ΔE Values Research Articles

Effect of different initial processing treatments on commercial characters and chemical components of Fritillaria taipaiensis

To investigate the effects of different initial processing methods on the quality of Fritillaria taipaiensis, this study explored the effects of anti-browning treatment, drying methods, and drying temperatures on the commercial characters, chromaticity values, and alkaloid and nucleoside components of Fritillariae Taipaiensis Bulbus. The results were comprehensively evaluated through correlation analysis(CA), principal component analysis(PCA), and hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA). Compared with those of the direct drying group(WD60), the chromaticity values(ΔE*) of the groups with scraped outer skin( FHB1) and mixed lime powder treatments(FHB2) were significantly reduced, indicating the inhibition of the browning process. The total alkaloid content of the group with mixed raw soil treatment(FHB3) and the FHB2 group showed no significant change, whereas that of the group with 5%Na Cl O solution rinse treatment(FHB4) was the lowest. Compared with air-blast dried(WD50) samples, the ΔE* values of freezedried(FS6) and vacuum-dried(FS5) samples were significantly decreased, with an increase in total alkaloid contents. Conversely,the ΔE* values of shade-dried(FS1) and sun-dried(FS2) samples were significantly increased, with severe browning and low total alkaloid contents. The total alkaloid contents of heat-pump-dried(FS4) samples showed no significant change, and their ΔE* value was significantly decreased, with a light degree of browning and favorable commercial characters. The total alkaloid content of air-blast dried samples initially increased and then decreased within the range of 40-80 ℃, and the highest content was recorded at 70 ℃. The ΔE* values of high-temperature air-blast dried samples(70-80 ℃) were smaller with a light degree of browning, whereas their texture was compact and lacked powder. CA revealed a significant relationship between the uracil content and chromaticity value of the samples(P< 0. 05). The clustering relationships among samples subjected to different treatments were visualized via PCA and HCA. The results showed that FHB2 and air-blast drying(50-60 ℃) were more suitable for large-scale production, and heat pump drying could be a promising direction for future development. This study provides a scientific basis for optimizing the initial processing methods of Fritillaria taipaiensis.

Effect of Polymer Infiltered Ceramic Surface Treatment Using Photoactivated Low-Level Laser Therapy, CO2 Laser, and Aluminum Oxide on Surface Roughness, Shear Bond Strength, and Color Change: An In vitro SEM EDX Analysis

Contemporary surface conditioners (Sandblasting (SB), Self-etching ceramic primer (SECP), low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in conjunction with methylene blue photosensitizer (MBPS), Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser on the color change (ΔE), surface roughness (Ra) and bond strength of hybrid ceramic (HC) to resin cement. Hundred discs were prepared from HC which were surface treated (n = 15) Group 1: HFA(S), Group 2: SB, Group 3: SECP, Group 4: LLLT (MBPS), Group 5: CO2 laser. After surface conditioning, five samples from each group underwent ΔE and Ra analysis using a spectrophotometer and Profilometer respectively. Fifty specimens were applied with dual-cure resin luting cement. Specimens were thermocycled and underwent SBS and failure mode analysis using UTM and stereomicroscope. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of ΔE, Ra, and SBS were calculated using ANOVA. Intergroup comparisons were made using post hoc Tukey multiple comparisons. A maximum score of ΔE was observed in Group 5 samples (CO2 laser+HC). The minimum value of ΔE was displayed by Group 3 (SECP+HC) specimens. Group 2 (SB+HC) treated specimens that exhibited the highest Ra scores and SBS. Sandblasting and carbon dioxide laser-treated samples presented satisfactory outcomes of surface roughness and bond strength. However, Sandblasting and carbon dioxide laser groups presented significant changes in the color of the specimens.

Effect of Calcium Hydroxide and Antioxidant Agents Filling the Pulp Chamber after Internal Bleaching.

To evaluate the effect of calcium hydroxide (CH), sodium ascorbate (SA) and sodium thiosulfate (ST) filling the pulp chamber on color stability and longevity of teeth after internal bleaching. Crowns of bovine incisors were submitted to internal bleaching and divided into groups according the material used in the pulp chamber: Control, CH, SA, ST. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to the time to perform restorative procedures (7 or 15 days). Color measurement was performed with a spectrophotometer at nine periods. The darkening (ΔE) values were calculated. The Mann-Whitney test was used to statistically analyze the data (p ⟨ 0.05). After bleaching, ΔE values were higher than 3.5, showing that the procedure was effective. After 24 hours, no difference was observed between groups. After 7 days, SA showed higher ΔE than the control group (p ⟨ 0.05). CH and TS did not differ from the control group. In restorations performed after 7/15 days, SA group showed higher values of darkening after 1 and 4 months than the control group (p ⟨ 0.05). SA induced perceptible darkening after bleaching and should not be used to fill the pulp chamber. ST and CH show color stability and longevity after 12 months.

Development of Glaze Compositions to Increase the Durability of Decorative Paints Used in Glazed Porcelain

Colorful paint works are carried out to highlight the visuality of ornamental and tableware products, such as cups and plates. As these products come into contact with detergents, food products or grime, erosion and abrasion occur in paint and patterns over time. In this study, transparent glaze compositions that can be applied on patterned products have been developed in order to minimize wear and damage to the paint on ornamental and tableware products such as porcelain cups and plates. It is aimed to have a compatibility with the glaze layer and the porcelain body, to have high transparency and brightness. Different glaze compositions have been implemented to porcelain wares containing precious metallic paints. Then the glazed products were coducted to final firing between 870˚C-900˚C. Colours values of porcelain wares were determined with L-a-b spectrophotometer colours measurment devices and ΔE values was found to be lower than 0.50. Erosion and abrasion resistance were determined by staining test and washing test. According the results, the mass loss values are in the range of 2.7-3.4 mg (24h washing) and 7.9-8.3 mg (168 h washing). The morphology of the samples and the analysis of the phases formed during sintering were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and scanning electron miscroscopy (SEM and EDX). Quartz-SiO2 and Albite-Na (AlSi3O8) phases were observed in the structure of the glazes. The results showed that glaze compositions with high transparency and wear resistance can be obtained with only 30% frit content.

Evaluating the efficiency of two different over-the-counter tooth whitening systems: a randomised controlled clinical trial

ObjectivesTo compare whitening efficiency and tooth sensitivity (TS) of two different over the counter (OTC) whitening systems in comparison to conventional at-home bleaching using 20% carbamide peroxide.Materials and methodsA randomised controlled clinical trial was conducted with three parallel groups (n = 13): (A) at-home whitening using 20% carbamide peroxide (20% CP), (B) OTC ready-to-use gel trays and (C) OTC-paint on gel. Clinical colour change values (ΔE) were measured using spectrophotometry at T0: baseline, T1: 7-day and T2: 14-day from whitening start, T3: 2 weeks and T4: 6 months after whitening end. TS was recorded using a visual analogue scale (VAS). ΔE and TS values were statistically analysed. The level of significance for all tests was 5%.ResultsSignificant differences in ∆E values were recorded between the experimental groups. ∆E values were significantly higher in the 20% CP conventional at-home whitening group. TS measurements were significantly higher in the 20% CP whitening group (p < 0.05).ConclusionConventional at-home whitening revealed significantly improved colour change when compared to the OTC-paint on gel and OTC ready-to-use gel tray whitening systems. There was a significant colour relapse in OTC systems.Clinical relevanceThe use of tested OTC systems is not recommended as they are not effective in a clear and prolonged improved shade change. Conventional at-home whitening using 20% CP showed higher whitening efficiency and colour stability. This trial was registered with a International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN23096480), Registration date: 12/04/2023.

Thermal-responsive β-cyclodextrin-based magnetic hydrogel as a de novo nanomedicine for chemo/hyperthermia treatment of cancerous cells

A novel thermal-responsive β-cyclodextrin-based magnetic hydrogel [β-cyclodextrin-graft-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/Fe3O4 (β-CD-g-PNIPAAm/Fe3O4)] was fabricated as a novel nanomedicine for chemo/hyperthermia treatment of cancer cells. Firstly, β-CD was modified by maleic anhydride (MA) followed by copolymerization with NIPAAm monomer and thiol-end capped Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) in the presence of a crosslinker through acrylamide–thiol polymerization system to afford a magnetic hydrogel. The saturation magnetization (δs) value for developed hydrogel was determined to be 8.2 emu g−1. The hydrogel was physically loaded with an anticancer agent, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox). The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of drug into the hydrogel was obtained as 73 %. The system represented acceptable thermal-triggered drug release behavior that best fitted with Higuchi model, demonstrating the release of drug is mostly controlled by diffusion mechanism. The anticancer performance of the β-CD-g-PNIPAAm/Fe3O4-Dox was evaluated using MCF7 cells by MTT-assay. In addition, flow cytometry analyses showed considerable cellular uptake of Dox in the cells treated with β-CD-g-PNIPAAm/Fe3O4-Dox (∼70 %) compared to free Dox (∼28 %). As results, in time period of 48 h by combination of chemo- and hyperthermia-therapies, the developed system displayed greater anticancer efficiency than the free Dox.

Impact of smoking on resin bonded restorations: A narrative review.

Smoking is a common risk factor for multiple diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases, and different cancers. It is an established cause of multiple oral health conditions, in addition to adversely impairing the appearance of oral tissues. Smoking has also been identified to impact dental restorations' functional and esthetic aspects. This narrative review is focused on the significance of the esthetic consequences of smoking on resin-based dental restoration. It provides an understanding of the challenges dental professionals and patients face. A literature search was conducted to identify studies on the impact of smoking exposure on the esthetic appearance of composite restorations. The inclusion criteria were met by five studies selected for analysis. The studies revealed that conventional cigarettes cause more noticeable color changes than electronic cigarettes. Additionally, the choice of composite material significantly influences the color stability of dental restorations. Exposure to both smoking and staining agents could worsen the color alterations in dental restorations. Smokers may benefit from dental ceramics, which offer better aesthetics. Quantitative insights into these effects can be gained by incorporating delta E (ΔE) values and fluorescence intensity in esthetic evaluations. The studies provide valuable insights into the multiple factors that can impact the aesthetics of dental restorations. Dental professionals should take into account the smoking type, composite material, and patient habits when planning treatments. Utilizing ΔE values and fluorescence intensity in esthetic evaluations can provide a more comprehensive understanding. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies, alternative materials, and individual patient profiles.

Thermomechanical and physicochemical evolution of meat‐analogue based fried foods

SummaryThis study aimed to get mechanistic insights on the evolution of major quality attributes of meat‐analogue (MA) based batter‐coated fried products. Wheat and rice flour‐based batter systems were used to coat a MA. The products were deep‐fried at 180°C for 4 min in canola oil and their post‐fry quality changes at room environment (RE, 25°C) and under IR‐heating (65 °C) were investigated. Results showed that in addition to moisture‐fat profile, batter coating substantially (P &lt; 0.05) influenced the development of thermal, textural, colour and microstructural traits of MA. Post‐fry colour changes (ΔE value: 3.1 to 10.4) in MA‐based coated product continued under IR‐heating (65 °C). Evolution of the thermal, textural and colour attributes of MA‐based coated products were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) influenced by the formulation of outer batter coatings. Moisture migration occurred from high moisture (ranged from 1.07 to 1.25 g g−1 dry matter) containing core to dry (moisture ranged from 0.15 to 0.59 g g−1 dry matter) crust region of MA‐based coated fried product, where the moisture migration was interlaced with batter formulations. Holding environment and duration substantially (P &lt; 0.05) impacted the textural properties (hardness, brittleness and crispiness) of MA‐based coated fried product. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of coated fried products were ranged between −20.4 to −23.0 °C, that explains quality changes at RE and under IR‐heating. Scanning electron microscopic image analysis (surface openings: 5.7 to 27.31%; fractal dimension: 2.555 to 2.702) revealed the impact of surface microstructure and mass‐transfer modulated textural development in MA‐based coated products. FTIR spectroscopy revealed surface chemical profile in relation to colour evolution of MA‐based fried products. Principal component analysis outcome (PC1: 52.9.% and PC2: 25.8%) revealed varying extent of correlation between studied thermomechanical and physicochemical attributes.

Replacement of alkaline phosphate with flaxseed cake and its impact on mortadella's technological, oxidative, microbiological, and sensory aspects

SummaryThis study explored the replacement of alkaline phosphate (AP) with flaxseed cake (FC) in mortadella, assessing the impact on technological, oxidative, microbiological, and sensory properties. The inclusion of FC proved promising in maintaining emulsion stability, cooking loss, and water‐holding capacity and did not significantly affect colour characteristics, as indicated by the ΔE values (&lt;5). Sensory analysis validated the substitution, highlighting the absence of a sandy texture sensation and FC's ability to suppress sensory defects caused by the removal of AP. However, adding FC decreased texture parameters such as hardness and cohesiveness, which can be leveraged in formulating products for specific niches, like older adults. Adding FC did not favour mesophilic aerobic and lactic acid bacteria growth. Nevertheless, the TBARS values of the mortadellas with FC increased (peaking at 0.5 mg MDA kg−1), but the sensory detection limit was not reached even at the end of storage.

Colorimetric indicator films based on carboxymethyl cellulose and anthocyanins as a visual indicator for shrimp freshness tracking

This study aimed to evaluate the response efficiency of colorimetric indicator films based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) incorporated with different anthocyanins [Karanda alone (CMC/AK), butterfly pea alone (CMC/AB), and a mixture of anthocyanins from Karanda and butterfly pea (CMC/AK75/AB25)] for tracking shrimp freshness during storage at different temperatures and times (4 °C for 8 days and 25 °C for 30 h). The mathematical models were also applied to predict their freshness and shelf life. The CMC/AK75/AB25 indicator film was the most sensitive and clearly changed color, which could be distinguished by the naked eye. Color changes indicated the shrimp deterioration processes: dark purple (fresh), purplish gray or gray (semi-fresh), and olive green or brown (spoilage). During shrimp storage at temperatures of 4 and 25 °C, the pH reached 7.52 and 8.14, TVB-N 35.98 and 72.72 mg/100 g, and TVC 5.75 and 7.88 log CFU/g, respectively, indicating shrimp had completely deteriorated. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the ΔE value of the indicator film and both TVB-N and TVC. These findings suggest that the CMC/AK75/AB25 indicator film could serve as a real-time visual indicator for tracking shrimp freshness and could enhance the guarantee of shrimp safety.

Evaluation of the effects of different photosensitizers used in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on tooth discoloration: spectrophotometric analysis.

Tooth discoloration is a common concern in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using various photosensitizers (PS). Toluidine Blue (TB), Methylene Blue (MB), Phthalocyanine (Pc), and 2-mercaptopyridine-substituted zinc phthalocyanine (TM-ZnPc) are among those studied, but their relative impacts on tooth discoloration remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the effects of TB, MB, Pc, and TM-ZnPc in aPDT on tooth discoloration, utilizing a controlled experimental setup. The study comprised seventy-five single-rooted incisors with root canals. Following meticulous preparation, a standardized area on the crown surface was designated for examination, and precise measurements of the initial tooth colors were recorded. Samples were randomly divided into five groups: Negative control, MB, TM, Pc, and TM-ZnPc. Photoactivation was performed using LED light, and color measurements were taken at multiple time points up to 90 days. Data were converted to Lab* color values of the CIE Lab* color system (International Commission on Illumination, Vienna, Austria), and ΔE values were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using Two-way ANOVA and Post-Hoc Tukey tests (p < 0.05). At day 7 and 30, TM-ZnPc and Pc caused less discoloration compared to MB and TB. TM-ZnPc caused more tooth discoloration compared to Pc (p < 0.05). Compared to baseline, MB and TM-ZnPc caused more tooth discoloration at 30 days and TB caused more tooth discoloration at 90 days (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in terms of tooth discoloration at all periods evaluated after Pc application (p > 0.05). All photosensitizers tested in the study caused tooth coloration. All PS induced clinically detectable tooth discoloration, with TB and MB causing more significant discoloration compared to Pc and TM-ZnPc at certain time points. TM-ZnPc and Pc demonstrated more stable coloration levels over time, suggesting their potential reliability in aPDT applications. This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate PS to minimize tooth discoloration in aPDT, with Pc showing promise in this regard.

Ion-Exchange Resin/Carrageenan-Copper-Based Nanocomposite: Artificial Neural Network, Advanced Thermodynamic Profiling, and Anticoagulant Studies.

Carrageenan (CG) and ion exchange resins (IERs) are better metal chelators. Kappa (κ) CG and IERs were synthesized and subjected to copper ion (Cu2+) adsorption to obtain DMSCH/κ-Cu, DC20H/κ-Cu, and IRP69H/κ-Cu nanocomposites (NCs). The NCs were studied using statistical physics formalism (SPF) at 315-375 K and a multilayer perceptron with five input nodes. The percentage of Cu2+ uptake efficiency was used as an outcome variable. Via the grand canonical ensemble, SPF gives models for both monolayer and multilayer sorption layers. For in vitro anticoagulant activity (ACA), the activated partial thromboplastin time were calculated using 100 μL of rabbit plasma incubated at 37 °C. After 2 min, 100 L of 0.025 M CaCl2 was added, and the clotting time was recorded for each group (n = 6). The results demonstrated that the key covariables for the adsorption process were pH and concentration. The results of artificial neural network models were comparable with the experimental findings. The error rates varied between 4.3 and 1.0%. The prediction analysis results ranged from 43.6 to 89.2. The ΔG and ΔS values for IRP69H/κ-Cu obtained were -18.91 and -16.32 and 26.21 and 22.74 kJ/mol for the temperatures 315 and 345 K, respectively. Adsorbate species were perpendicular to the adsorbent surfaces, notwithstanding the apparent importance of macro- and micropore volumes. These adsorbents typically fluctuate with temperature changes and contain one or more layers of sorption. Negative and positive sorption energies correspond to endothermic and exothermic processes. The biosorption energy (E1 and E2) values in this experiment have a value of less than 23 kJ mol-1. Complex SPF models' energy distributions validate surface properties and interactions with adsorbates. At a concentration of 100 μg/mL, DC20H/κ-Cu2+ exhibited an ACA of only 8 s. These NCs demonstrated better greater ACA with the order DC20H/κ < DMSCH/κ < IRP69H/κ. More research is needed to rule out the chemical processes behind the ACA of CG/IER-Cu NCs.

Biosorption of Methyl Orange Dye in Single, Binary and Ternary System onto Gingerbread Plum Seed Shell Activated Carbon

The research investigated the potential of gingerbread plum seed shell activated to function as a biosorbent for eliminating methyl orange (MO) dye from water in various dye combinations, including single, binary, and ternary systems alongside methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) dyes. The characteristics of the adsorbent were analyzed through techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and pH point of zero charges. Batch adsorption tests were conducted to examine the adsorption processes' equilibrium behaviors, thermodynamics, and kinetics. The collected data were subjected to different isotherm and kinetics equations. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model provided the best fit for all the sorption systems, irrespective of composition differences, with higher rate constants observed for binary MO+MB= 0.031 g/mg/min system and lower for binary MO+CR= 0.028 g/mg/min and ternary MO+MB+CR= 0.029 g/mg/min systems compared to the single system MO= 0.030 g/mg/min. The maximum monolayer capacity of the adsorbent for methyl orange demonstrated synergistic interaction with the presence of methylene blue and antagonistic interaction with the presence of Congo red dye. The findings indicated that the adsorption processes varied based on the system's composition; they were all spontaneous (with Δ𝐺 values ranging from -1.146 to -10.415 kJ/mol) and exothermic (with Δ𝐻 values between -17.94 and -54.63 kJ/mol). Additionally, randomness decreased, as reflected by Δ𝑆 values of -054.43 and -382.62 J/K for the entire process.

Color stability of CAD-CAM hybrid ceramic materials following immersion in artificial saliva and wine.

To examine the color stability of 3D-printed and milled, interim, and definitive, restorative materials after immersion in artificial saliva and wine for 1, 3, and 6 months. The study used a 2 × 5 factorial design with 10 subgroups, including 2 immersion liquids (artificial saliva and wine) and 5 manufacturing technology and restorative material combinations (n = 10). Color measurements were taken using a contact-type digital spectrophotometer (CM-2600d Spectrophotometer; Konica Minolta Healthcare Americas Inc) before immersion and at 1 month (T1), 3 months (T3), and 6 months (T6) after immersion. The CIE2000 system was used to calculate quantitative measurements of color differences in ΔE00, and comparisons were made to the acceptability threshold (AT) and perceptibility threshold (PT). Repeated measures of ANOVA (α = 0.05) were used to compare differences in color changes between manufacturing technology/restorative material-immersion liquid combinations at T1, T3, and T6. To compare the effect of immersion liquid and time on the manufacturing technology/restorative material groups, the ΔE00 values were compared to the PT of 0.8 and the AT of 1.8. Wine caused significant color changes in ΔE00 values beyond the PT and AT values in all groups at all time intervals, except for the AT value of milled definitive crowns (hybrid nano-ceramic material). Wine immersion caused significant ΔE00 for all manufacturing technology/restorative material groups at all time intervals (1 month, 3 months, and 6 months) when compared to artificial saliva immersion (all p < 0.001). Upon exposure to artificial saliva, 80%-100% of samples from all groups remained within the acceptable and perceptible color change thresholds. The wine had significant chromogenic effects on all tested restorative materials, however, the milled definitive crowns (hybrid nano-ceramic material) showed the greatest color stability. For patients with heavy wine consumption, 3D-printed definitive crowns (hybrid ceramic-filled material) may show discoloration exceeding acceptable and perceptible color change limits.

A comparative and experimental study to evaluate the use of nanocontainer solutions for removing polymeric coatingsfrom glass artifacts

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of nanocontainer solutions in removing deteriorated and aged polymers commonly used in coating and consolidating archaeological glass. Design/methodology/approach This study focused on characterizing glass surfaces coated with two commonly used polymeric materials in archaeological glass preservation. Furthermore, the study evaluates the elimination of these coatings from the surfaces by using innovative aqueous systems composed of micellar solutions (MS) and oil-in-water (O/W) Texapon-P microemulsions (TEX). Glass samples coated with selected polymers were subjected to thermal and photochemical aging to simulate natural degradation conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of nanocontainer aqueous systems compared to acetone (Ac), a conventional solvent commonly used for removal procedures. The characterization procedures involved transmission electron microscopy, USB digital microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, color alteration and gravimetric measurement. Findings The findings indicate that the effectiveness of novel techniques using aqueous nanocontainer systems is quite promising when considering a “green approach” to preserving cultural heritage. Microscopic examination demonstrated the efficacy of MS in effectively removing acrylic and vinyl polymers from the glass surface. Furthermore, TEX proved effective in removing polyvinyl acetate (PVA) over Paraloid B72 (B-72). In addition, the measurement of color alteration values revealed a decrease after using MS compared to the standard sample before applying the polymers, with values of ΔE = 1.48 and 1.82 for B-72 polymer and PVA, respectively. Originality/value This research provides nanocontainer solutions for removing aged polymers from the glass surface. This makes the current study a promising step for treating archaeological glass.

Quality Assessment of Loquat under Different Preservation Methods Based on Physicochemical Indicators, GC–MS and Intelligent Senses

To explore the effects of different preservation methods on the quality of loquat after fresh-keeping treatment, various preservation techniques were employed. These included natural preservation (NP), vacuum freezing preservation (VFP), vacuum at room temperature preservation (VP) and freezing preservation (FP). The quality assessment involved analyzing the effects of these preservation methods using physicochemical indexes, a colorimeter, an electronic nose (E-nose), an electronic tongue (E-tongue) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results showed minor differences in loquat quality under different preservation methods, with sensory scores ranging from 55 to 78 and ΔE values ranging from 11.92 to 18.59. Significant variations were observed in moisture content (ranging from 53.20 g/100 g to 87.20 g/100 g), calorie content (ranging from 42.55 Kcal/100 g to 87.30 Kcal/100 g), adhesion (ranging from 0.92 to 1.84 mJ) and hardness (ranging from 2.97 to 4.19 N) (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the free amino acid content varied from 22.47 mg/g to 65.42 mg/g. GC–MS analysis identified a total of 47 volatile flavor substances in varieties of loquats, including 13 aldehydes, 9 esters, 6 ketones, 2 acids, 3 alcohols, 2 phenols, 3 pyrazines, 1 furan and 8 other substances. The relative content of aldehydes was significantly higher than that of other chemicals. The VFP and FP samples exhibited higher aldehyde content compared to the NP and VP samples. Moreover, Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed 18 marked compounds that could differentiate between 5 loquat species. Analysis using E-nose and E-tongue indicated significant changes in the olfactory and gustatory senses of loquats following preservation. The VFP samples demonstrated the most effective preservation of loquat quality with minimal impact. This study provides some theoretical guidance for the home preservation of loquats.

Drying techniques for precooked hybrid rice to ensure quality of instantized rice

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesDue to the emergence of new hybrid rice cultivars, rice processors must refine their processing protocols to maintain the production of high‐quality products. This is crucial for the instant rice processing industry. Therefore, this study aims to refine current convective heated air‐drying processing methods to suit the new hybrid rice cultivars intended for instant rice production. New strategies to dry cooked rice were investigated. These included drying in a stepwise manner with high (230–200°C) and medium (190–160°C) air temperatures and drying at constant high (200°C) and medium (160°C) air temperatures. Changes in quality attributes of two new long‐grain (LG) hybrid rice cultivars (XL 753 and RT 7521 FP), including rehydration ratios, texture, color, and bulk density, were examined after using the modified drying strategies.FindingsThe percentage points of moisture removed were significantly affected by cultivar type, cooked rice drying air temperatures, and relative humidity (RH) (p &lt; .05). Additionally, the rehydration ratio of instantized rice was significantly influenced by the drying air temperature (p = .0361). The highest rehydration ratio (3.14) was observed for cultivar XL 753, which was dried at a constant air temperature of 160°C and 40% RH, whereas the lowest (2.77) was observed with the same cultivar when dried at a constant air temperature of 200°C and 40% RH. The bulk density and volume increase ratio were impacted by cultivar type (p &lt; .05), while drying air temperature and RH did not have significant effects on the volume increase ratio. Water activity values ranged from 0.53 to 0.56 for both cultivars and were influenced by drying air temperature, while color was affected by RH (p &lt; .05). Textural parameters (hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, and cohesiveness), except resilience and springiness, were significantly affected by cultivar type, while drying air temperature had significant impacts on all textural parameters.ConclusionsPrediction profiler for multi‐attribute optimization using a desirability function approach from JMP suggested the XL753 cultivar, an RH of 20%, and Stepwise High as the drying treatment. Under these settings, the predicted percent point of moisture content loss, rehydration ratio, ΔE value (color), bulk density, hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, and cohesiveness of the models were 36.75, 9.44, 0.33, 2.95 g/mL, 3941.60 g, −14.17 gs, 0.72, and 0.59, respectively. The study provides crucial information for guiding decisions on drying conditions for industrial processing of instantized rice that may yield the most desirable quality attributes. Different rice cultivars may have differences in the quality of instant rice; however, the drying treatment found to work best in this study should be valid for all rice cultivars.Significance of StudyThe study has provided crucial information on the possibility of modifying convective heated air‐drying methods to improve the quality attributes of instant rice made from new hybrid rice cultivars. Information generated from this study may be useful to guide decisions on drying conditions for industrial processing of instantized rice with premium quality.

Effect of curing mode of resin composite cements on water sorption, color stability, and biaxial flexural strength

ObjectivesTo determine whether water sorption and solubility of a recently introduced self-adhesive cement is comparable to two clinically tested resin composite cements after thermal aging, and if this is affected by the curing mode. Whether water sorption is correlated with color difference and biaxial flexural strength was also investigated. MethodsWater sorption and solubility of three resin composite cements {RelyX Universal (RUV), (Panavia V5 (PV5), Panavia SA plus (PSA)} were measured after thermal aging. Disk-shaped specimens were either light-cured or autopolymerized (n = 15 per group). Color difference ΔE00 and biaxial flexural strength were also obtained. ResultsSorption was highest for RUV (auto: 54.9 ± 9.0 µg/mm3, light: 49.7 ± 4.9 µg/mm3), followed by PSA (auto: 37.7 ± 1.4 µg/mm3, light: 34.5 ± 1.1 µg/mm3) and PV5 (auto: 21.7 ± 0.7 µg/mm3, light: 22.1 ± 0.4 µg/mm3). Light-curing reduced solubility values, particularly for RUV (from 60.7 ± 20.8 µg/mm3 to 6.4 ± 0.8 µg/mm3). Color differences of ΔE00 > 1.8 (considered clinically not acceptable) were noted after aging for RUV and PSA. Sorption and ΔE00 values after aging were correlated linearly (R2 = 0.970). Biaxial flexural strength values were highest for PV5 (light: 153.4 ± 15.9 MPa; auto: 133.2 ± 18.0 MPa) and lowest for RUV (light: 99.3 ± 12.8 MPa; auto: 35.1 ± 8.3 MPa). SignificanceLight-curing has beneficial effects on sorption, color stability, and biaxial flexural strength of resin composite cements. Cements containing 2-hydroxymethacrylate such as RUV and PSA are more prone to water sorption and color changes.

Color Alterations, Flexural Strength, and Microhardness of 3DPrinted Resins Treated in Different Coloring Agents.

Purpose This study evaluated the color alterations, flexural strength and microhardness properties of two different 3D-printed permanent crown resins. Materials and Methods Samples were produced from two different 3D Print permanent crown resins: Group 1 (Saremco Crowntec; Saremco, Switzerland), Group 2 (P-crown Version 2; Senertek, Turkey). Color changes (ΔE values), flexural strenght and vickers hardness number of the samples were calculated. Data were analyzed with Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Independent-t test, and Mann Whitney-U tests. Significance level was accepted as P<0.05. Results ΔE values for red wine were found to be significantly higher in Group 1 (6.43Å}2.26; P<0.001). The flexural strength values (MPa) of Group 1 were significantly higher than Group 2 in all three solutions (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the VHN values of the samples kept in wine and coffee solutions (P= 0.271; 0.827). Conclusion 3D printing resins are affected at different levels by coloring solutions. Microhardness and flexural strength of 3D print samples kept in different coloring agents are different.In the use of 3D printing resins, product selection should be made by taking into account the individual factors such as the eating and drinking habits of the patients and the physical properties expected from the sample.

Effects of Overnight Denture Cleaners on Surface and Optical Properties of Conventional, CAD/CAM Milled, and 3D Printed Dentures.

Evaluate the roughness and color stability of different types of resins used to immerse denture bases in various denture cleansers overnight. A total of 150 resin samples were made, which were divided into 3 groups of denture resin (conventional thermally activated, milled and 3D printed) (n= 50) and subdivided into 5 denture cleaners (Distilled water, Corega Tabs, Efferdent, NaOCl 1.0%, Listerine Cool Hint) (n= 10). The roughness properties (Ra) and chromatic difference (ΔE00) were evaluated during 90 days and 180 days of overnight cleaning. Data were evaluated by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons (P<.05). Listerine had significantly higher Ra and ΔE values (P<.001) compared to other solutions, being significant in conventional resin at 180 days (P<.001). The use of Listerine as an overnight cleaner presents greater damage to the optical and surface properties of denture base resins, mainly with conventional resin, with 1% NaOCl being a valid option in relation to cost-benefit.