason, that Andropov is no less shrewd a manipulator than Nikita Khrushchev was, and that he succeeds in the 1980s, as Khrushchev did in the 1950s. What then? Could Andropov's reforms assuming they take place bring a major breakthrough in the coercive Russian political system as we have known it for centuries, or would they again lead to stagnation or possibly to another dictatorship? There is a fundamental fact that the historian, unlike the Sovietologist, cannot ignore: all of Andropov's predecessors, all Russian reformist leaders throughout the centuries, have failed to make their reforms irreversible. There were men among them younger and brighter, more energetic and more powerful than Andropov. The long and tragic list of reformers who failed includes Aleksei Adashev in the 1550s and Mikhail Saltykov in the 1600s, Dmitrii Golitsyn in the 1720s and Alexander I in the early 1800s, Alexander II in the 1860s and Vladimir Lenin in 1921, Nikolai Bukharin in the 1920s and Nikita Khrushchev in the 1960s. All of these men initiated reforms, some of which were successful, some even glorious. None of them, however, formulated a political strategy that could have brought about irreversible change. Why has the Russian empire resisted political modernization despite reforms and revolutions that brought the most radical institutional, economic, and ideological changes? Why has it been the maverick in the family of empires, the only one that does not fit into the global pattern of imperial behavior in modern history? Epochs, personalities, costumes, language, manners, and the order of events changed: the refined aristocrats of the eighteenth century had very little in common with their bearded ancestors in long caftans, and still less with the former e6migres in worn jackets who seized power in the Kremlin in the twentieth century. And yet the pattern of the Russian political process seems to be reproduced again and again in all its monstrous consistency: a dictatorship gives birth to an era of reform, a reformist regime leads to a dead season of political stagnation, another desperate attempt at reform is followed by a counterreform carrying on its crest another dictatorship. Why this horrible repetition of the same pattern all through tne centuries? Whence the historical pendulum swinging mercilessly from dictatorship to reform and back again? This question may seem academic to Sovietologists, but it is a vital one for Russian reformers and certainly for my generation, hopelessly lost among the

Making a Living during the Dead Season in Sugar-Producing Regions of the Caribbean

Recent technological changes have intensified the seasonal labor requirements in sugar cane production in the Caribbean. Much more labor is needed during the harvest and grinding season than in the period between harvests, known as the "dead season." This paper examines the means by which seasonally-employed cane workers gain a livelihood during the dead season, bearing in mind that the means used must be such that the workers will again be available to the sugar producers the next harvest season. It is concluded that in most areas a livelihood is provided either by minifundia or by supplemental occupations outside the sugar industry. Which of these alternatives prevails depends upon the demographic conditions that existed when the technological innovations responsible for the dead season were introduced. A third alternative is present in socialist Cuba, where nonsugar workers are made temporarily available for harvest season labor. All three patterns can be seen as alternative structural responses to conditions imposed by the ecology of sugar cane production in the Caribbean area.

A HISTORY OF THE INTRODUCTION OF TIMOTHY AND COCKSFOOT INTO ALTERNATE HUSBANDRY IN BRITAIN. 1. THE YEAR 1763 AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

Timothy (Phleum pratense) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), although indigenous and commonly distributed, found no place in alternate husbandry in Britain until the end of the eighteenth century. Their value was then discovered as an indirect consequence of the search by the London Society of Arts for plants able to grow during the ‘dead season’ of the year. Letters on the subject were addressed by the society to Europe, Asia, North America and to people at home, but with no positive results. There was, however, in the New England provinces of America a developing enthusiasm at that time for timothy and, although not a winter grower, its merits became a matter for correspondence and discussion within the Society. A consequence was the arrival from America early in 1763 of various lots of seeds, but without any information as to sender(s) or the species. Both timothy and cocksfoot must have been received, for each were sown later that year at Walham Green, London, and the optimism and controversy regarding them led ultimately to a recognition of their worth and place in ley farming. The earliest sowing of American timothy in England occurred in 1743, but was without influence on agricultural thinking.Reference is made to the introduction of European species into North America, and also to the Georgical Committee set up in 1664 by the Royal Society.

Pink Bollworm, Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.), as a Pest of Cotton at Zeidab, Northern Sudan

Losses from Pink Bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella) and from Spiny Bollworm (Earias insulana) were studied in the American Upland cotton crop grown on Zeidab pump irrigation scheme in the Northern Province of the Sudan. In 1948, a year of normal attack, 12·9 per cent. of the estimated potential yield was destroyed by bollworms. Pink Bollworm was responsible for 10·7 per cent. or a loss of 135 pounds of seed cotton per acre. Spiny Bollworm damaged 2·2 per cent. or 28 pounds per acre.Four-fifths of the total yield is derived from the bottom crop which is harvested before the end of September and consists of high grade seed cotton. The other fifth is produced as a top crop and consists of low grade seed cotton ripening in October and November. Only 3·5 per cent. of the bottom crop is lost on account of Pink Bollworm as against 33·3 per cent. of the top crop. The corresponding figures for Spiny Bollworm are 1·6 per cent. and 4·1 per cent.Some factors influencing the extent of pink bollworm attack are outlined. The Zeidab crop escapes serious damage through rapid maturity and even growth. Correct agricultural management is of great importance. Attack by Laphygma exigua in the seedling stage may result in increased damage by Pink Bollworm in the ripening crop.The origin of the initial pink bollworm infestation is discussed. Available evidence, which is not conclusive, suggests that local carry over of the dead season may not be sufficient to account for the initial infestations observed in the crop.Atmospheric water vapour saturation deficit appears to influence the duration of larval diapause in Pink Bollworm in the northern Sudan. Maximum emergence of moths from resting larvae in three areas occurs at or near the lowest saturation deficit of the year. The possibility is discussed that the degree of fixity of the diapause may be related to the gradient of the saturation deficit curve during the development of the resting larvae in the crop, a rising curve being associated with a well fixed diapause which lasts until the saturation deficit falls, and a falling curve being associated with a poorly fixed diapause which does not last but begins to break at once.

Mechanism and Significance of the ‘Refractory Period’ in the Avian Testis Cycle

BURGER1 asserts that the “problem of refractoriness is perhaps the greatest relatively unsolved problem in reproduction”. This problem, except in its ultimate details, may, in fact, have been solved2. It can be said that the “refractory period” (of Bissonnette3) or “dead sexual season” (of Polikarpova4) in seasonal birds is that part of the testis cycle during which the tubules are in a state of post-spermatogenetic lipoidal metamorphosis, and before the newly regenerated Leydig cells of the interstitium have become sufficiently mature and lipoidal to respond to neurohumoral influences initiated by factors in the environment.

The Cotton Jassid, Empoasca lybica (De Berg.) during the dead Seasons in the Gezira, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Regular surveys were carried out from May to July to find out where Jassids live during the cotton close season.A list of host plants on which Jassids can breed, or feed only as adults, is given; they exhibit preference for certain plants.The movement of Jassids to cotton was recorded. The initial infestation of cotton is very small but is rapidly built up within the cotton crop. Gardens are shown to be the chief sources of infestation and cotton fields nearest them show larger initial numbers.Attempts to exterminate Jassids in these gardens by spraying all plants with 0.1 per cent, or 0.5 per cent. DDT emulsion during the summer dead season were not successful. It is thought that reinfestation came from adults which had been present on the tops of Acacia arabica trees and had not been reached by the spray.

ALTERNATE HOST PLANTS OF THE PINK BOLLWORM, PECTINOPHORA GOSSYPIELLA (SAUND.), IN PUERTO RICO

The seed pods of three malvaceous plants, Montezuma speciosissima (maga), Thespesia populnea (emajagüilla), and Abelmoschus esculentus (okra, or guingambó) were found to be important host plants of the pink bollworm in that they provide a continuous food supply for breeding during the dead season of cotton production. Several other plant species were attacked, namely. Abeloschus abelmoschus (algalia), Hibiscus sabidariffa (vina), Hibiscus trilobus, Hibiscus bifurcatus (buenas tardes), Abutilon hirtum (buenos días), and Althaea rosea (hollyhock, or varilla de San José). None of these species, however, is sufficiently numerous to be of any importance.