Dead Disease Research Articles

Bazı Bağ Hastalıklarının Faster R-CNN Modeli ile Otomatik Tespit Edilmesi ve Sınıflandırılması

Türkiye is one of the countries with the most important vineyard areas in the world, where the most grape production is made. Vineyard diseases are one of the most important reasons that adversely affect the productivity in viticulture. In this study, some vineyard diseases were detected and classified using the Faster R-CNN deep learning model, which is an artificial intelligence approach. These diseases are powdery mildew, downy mildew, dead arm disease, grapevine leaf roll-associated virus disease (GLRaV) and grapevine fan leaf nepovirus (GFLV) diseases that are common and cause economic problems. The proposed method is trained and tested using 11000 images. At the end of the study, the overall accuracy rate was found to be 92%. The proposed approach gave better results than similar methods in the literature. Therefore, it was concluded that the method can be used reliably in the detection and classification of some vineyard diseases.

A comparison of COVID-19 outbreaks across US Combined Statistical Areas using new methods for estimating [formula omitted] and social distancing behaviour

We investigated the initial outbreak rates and subsequent social distancing behaviour over the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic across 29 Combined Statistical Areas (CSAs) of the United States. We used the Numerus Model Builder Data and Simulation Analysis (NMB-DASA) web application to fit the exponential phase of a SCLAIV+D (Susceptible, Contact, Latent, Asymptomatic infectious, symptomatic Infectious, Vaccinated, Dead) disease classes model to outbreaks, thereby allowing us to obtain an estimate of the basic reproductive number R0 for each CSA. Values of R0 ranged from 1.9 to 9.4, with a mean and standard deviation of 4.5±1.8. Fixing the parameters from the exponential fit, we again used NMB-DASA to estimate a set of social distancing behaviour parameters to compute an epidemic flattening index cflatten. Finally, we applied hierarchical clustering methods using this index to divide CSA outbreaks into two clusters: those presenting a social distancing response that was either weaker or stronger. We found cflatten to be more influential in the clustering process than R0. Thus, our results suggest that the behavioural response after a short initial exponential growth phase is likely to be more determinative of the rise of an epidemic than R0 itself.

First Report of Diaporthe ambigua Associated with Dead Arm Disease on Grapevine in Chile.

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important fruit crops in Chile based on economic value. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Botryosphaeriaceae species have been reported as the major causal agents associated with dieback symptoms in Chile commercial vineyards (Díaz and Latorre 2014; Besoain, 2018; Larach et al. 2020). Recently Eutypa lata has been reported attacking Chilean vineyards with dieback symptoms (Lolas et al. 2020). In this study, two commercial cv. Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards, located in O'Higgins Region of Chile, showing dead cordons, dead spur with a grayish color, canker, and vascular necrosis were sampled in fall 2018, with a high incidence of symptoms was observed. Four symptomatic wood samples were analyzed from these vineyards. Pieces of wood (<1 cm2) were taken from the advance zone of the canker lesions, disinfected with 70% ethanol, rinsed in sterile distilled water, dried, and transferred to two media in Petri plates, potato dextrose agar acidified with 0.5 ml of 96% lactic acid (APDA) and malt extract agar, and incubated for at least seven days at 24°C in darkness. From mycelium obtained from monosporic culture, two isolates were selected and morphologically identified as Diaporthe sp. To induce sporulation, these two isolates were grown in APDA under near-ultraviolet light (λ = 320 nm) at room temperature. After 30 days, the development of pycnidia was observed. Both Diaporthe sp. isolate presented alpha-conidia ellipsoidal with an obtuse apex, biguttulate (n=30) of 6.7 µm ± 0.33 µm x 3.3 µm ± 0.32 µm. No Beta-conidia or perhitecia were observed. DNA was extracted from the monosporic mycelium. The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin (BT) gene, and elongation factor (EF) gene were amplified using ITS4/ITS5, Bt2a/Bt2b, and EF1-728F/EF1-986R primer pairs, respectively. PCR products were sequenced and identified as Diaporthe ambigua Nitschke (PUCV2140 and PUCV2141), showing 100% sequence identity with ITS MH864620.1, 99.8% with BT MG281142.1, and 100% with EF KC343738.1 sequences from D. ambigua. Sequences were deposited in GenBank (ITS: accession numbers MW301136, MW301137; BT: MW323445, MW323446 and EF: MW308305, MW308306). Two pathogenicity tests were performed with strains PUCV2140 and PUCV2141 using 2-year-old V.vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. In each test, three plants were used per isolate, considering one plant as an experimental unit. In the first test, a 5 mm mycelial plug from a 6-day-old APDA culture was inoculated using an oblique cut made in the bark with a sterile scalpel and done at the middle of the trunk. In the second test, the trial was done under the same described conditions previously, but in this case, one-year-old semi-lignified shoots were inoculated between two internodes, using mycelial plugs, one shoot for each plant. Injured plants but treated with sterile APDA plugs were used as controls. Plants were placed in natural conditions, and after three months from inoculations, plants showed a cortical canker and brown vascular lesions. Non-inoculated plants remained asymptomatic. The lengths of the cankers were 22.0 ± 1.8 mm and 10.5 ± 0.6 mm, after inoculations of the trunk and cane, respectively. The vascular lesions were 37.0 ± 3.3 and 18.0 ± 2.0 mm, in trunk and cane inoculations, respectively. D. ambigua was re-isolated and reidentified morphologically from the inoculated symptomatic plants, confirming Koch's postulate. Also, the plants inoculated on the trunk showed premature leaf drop. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. ambigua associated with dieback affecting grapevines in Chile. Previous D. ambigua was reported causing fruit rots (Auger et al. 2013; Díaz et al. 2017) and cordon dieback in kiwifruit (Díaz and Latorre, 2018), and stem canker and dieback in blueberry (Elfar et al. 2013) in Chile. This study reports a new species of fungi for Chile associated with the dead arm in vineyards. D. ambigua is a pathogen in essential crops in our country. Therefore, it is important to study its prevalence in the future.

Cloud and IoT based privacy preserved e-Healthcare system using secured storage algorithm and deep learning

Rapid introduction of new diseases and the severity improvement of existing dead diseases due to the bad food habits and lacking of awareness over the health conscious food items those are available in the market. The Internet of Things (IoT) gets more attention for reducing the disease severity by knowing the current status of their disease according to the dynamic inputs of human body through IoT devices today. Moreover, the combination of IoT and cloud computing technologies are playing major roles in e-health services. In this scenario, security is a major issue in the process of data storage and communication. For this purpose, we propose a new e-healthcare system for monitoring the dead disease level by using the technologies such as IoT and Cloud with the help of deep learning approach and fuzzy rules with temporal features. In this system, the medical data is retrieved from various located patients who are utilizing the e-healthcare assisting devices. First, the retrieved and encrypted data is stored in cloud by applying a newly proposed secured cloud storage algorithm. Second, the stored data can be retrieved the data as original data by applying the decryption process. Third, a new cloud framework is introduced for predicting the status of heart beat rates and diabetes levels by using the medical data that is created by applying the UCI Repository dataset. In addition, a new deep learning approach which applies the Convolutional Neural Network for predicting the disease severity. The experimental results are obtained by conducting various experiments for the proposed model by using the dataset and the hospital patient records. The proposed model results outperforms the available disease prediction systems in terms of prediction accuracy.

Cardiolipin in Immune Signaling and Cell Death.

Cardiolipin (CL) is a tetra-acylated diphosphatidylglycerol lipid. In physiological conditions, CL presents unsaturated chains and is located in the inner mitochondria membrane (IMM). Dead signals, infection, or disease may change the level of CL saturation and oxidation and cause its translocation to the cytosolic side of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), affecting mitochondrial function and the inflammatory response. In this review, we summarize the emerging proapoptotic, pro-, and anti-inflammatory functions of cytosolic-exposed CL and how they are regulated by CL chain saturation and oxidation. We underline how the unique dimeric phospholipid structure confers peculiar properties on CL in the regulation of cell death and immune system proteins, such as the Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing pyrin protein 3 (NLRP3), caspases (Casp), and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). We also provide an overview of the human diseases in which CL deficiency or modification are implicated and of the use of exogenous unsaturated CL (uCL) as a novel therapeutic approach.

Identification of Alternaria spp. as causal agent of dead flower buds disease of pear (Pyrus communis) in the Netherlands and methods for disease control

The occurrence of dead dormant flower buds is a common phenomenon of economic importance in the major pear production areas of Europe. Thus far, the cause of dead flower buds disease remained unknown. Several causes have been proposed, including insufficient tree chilling, unmet dormancy requirements, incompatibility between scion and cultivar, but also various biotic stress agents such as pathogens and pests. In this study, we tested the relationship between reduction of tree growth and dead flower bud incidences, but found no indication that growth regulation can prevent the occurrence of dead flower buds. It has been proposed that the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae may be the causal agent of dead flower buds of pear. However, although we found the bacterium as epiphyte and even as endophyte on and in flower buds, our findings argue that P. syringae pv. syringae is not the causal agent of dead flower buds disease in the Netherlands. In our research, Alternaria spp. were consistently found in diseased flower buds, and strong correlations between dead dormant flower buds and infection rates of flower buds with Alternaria spp. were recorded. The isolated Alternaria species were identified as A. arborescens SC and A. alternata SC. Field experiments for disease control showed that the disease may be controlled by specific fungicide applications. Thus, we propose that dead flower buds of pear in the Netherlands should be regarded as a fungal disease caused by A. alternata SC and potentially also A. arborescens SC.

Thermal death kinetics in dry air of Diplodia seriata fungus inoculated in vitro in pruned vine shoots

The upsurge in fungal diseases that cause grapevine wood rot in young and adult plants remains a major concern for the wine sector. Since pruned vine shoots act as a reservoir of these fungi, there is a need for sanitization methods that can prevent their spread, avoiding plant reinfection. In this work, the effectiveness of dry heat treatments for the disinfection of pruning waste has been investigated. The thermal death of two inocula of Diplodia seriata fungus, associated to black dead arm disease, was studied in vitro at four different temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 65 °C) for different time periods (20, 40, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min) in a dry air incubator. Obtained data confirmed that inhibition increased as a function of temperature and exposure time. First-order and Weibull models were compared to describe D. seriata fungus survival curve kinetics, with high R 2 values (0.923 and 0.930, respectively) and high significances (p < 0.001). Both models predict that the time required to reach 99 % mortality at 65 °C would be 143 min, slightly higher than the experimentally determined minimum time of 120 min. The thermal death kinetics data reported herein has direct applications in process design and validation studies of other grapevine-pruning-waste sanitization methodologies.

SURVEY ON LUNG NODULE CLASSIFICATIONS

This paper proposes a survey on the classification techniques of lung nodules. We have the different classifications about the nodules in the lungs. It contains the different methods of classification, segmentation and detection techniques. Malignant cell presented in the lungs named , nodules are classified for the treatment processes. Thresholding and Robust segmentation techniques are used in the segmentation process and the feature set is used for classification. Low Dose CT(Computed Tomography) images are applied. This survey has the information about the efficient techniques which are all used for the nodule classification. In these days lung cancer is the dangerous dead disease in the world, So we need to have the knowledge of that cancer. In starting stages the micro nodules are then formed into a cancer cell. Among the cancer affected population about 20% of the people are dead due to lung cancer. If nodules are found in a starting stage, we can be extend the lifetime of the patient. The main process of this paper involves with the nodule classification and segmentation process of the lung nodules. Here we taken the different procedures involved with nodule detections. CT is the most appropriate imaging technique to obtain anatomical information about lung nodules and the surrounding structures. Here we taken the Low Dose CT(LDCT) images for operations. This paper has the various approaches of the nodule classification. In this survey different techniques are presented which are used for detection and classification of the nodules in the lungs. By differentiating the nodules from the anatomical parts of the lungs, the nodules are identified.

Slaughterhouse Wastes: A Review on Regulations and Current Technologies for Biogas Production

In recent years the use of waste biomass for energy generation is becoming an increasingly attractive opportunity, since it leads to several advantages, such as the possibility to eliminate wastes producing energy. As a consequence, the dependence on conventional fossil fuels and global warming can be further reduced. Animal By-Product (ABP) represents a waste produced especially during the slaughter of animals for human consumption, disposal of dead animals and disease control measures. ABPs disposal could lead to high costs and risks for the ecosystem: hence, they shall be used in a sustainable way, minimising health and environmental risks. In the present work, the use of Slaughterhouse Wastes (SHWs) in Anaerobic Digestion (AD) process has been investigated. In Europe biogas production from SHWs must comply with the Regulations No 1069/2009 and No 142/2011 which are carefully described in this study. Furthermore, some previous surveys on AD and co-digestion of ABPs with/without other substrates have been considered and compared in order to fix a starting point for future tests on this subject.

Tsunami Waves of Destruction: The Creation of the “New Australian Catastrophe”

Tsunami Waves of Destruction: The Creation of the “New Australian Catastrophe”

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF ALTERNARIA ALTERNATE, CAUSAL AGENT OF DEAD (DORMANT) FLOWER BUD DISEASE OF PEAR

Dead flower buds are a common phenomenon in pear culture in The Netherlands, Belgium and Mediterranean countries. Disease cases are also reported from South America. The disease is characterized by a partial or complete necrosis of flower buds during tree dormancy. The disease progresses during winter and spring, eventually resulting in the death of most flowers and decay of buds at flowering. In The Netherlands the problem is mostly found in the main pear cultivar ‘Conference’, but cultivars such as ‘Doyenne du Comice’ and ‘Gieser Wildeman’ are also affected. Disease incidence may be as high as 80-90%. Possible causes mentioned are abiotic stresses, incompatibility between scion and cultivar, and plant pathogens and pests. Research in recent years revealed that pear growth regulation does not prevent the occurrence of dead flower buds. Also, the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (P.s.s.) was commonly regarded as the causal agent of dead flower buds in pear, although the relation between P.s.s. and dead flower buds in orchards has never been proven in The Netherlands. However, the fungus Alternaria alternata was found in diseased flower buds and also often in symptomless flower buds. A linear relationship between infection rate and dead flower bud disease incidence was found. Pathogenicity tests and Koch’s postulates were carried out. It was concluded that A. alternata is the causal agent of dead (dormant) flower bud disease. A. alternata is known to cause late blight in pistachio and several diseases in fruit crops such as moldy-core in apple and brown rot in citrus. By identifying the causal agent of dead flower bud disease, an effective control strategy could be developed. In field trials it was proven that fungicide treatments can reduce disease incidence significantly.

Identification of phytotoxins from Botryosphaeria obtusa, a pathogen of black dead arm disease of grapevine

A bioassay-guided fractionation of a culture filtrate of Botryosphaeria obtusa led to the isolation of four dihydroisocoumarins, named mellein 1, 4-hydroxymellein 2, 7-hydroxymellein 3 and the new 4,7-dihydroxymellein 4. LC-UV-DAD-MS analysis of vine wood infected by B. obtusa revealed the presence of mellein (1). Botryosphaeria obtusa was also able to oxidise wood δ-resveratrol into the dimer delta-viniferin. The structures of isolated phytotoxins were established on the basis of IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR.

CONTROL OF ALTERNARIA ALTERNATE, CAUSAL AGENT OF DEAD (DORMANT) FLOWER BUD DISEASE OF PEAR

Dead (dormant) flower buds of pear are an important phenomenon in pear production in the Netherlands. Vigourous or unbalanced tree growth and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (P.s.s.) are mentioned as likely causes of dead flower buds. Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae was occasionally isolated from diseased flower buds. However, Alternaria alternata was nearly always isolated from diseased buds and also often in symptomless flower buds. By identifying the causal agent of dead flower buds disease, an effective control strategy can be developed. In field trials it was proven that fungicide treatments can reduce disease incidences significantly.

Positron emission tomography (PET) in residual post-treatment Hodgkin's disease masses

Hodgkin's Disease (HD) is one of the malignant diseases with good chances for a cure. The prognosis for cure depends on the initial stages and the outcome after initial treatment. Stages I or II at diagnosis, or a complete remission after initial treatment are good indicators for the best prognosis to patients.A frequent problem faced by clinicians is met at the post-therapy stage because of the difficulty of distinguishing between dead tissue and disease activity in residual masses. Considering that these two situations include therapy options that run from treatment abstention to autologous stem cell transplantation, it is extremely important to distinguish them accurately.Classical Tomography Scan (CT Scan), Gallium scintigraphy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Positron Emission Tomography (PET) are used to investigate residual masses. In order to clarify the best way to confirm the post-treatment status of patients affected by HD, we describe in this paper our experience of using PET to solve those problem situations where a CT Scan or MRI were not conclusive and Gallium was negative.

Dispelling disaster myths about dead bodies and disease: the role of scientific evidence and the media

For decades, after nearly every natural disaster, fear of disease has encouraged communities, local authorities, and governments to rapidly dispose of the bodies of the victims without first identifying them. In May 2004 this journal published the first-ever review article to comprehensively assess the scientific evidence on the infectious disease risks of dead bodies following natural disasters, along with an editorial commenting on the persistence of myths concerning the dangers allegedly posed by dead bodies. This paper assesses the impact that the review article and the editorial have had on the way that health risks from dead bodies have been reported by the media over the following year, especially focusing on the South Asian tsunami disaster of December 2004. While some media outlets have reported erroneous information, hundreds of other news stories have accurately reported that dead bodies pose no public health risk, and have explained the priority for properly identifying the deceased. Nevertheless, publication of scientific evidence alone is insufficient to bring about public health action. International agencies need to continue their work on producing standards, guidelines, and practical guidance on managing dead bodies. There needs to be a community-centered approach to informing communities about the management of the dead following disasters and the rights of individuals to be treated respectfully after death. Nongovernmental organizations should be encouraged to provide expertise and technical support in identifying and burying large numbers of dead. There also needs to be ongoing assessment of the technical processes involved in the recovery, identification, and disposal of dead bodies, as well as the effectiveness of disaster preparedness plans and communication with the affected population.

A dead disease, as illustrated by the illness of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire.

A dead disease, as illustrated by the illness of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire.

Molecular evidence for the presence of Ophiosphaerella narmari n. comb., a cause of spring dead spot of Bermuda grass, in North America

The phylogenetic relationships among fungi that cause spring dead spot disease of Bermuda grass in Australia and the United States were studied from nucleotide sequence data of the ITS region of the rDNA. High levels of sequence similarity were observed among Ophiosphaerella herpotricha, O. korrae and Leptosphaeria narmari. These species clustered into a distinct clade that was distant from other Leptosphaeria and Phaeosphaeria species. Based on sequence data and previous descriptions of the ascoma and ascospore characteristics of these species, we propose a taxonomic transfer of L. narmari to O. narmari. Oligonucleotide primers specific for O. narmari were developed from ITS1 and ITS2 regions to help identify non-sporulating isolates. These primers amplified all isolates of O. narmari , including those from the United States, but not those of O. herpotricha, O. korrae or other ectotrophic root-inhabiting fungi. This is the first report of O. narmari in North America. Two Group I introns were found in the small subunit rDNA of some isolates of O. korrae and O. narmari , but not O. herpotricha. A 425-nucleotide intron in O. narmari and O. korrae was inserted two nucleotides downstream from the ITS5 conserved primer sequence. These introns exhibited an 80% sequence identity. In addition, a second 431-nucleotide intron in O. narmari was similar in size and location to one in O. korrae.

Spring Dead Spot of Buffalograss Caused by Ophiosphaerella herpotricha in Kansas and Oklahoma.

Buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides) is widely planted in the Great Plains region of the United States as an amenity turfgrass. In May 1993, we observed circular dead spots in buffalograss lawns that were resuming growth following winter dormancy. The dead spots, 12 to 40 cm in diameter, were slowly filled in by buffalograss during the summer but reappeared in the same locations the following spring. Roots and stolons at the patch margins were colonized by darkly pigmented, ectotrophic fungal hyphae. Ophiosphaerella herpotricha, a cause of spring dead spot disease of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.), was consistently isolated from diseased buffalograss roots collected in Kansas and Oklahoma. Identification of O. herpotricha was confirmed by the use of species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. To complete Koch's postulates, a 3-year-old stand of buffalograss cv. Sharp's Improved located in Manhattan, KS, was inoculated in September 1994 with O. herpotricha. Eleven soil cores, 10 cm in diameter × 8 cm deep, were removed at 1.2-m intervals across the turf. Five grams of oat seed infested with O. herpotricha (isolate KS221) wasadded to each hole and the soil plug was reinserted. For controls, 5 g of sterile oat seed was inserted in the bottom of each of 11 additional holes. No symptoms developed the following spring, but circular dead spots, ranging in size from 18 to 43 cm in diameter, were observed at 10 of 11 and 6 of 11 inoculation sites in May 1996 and 1997, respectively. No spots were noted in areas amended with sterile oats. O. herpotricha was consistently isolated from the roots at the margins of the patches. This is the first report of O. herpotricha causing spring dead spot in buffalograss.

Inhibition of sporulation of Phomopsis viticola Sacc., cause of dead arm disease of vines, by fosetyl-Al under field conditions

Several plots of vines, naturally infected with Phomopsis viticola Sacc., were given a single application of fosetyl-Al + folpet at various growth stages starting from stage A in January. At varying intervals after treatment, the spores released from the pycnidia were counted on sections of vine canes in the laboratory. The effectiveness of treatments was also assessed in the field. An inhibition of sporulation of up to 95% occurred, lasting until 2 months after treatment; however, this inhibition, probably caused by fosetyl-Al, can only partly explain the efficacy obtained in the field with these treatments. The fact that the antisporulation activity of fosetyl-Al on P. viticola occurs during the period of vegetative shutdown appears to exclude the involvement of the plant in the mode of action of the fungicide in this case.

Transmission of Spring Dead Spot Disease of Bermudagrass by Turf/Soil Cores

Transmission of Spring Dead Spot Disease of Bermudagrass by Turf/Soil Cores