Dead Animals Research Articles

Molecular Epidemiology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus in West Africa: Is Lineage IV Replacing Lineage II in Burkina Faso?

This study aimed at investigating the genetic lineages of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) currently circulating in Burkina Faso. As part of PPR surveillance in 2021 and 2022, suspected outbreaks in different regions were investigated. A risk map was produced to determine high-risk areas for PPR transmission. Based on alerts, samples were obtained from three regions and all sampled localities were confirmed to fall within PPR high risk areas. We collected swab samples from the eyes, mouth, and nose of sick goats. Some tissue samples were also collected from dead animals suspected to be infected by PPRV. In total, samples from 28 goats were analysed. Virus confirmation was performed with RT-PCR amplification targeting the nucleocapsid (N) gene. Partial N gene sequencing (350 bp) was carried out using the RT-PCR products of positives samples to characterise the circulating lineages. Eleven sequences, including ten new sequences, have been obtained. Our study identified the presence of the PPRV lineage IV in the three studied regions in Burkina Faso with a genetic heterogeneity recorded for the sequences analysed. Previously published data and results of this study suggest that PPRV lineage IV seems to be replacing lineage II in Burkina Faso.

Dietary Restrictions as a Source of Food Insecurity among FGCU Students, Faculty, and Staff

Food insecurity is an issue that creates several challenges for individuals, including health complications, eating disorders, loss of productivity, and reduced ability. While food insecurity tends to be associated with poverty, unemployment, or lack of available food, dietary restrictions may also lead to food insecurity in places where food is otherwise plentiful. Dietary restrictions from allergies, cultural/ religious belief systems, and lifestyle choices could prevent access to food resulting in food insecurity. For example, halal requires believers to follow religious guidelines when eating. People who eat halal food avoid pork, alcohol, and dead animals, and only eat meals that are prepared according to Islamic law. As a result, a person practicing halal could experience food insecurity in places where their dietary considerations are not met. This study consists of a self-perception survey to better understand individuals’ dietary requirements, access to food, and the perceived effects of skipping meals on academic performance, professional work, and mental health. Results show that 70.8% of the participants have some form of dietary restrictions with the common forms coming from allergies (62.1%), personal preferences (31.8%), and cultural/religious beliefs (6.1%). The vast majority of participants with dietary restrictions described some difficulties finding food on campus with some saying that they could not find any appropriate food options. This study seems to indicate that dietary restrictions could be a factor leading to food insecurity, which also affects academic performance and physical and mental health. As a result, we need to invest in more food options, better labeling, and improved education to alleviate the detrimental effects of dietary restrictions on food insecurity.

The find of six species new to Belgium highlights the role of the stone trade as a pathway for non-native land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora

Surveys in stone yards in Wallonia (southern Belgium) led to the find of six taxa of land snails being new to Belgium and one being new to Wallonia. The new taxa can be divided into two groups: living animals of the European species Charpentieria itala, Laciniaria plicata, Chilostoma cingulatum, and Theba pisana, and shells with remains of the dead animals in the case of the Asian taxa Cathaica fasciola, Acusta sp., and Bradybaena jourdyi. The latter are widespread in their respective Asian native range while Acusta sp. and B. jourdyi had never been reported from Europe. We discuss the role of stone yards as hubs for the dispersion of land snails. The individuals of the newly observed taxa may have arrived in several waves (with successive arrivals of stones) and may not reproduce in the stone yard. We explore the risks of settling. In this study, we provide evidence that the doorsnails C. itala and L. plicata have already settled elsewhere in Wallonia. Theba pisana, C. fasciola and Acusta sp. have the potential to behave as invasive

Knowledge, perceptions, and practices around zoonotic diseases among actors in the livestock trade in the Lake Victoria crescent ecosystem in East Africa.

Zoonotic diseases such as anthrax, rabies, brucellosis, and Rift Valley fever pose a direct threat to health and undercut livelihoods in the communities in which they occur. A combination of anthropogenic and animal activities like migration and interaction with wildlife and their respective parasites and vectors drives the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic diseases. Consequently, One Health interdisciplinary approaches that incorporate social scientists can provide key insights into complex local perceptions. The approach calls for collaboration between the human and animal health sectors, including the sharing of disease surveillance data necessary to alleviate disease impacts. Livestock traders interact closely with livestock, which puts them at elevated risk of infection and creates conditions by which they may spread zoonotic disease. It is thus essential to examine practices among actors involved in the livestock trade to understand the most appropriate ways to mitigate these risks. A qualitative study was conducted among the actors in the livestock trade in Busia County on their knowledge and perceptions of zoonotic diseases and practices that may contribute to the spread, control, and prevention of zoonotic disease transmission. A thematic analysis framework was used to categorize and synthesize data from in-depth interviews (IDIs), key informant interviews (KIIs), and structured observations. Whereas participants could list livestock diseases, they could not identify which ones were zoonoses, demonstrating insufficient knowledge of zoonosis. They identify sick animals by checking for dropped ears, excess mucus production, diarrhea, bloody urinal discharge, and general animal activity levels. To prevent the spread of these diseases, they wash their animals, isolate sick animals from the rest of the stock, and vaccinate their animals. They seek help from animal health professionals for sick animals as part of curative practices. This shows that they perceive the diseases as serious and that they need to be attended to by professionals. The results also show that they perceive animals from outside the region to be more vulnerable to diseases compared to those from within. The actors in the livestock trade engage in practices like skinning dead animals before burying them; to them, this is a normal practice. Some also consume dead carcasses. These increase the risk of zoonotic disease transmission. The actors involved in the livestock trade are critical in the prevention and elimination of zoonotic diseases; hence, they need to be involved when developing intervention programs and policies for animal health extension services. Training them as a continuum of animal health workers blends lay and professional knowledge, which, alongside their intense contact with large numbers of animals, becomes a critical disease surveillance tool. Increasing awareness of zoonoses by using multi-disciplinary teams with social scientists is urgently needed so that practices like skinning dead animals before disposing of them and consumption of dead carcasses can be minimized.

The impact of RS–040 highway on wildlife roadkill patterns, Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil.

Road infrastructure has caused severe impacts on the environment and wildlife. Understanding and mitigating these effects are essential conservation measures. This study aimed to evaluate wildlife mortality due to animal-vehicle collisions along an 80-km stretch of the Tapir Rocha Highway (RS–040). The field inventory was carried out between August 2015 and March 2019. Once a week, two observers drove along the highway at an average speed of 40 km/h and all the vertebrate roadkill spotted from the car were assessed to record the species, carcass condition, and the roadkill locations along the road. In total, 2,371 dead animals were recorded and categorized into 137 species. The most affected classes were mammals (n = 1,223), and birds (n = 704). The most affected wild species were white-eared opossums (Didelphis albiventris, n = 559), black-and-white tegus (Salvator merianae, n = 129), and coypus (Myocastor coypus, n = 102). Carcass exposure assessments indicated that many (n = 637) of the animal deaths occurred the night before our arrival, which may suggest that nocturnal species were among the most vulnerable to mortality. Roadkill sighting peaked in the spring (34%) and summer (25%), probably due to reproductive activity and juvenile dispersal. Evident seasonal variations included a 50% reduction in reptile roadkill rates in autumn-winter compared to spring-summer, and a 20-percentage-point increase in the number of mammal road deaths in the winter. The reduced activity that reptiles display at low temperatures, and seasonal changes in carnivore food habits may explain these respective findings. While most of the animal victims of roadkill were common and widely distributed species with abundant populations, decreasing abundance of these species is a growing conservation concern.

NIR emissive probe for fluorescence turn-on based dead cell sorting and in vivo viscosity mapping in C. elegans.

Dead cell sorting is pivotal and plays a very significant role in homeostasis. Apoptosis and ferroptosis are the two major regulatory cell death processes. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process, while ferroptosis is a regulatory cell death process. Monitoring the dead cells coming out from these processes is extremely important to stop various cellular dysfunctions. Here, we present a single NIR emissive probe that can observe both apoptotic and ferroptosis regulatory cell deaths. We were able to directly visualize the dead cells in both animal and plant cells upon a significant increase in the fluorescence intensity of the probe. During cell death, the increased cytoplasm viscosity restricted the rotor motion and helped in the fluorescence turn-on of the probe. Lysosomal viscosity was found to play a crucial role in the ferroptosis pathway. On the other hand, the probe was not only efficient in mapping the viscosity in various parts of live Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) bodies but also able to differentiate between live and dead animals.

Determination of mosquito diversity using 3D digital microscope in Cibinong district, Bogor Regency

Bogor Regency is a suburban area with hilly topography and very wet tropical climate. In addition, there are still lot of bushes and the location is crossed by river basin. These conditions create an ideal habitat for mosquitoes, which are the deadliest animal in the world. Despite the high incidence of vector-borne diseases caused by mosquitoes in this area, the information regarding mosquito diversity in Cibinong District, Bogor Regency remains limited. The aim of this study is to determine mosquito diversity in Cibinong District, Bogor Regency. In this study, mosquitoes were collected using human landing catch and sweep nets. Then identification was performed using 3D digital microscope. The study’s findings revealed the presence of eight mosquito species from two genera: Aedes and Culex. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the ecology and diversity of each collected mosquitoes.

Epidemiological and pathomorphologic investigation of peste des petits ruminants in Western Algeria: A comprehensive study of clinical and histopathological findings.

This study delves into the epidemiology and pathomorphologic characteristics of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in western Algeria, a viral disease that constantly threatens small animals in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the epidemiology of PPR in western Algeria and to understand the pathomorphological lesions in naturally infected small ruminants. An online survey conducted via google forms and shared with veterinarians in the wilaya of Tiaret, provided insights into the prevalence and clinical manifestations of PPR.A comprehensive examination of organs was conducted and representative tissue samples from the lungs, trachea, thymus, spleen, liver, kidney, heart, tongue, stomach, different parts of the small and large intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes were collected and the specimen was fixed in a 10% neutral buffer formalin solution. Among 2,200 small ruminants managed by expert veterinarians, 192 small ruminants exhibited clinical signs compatible with PPR, and 79 dead animals. Among the 31 sick young small ruminants, eight were confirmed to be infected with the PPR virus. Necropsies of affected animals revealed significant gross lesions in organs such as the lungs, intestines, spleen, and lymph nodes. Histopathological analysis further illuminated the severity of lesions, including interstitial pneumonia, syncytial cell formation, and severe gastroenteritis. The study's comprehensive approach, encompassing epidemiological data, necropsy findings, and histopathological insights, contributes valuable knowledge for understanding and managing PPR outbreaks.The pathological lesions observed in this study exhibited consistency with those previously documented in experimental studies, thereby providing support for the diagnosis based on clinical signs and disease history.

ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЕ РЕСПИРАТОРНОГО ТРАКТА У МЕЛКОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА

In the farms of our country, including in the Krasnodar Territory, the infectious disease mancheimiosis in sheep and goats has been established, which previously did not exist. Clinical signs of respiratory system disease were found in animals on the farm. When observed, depression, fever, refusal of food, cough, respiratory disorders, shortness of breath, then mucous and purulent discharge from the nasal cavity were detected. Within 5-7 days after the appearance of clinical signs of the disease, such animals died, and individual animals died within 12-24 hours. Mastitis was observed in sick sheep and goats, while the mammary gland had a blue color. Upon autopsy of the corpses of dead animals, various pathomorphological changes in the organs of the respiratory system were found in all of them. Spotty and spotty hemorrhages were detected in the nasal cavity, hemorrhages were detected on the mucous membranes of the larynx, trachea, pleural, abdominal surface, endocardium, epicardium. In addition, fibrinous bronchopneumonia, pulmonary edema, pleurisy, accumulation of foamy fluid in the trachea and bronchi, gastritis, conjunctivitis, keratitis and other changes were detected. At the same time, an accumulation of foamy exudate from pieces of fibrin in the bronchi and trachea, an increase in bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes, hemorrhages on the pericardium, endocardium, catarrhal and hemorrhagic inflammation of the rennet and conjunctiva of the eye were detected in the bronchi and trachea. The diagnosis was carried out comprehensively, taking into account bacteriological studies. The pathogenic species Mannheimia haemolytica was isolated from the pathomaterial of sick and dead sheep and goats. Primers were obtained in the laboratory to identify the genome of the pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica in farm animals (small cattle) during PCR diagnostics.

Properties of Pasteurella multocida isolated from animals during the seasonal migration of saigas.

The paper describes data from the study of cultural, morphological, and biochemical properties and the pathogenicity and virulence of epizootic isolates of Pasteurella multocida obtained from cattle and saigas. The study aimed to investigate the properties of P. multocida isolated from saigas and cattle during their seasonal migration, with a focus on its role in the epizootic process and potential transmission to farm animals. The research was conducted in a laboratory setting at the West Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University. White mice, saigas, and cattle were examined, and pathological and bacteriological analyses were performed on tissues and secretions. Pathogenicity, virulence, and toxigenicity of the isolated Pasteurella cultures were determined through biological tests on white mice. The morphological, cultural, and biochemical properties of the isolates were studied using standard microbiological methods. The study found that P. multocida isolates from both saigas and cattle exhibited high pathogenicity and virulence when tested on white mice. The isolates from sick and dead animals displayed 65.3 and 83.3% pathogenicity, respectively. The isolates were toxic to white mice, with filtrate dilutions showing 100% toxigenicity. Comparative analysis showed morphological and cultural similarities between Pasteurella isolates from saigas and cattle, confirming their identity. This research demonstrates that P. multocida, isolated from both saigas and cattle, contributes to the epizootic process and poses a threat to farm animals. Saigas, in particular, play a role in disease transmission during seasonal migrations. Understanding the ecological interactions between wild and farm animals is crucial for implementing preventive measures to control the spread of infectious diseases, emphasizing the need for comprehensive monitoring and intervention strategies.

Relationship between nutritional condition and causes of death in beluga whales Delphinapterus leucas from the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec, Canada.

Carcasses of endangered beluga whales Delphinapterus leucas from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada, have been examined consistently since 1983 to determine causes of death. The objective of this study is to compare the nutritional condition of belugas that died of different causes. Previously published categories of death were refined to discriminate acute from chronic pathological processes. Bayesian linear models were used to predict cause of death from the scaled mass index (SMI). Causes of death were as follows: 'bacterial diseases', 'verminous pneumonia', 'toxoplasmosis', 'other parasitic diseases', 'other infectious diseases', 'trauma-entrapment', 'other noninfectious diseases', 'dystocia-postpartum complications', 'neonatal mortality', 'cancer', 'primary starvation' and 'undetermined'. The models predicted a lower nutritional condition for the 'neonatal mortality' in belugas <290 cm in length and for 'primary starvation' and 'verminous pneumonia' categories for belugas ≥290 cm. Belugas that died from 'dystocia-postpartum complications' or from 'undetermined causes' had a higher-than-average SMI. Animals in the 'trauma-entrapment' category did not exhibit the highest nutritional condition, which was unexpected since individuals that died from trauma or entrapment are often used as references for optimal nutritional condition in other cetacean populations. Females that died from dystocia and postpartum complications were in similar nutritional condition as females dead from other causes during, or shortly after, pregnancy. This suggests that these females are not obese, ruling out a possible cause of dystocia. Although studying dead animals biases results toward low nutritional condition, our findings support the link between chronic pathological processes and poorer nutritional condition in belugas.

Emergence of clinically suspected listeriosis in goats: a sporadic outbreak in Jaffna district, Sri Lanka

Listeriosis is an infectious disease affecting ruminants and a serious foodborne illness in humans. Index cases with neurological signs suspected of Listeriosis were reported from ten Veterinary ranges of Jaffna District in August 2021. Field investigation with 937 animals from 262 farms revealed the characteristic clinical manifestations of the disease. The brain samples of dead animals were subjected to microbiological and histopathological analysis and confirmed as Listeriosis. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed using disc diffusion method and amoxicillin, tetracycline, enrofloxacin and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole were found to be sensitive to the isolates of suspected Listeria monocytogenes.The outbreak affected the goats regardless of breed and sex with a high incidence in goats of 1-3 years of age. Encephalitic form of Listeriosis was primarily observed with a high case fatality rate (77.8%). The mortality rate was high (84%) in adult goats and a low recovery rate (22.22%) was recorded in the overall population despite the routine therapeutic interventions. However, preventive measures adapted to control the outbreak within and outside the district were a success. This is the first report of the emergence of a Listeriosis outbreak in Jaffna District and it highlights the need to initiate preventive strategies for the future occurrence of Listeriosis as it is a possible threat to public health.

The Caste System in India

The main objective of this research paper is to acquire an efficient understanding of the caste system in India. The caste system comprises of castes, which are known as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. These are grouped on the basis of the occupations that they carry out. The concept of untouchability is practiced in all communities throughout the country. The untouchables are engaged in different occupations, such as, removing the carcasses of dead animals and birds, cleaning the sewers, and so forth. These are considered to be impure occupations, which enable the upper castes to remain at a distance from untouchables. The upper castes form the viewpoint that their status would get polluted, hence, they maintained social distancing. The concepts of purity and pollution are practiced on the basis of the occupations in which they are engaged in. The individuals, belonging to all castes have one of the primary goals of promoting enrichment of their overall standards of living. Hence, they are wholeheartedly committed towards putting into operation their job duties in a well-organized manner and generating desired outcomes. Individuals put emphasis on inculcating the traits of morality, ethics, diligence and conscientiousness. Therefore, it is well-understood, all castes are focused on promoting community well-being. The main concepts that are taken into account in this research paper are, understanding the caste system in India, characteristics of caste system, and advantages and disadvantages of the caste system.

Passage of spores of the dung moss Tayloria callophylla (Splachnaceae) through an avian digestive tract—a novel mode of dispersal?

The dispersal of reproductive material plays a key role in the ecology of plants. Dung mosses (Splachnaceae), have evolved to utilise insects to disperse spores to habitat sites consisting of dung or dead animals—a marked departure from the wind based spore dispersal seen in other mosses. However, adapting to insect dispersal likely precludes long distance airborne dispersal, and limits dispersal events to the movements of the spore bearing insect. However, there are several disjunct populations of these mosses, incompatible with insect dispersal, raising questions over the manner of their origin. Hypotheses put forward include the dispersal of the mosses to these sites by birds. Here, the possibility that insectivorous birds could internally transport spores is explored by feeding insects bearing spores to captive myna birds. We tested if the spores of the New Zealand dung moss, Tayloria callophylla, can survive gut passage. Ultimately 9 of 10 dung samples produced viable moss colonies after a period of 30 days, demonstrating the survival of the spores through an avian digestive tract. Our results provide evidence for a unique model of dispersal in dung mosses, where a spore bearing insect is eaten by a bird that eats insects transports the spores in its gut over a much greater distance than otherwise likely with the insect alone.

The first lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle in Kazakhstan

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging trans-boundary viral disease of cattle originating from the African continent. Here, we describe the first LSD outbreak reported in the Republic of Kazakhstan in July 2016, as well as associated clinical manifestations of the disease, diagnostic methods, and control measures taken to combat further spread of the pathogen. To determine the cause of the disease, samples were taken from sick and dead animals, as well as from insects and ticks. LSDV DNA was detected by PCR in all samples from dead animals and ticks (Dermacentor marginatus and Hyalomma asiaticum), in 14.29% of samples from horseflies (Tabanus bromius), and in one of the samples from two Stomoxys calcitrans flies. The reproductive LSD virus was isolated from organs of dead cattle and insects in the culture of LT and MDBK cells. The virus accumulated in cell cultures of LT and MDBK at the level of the third passage with titers in the range of 5.5–5.75 log 10 TCID50/cm3.During the outbreak, the number of affected cattle within an epidemiological unit reached 459 cattle out of 3557 registered susceptible cattle, with 12.90% morbidity and 0.96% mortality. This manuscript presents the epidemiological situation; the diagnosis; the control measures, including mass vaccination; and the stamping out campaign.

Penyuluhan Pupuk Organik Untuk Meningkatkan Kesuburan Tanah Guna Mencapai Kemakmuran di Desa Pandankrajan Kecamatan Kemlagi

Organic fertiliser is fertiliser derived from dead plants, animal manure or animal parts and organic waste that has gone through an engineering process, in the form of solid or liquid, rich in mineral and microbial materials, useful for increasing soil nutrient content and improving physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Increase soil nutrient content and improve soil physical, chemical, biological properties. Organic fertilisers undergo a phase of decomposition by soil microorganisms so that the nutrients are absorbed by plants and the rest becomes humus. Its use provides long-term benefits, including forming ions and nutrients that are easily absorbed by plant roots, releasing soil nutrients slowly and sustainably so as to help prevent nutrient supply explosions that cause plant poisoning, helping to maintain soil moisture, reducing soil structure pressure on plant roots, increasing the stability of soil particle composition so as to facilitate the movement of water and air particles in the soil, facilitating the activity of good microorganisms, and increasing root and seed growth. This community service programme in Pandankrajan Village has demonstrated strategies to increase the selling value of agricultural production, which will benefit farmers by increasing their income.

Comparative analysis of the effect of Reamberin and Methadoxyl on the course of acute severe ethanol poisoning

Introduction. One of the ways to improve the quality of intensive therapy in severe forms of acute alcohol poisoning is the inclusion in the complex of measures of means capable of reducing the manifestations of oxidative stress. The aim of the work was a comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of drugs Reamberin and Methadoxyl in acute severe ethanol poisoning on rats. Materials and methods. Acute severe alcohol poisoning was modeled in Wistar rats by 40 % ethanol solution at a dose 8,6 g/kg. The studied drugs were administered infusively in the volume of 20 ml/kg for 60 min at an average rate of 0.33 ml/min/kg. The comparative efficacy of infusion therapy was evaluated according to the severity of coma and its duration. Results. Ethanol caused coma of different severity in animals. At the end of infusion therapy, the death of some animals was observed. The life expectancy of dead animals receiving Reamberin was 4 times higher than that of animals of the control group and animals receiving Metadoxyl. The most significant decrease in the severity of coma and its duration was observed in rats receiving Reamberin. Minimal differences in the frequency of respiratory movements from the background at the end of infusion occurred in the same animals. Discussion Established in acute ethanol poisoning the presence of supportive therapy with Reamberin of neurological status and external respiratory function during infusion is a justification for the inclusion of the drug in the complex of intensive care in this critical condition. Conclusions. It was experimentally shown that Reamberin, unlike Methadoxyl, significantly reduced the severity of alcohol coma at the end of infusion administration. Reamberin increased the life expectancy of dead animals compared to the control and rats receiving Methadoxyl, and also caused minimal differences in respiratory rate relative to the background at the end of infusion, which had the character of a trend. Reamberin demonstrated greater efficacy with respect to the course of acute severe ethanol poisoning than Methadoxyl.

ECONOMIC LOSSES FROM THE DISRUPTION OF THE TOURIST SEASON IN THE VILLAGE OF SICHAVKA OF THE LYMAN (COMINTERNIV) DISTRICT

The Ukrainian economy and the tourism sector are experiencing the biggest crisis in recent decades. Inbound tourism practically ceased to exist. Due to the war between Russia and Ukraine, the holiday season was not opened this year either on the Sea of Azov or the Black Sea. The war destroyed the holiday season by 90%. A large part of the sea coast is occupied by the enemy, and in places where there is access to the sea, the risk of shelling and mines remains. Odesa regional military administration and Odesa city hall decided not to open sea beaches - due to mine danger. The mining of the Black Sea is a huge problem for both people and the environment, now there are several hundred mines in the water area - up to six hundred and some of them are Ukrainian, stolen in Sevastopol by the Russians back in 2014 after the occupation of Crimea. Travel companies in Ukraine almost completely stopped business on February 24. Air flights stopped and hotels accepted displaced people. The tourism industry, which, according to the State Statistics Service, brought 3% of GDP to the budget of Ukraine, and according to expert estimates, up to 7%, has suffered almost the biggest losses since the beginning of the war. In addition to the absence of vacationers, losses are also caused by enemy ammunition. Russian mines hit the shores of the sea, detonating and damaging first-line recreation centers, cafes and bars. In May of this year, it was planned to allow tourists to sunbathe on some beaches and began actively offering accommodation services. However, at dawn on June 6, it became known about the partial destruction of the Kakhovskaya HPP dam The destruction of the dam led to a huge ecological disaster. As a result of the detonation, a huge area was flooded - tons of dirt, poisonous substances along with the ruins of buildings and thousands of dead animals were carried into the Black Sea. Tourists who came to the sea a few days before the explosion of the Kakhovskaya HPP witnessed frogs jumping out of the sea, wild ducks swimming, trees and driftwood. Here and there there were islands of reeds on the shore. There were green spots on the surface of the water. After what they saw, vacationers began to cancel hotel reservations en masse and returned home. At the same time, losses to the hotel business amounted to hundreds of thousands of hryvnias. Between the cities of Yuzhne and Koblevо, there are 29 tourist accommodation facilities. These are collective accommodation facilities located in the recreation area of the village. Sychivka, each of which can accommodate 200 people on average. Sychavka is a village in the Lymanskyi (Cominternivskyi) district of the Odesa region, which is located on the shore of the Black Sea. The main advantages of recreation in Sychavka are the proximity of the Black Sea, a sandy beach strip, a gentle descent into the sea convenient for children, and the complete absence of industrial enterprises. There are no five-star hotels in Sychavka, but there are several recreation centers right on the shore of the Black Sea. If desired, vacationers can rent rooms in detached houses or cottages. According to preliminary estimates, the economic losses from the disruption of the tourist season in this area amount to approximately 300,000,000 hryvnias.

Suspected human anthrax outbreak investigation in a tribal village of Koraput, India, 2021

AbstractBackgroundOdisha is a state in India endemic to anthrax disease with frequent reports of suspected animal cases. A suspected outbreak of anthrax in humans was reported on 24 October 2021 at Tukum village in Koraput district of Odisha, India after a bullock was found dead and consumed by the locals on 17 October 2021.MethodsThis extended outbreak investigation was carried out through house‐to‐house active surveillance from 24 October to 2 November 2021 in the Koraput district. Eschar skin swabs from wounds were collected and processed at District Public Health Laboratory, Koraput, and analyzed in Indian Council of Medical Research‐Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar for molecular confirmation. Samples from bone, soil, and dried meat were collected from the contaminated sites and were transported to Animal Diseases Research Institute, Cuttack for confirmation.ResultsFour suspected cases of human anthrax were identified who had handled and consumed dead bullock meat, among which one human had died later. The attack rate of the persons at risk in the village was calculated to be 1.23%. However, no Bacillus anthracis were identified in human swab samples when tested in real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Samples collected from contaminated sites were confirmed to have anthrax bacilli.ConclusionInvestigation revealed that a suspected anthrax cluster outbreak was due to butchering/de‐skinning and consumption of the anthrax‐infected dead animal. The presence of bacilli in human samples could not be confirmed due to the intake of antibiotics before the collection of sample. This finding highlighted the importance of sample collection at a suitable time and a possible need for one health approach for better coordination among the different responsible departments.

Macromolecular Size and Architecture of Humic Substances Used in the Dyes’ Adsorptive Removal from Water and Soil

Humic substances are naturally occurring materials composed of complex biogenic mixtures of substituted aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon core materials derived from the degradation and decomposition of dead plant and animal matter. They are ubiquitous in both terrestrial and aquatic systems constituting biotic pools and are characterized by unique properties; they are amphiphilic redox compounds with exceptional chelating features. Humic substances play a crucial role in both agriculture and the environment as carbon sequestrators, soil improvers, plant health promoters, as well as stabilizers of soil aggregates and regulators of organic/inorganic nutrients bioavailability. This review article attempts to summarize current knowledge about the molecular nature and characterization techniques employed for the study of humic substances worldwide as the chemistry of their components differs markedly and depends on natural processes, several abiotic and biotic factors, the origin of the organic matter, and their complexation with inorganic, e.g., metal-ion, compounds. This work is equally concerned with the association of humic substances with dyes, a notorious pollutant, responsible for various environmental issues generally arising from the discharge of untreated effluents into soils and water bodies. Azo dyes, in particular, negatively affect soil microbial communities, as well as plant germination and growth. The aim is to feature the potential contribution of humic substances as novel materials for environment-friendly and sustainable processes.