De-oiled Mustard Research Articles

IMPACT OF EMPTY PEA SHELL IN FEED ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO)

The present study was intended to assess the potential of a mature empty pea shell (Pisum sativum) as a feed additive to the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) diet. This study was conducted for 90 days with the inclusion of 15 % pea shells into the feed with one control without pea shells in common carp feed. Pea shell was used as an additive to the feed in three experimental groups (T1, T2, T3) and the control group. In the T1 group, inclusion of pea shell partially replaced the fish meal, in the T2 group − partially replaced the fish meal and de-oiled groundnut cake, in the T3 group − partially replaced the deoiled groundnut cake and fully replaced the de-oiled mustard cake. An increase in the average weight gain was observed in the T3 group (11.17 ± 0.08) with respect to the T1 (10.89 ± 0.11) and T2 (11.05 ± 0.11) groups but lower than that of control (11.84 ± 0.09; at p < 0.05). In the T3 group, the specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly lower (1.04 ± 0.01) than the control (1.08 ± 0.02; at p < 0.05) but not significantly different with T1 (1.01 ± 0.03) and T2 (1.03 ± 0.03) groups. In the T3 group, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was comparably higher (1.07 ± 0.01) than control (1.01 ± 0.01) but lower than T1 (1.10 ± 0.01) andT2 (1.09 ± 0.01) groups (p < 0.05). The study revealed that the inclusion of pea shells into fish feed can replace plant-based protein sources (mustard cake and groundnut cake).

Selective adsorption of carboxymethylcellulose onto mesoporous silica derived from de-oiled mustard cake

The mechanism of adsorption of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) onto the solid–liquid interface has been a topic of long-standing debate. An attempt has, therefore, been made on selective adsorption aspects of CMC at the solid–liquid interface employing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer. The change in solution conditions such as concentration, dose, pH, contact time, temperature and presence of urea was found to have a significant influence on the adsorption of CMC onto mesoporous silica derived from de-oiled mustard cake (MSDOMC). The change in the infra-red spectra and the presence of urea during adsorption suggested that hydrogen bonding play a vital role. The presence of urea reduced considerably CMC adsorption onto MSDOMC, indicating that adsorption in this case was due to the presence of hydrogen bonding. All of the above results suggest that the adsorption of CMC on the surface of MSDOMC is a complex interplay of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction rather than hydrophobic force. Thus, the current study providedsignificant proof that hydrogen bonding dominate fore rather than non-covalent interaction during CMC adsorption onto MSDOMC.

Production of medium chain fatty acid rich single cell oil using whole de-oiled mustard meal from soil fungus

Screening of fungal strain was done from soil collected from the rice bran oil industry to search for important fatty acids with health beneficial effects. This study investigates the exceptional production of microbial oil medium-chain fatty acids like caproic acid (6:0), caprylic acid (8:0), capric acid (10:0), by the cultivated fungal culture in a media containing whole mustard meal as a supplement. This paper presents the result on the production of oil with such type of fatty acid composition which makes the oil more stable during cooking and gives fewer calories after consumption which is beneficial for health.

Optimisation of accelerated biodiesel production under near infrared radiation from de-oiled mustard and sunflower cakes

ABSTRACT An energy-efficient intensification protocol for biodiesel (fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE)) production from the mustard de-oiled cake (MDC) and sunflower de-oiled cake (SDC) through concurrent esterification-transesterification reactions has been disclosed employing near-infrared radiation retrofitted batch reactor. The triglycerides and free fatty acids of the de-oiled cake were converted to FAEE through a one-pot synthesis in the presence of ethanol and one of the co-solvents viz. acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and n-hexane. The optimal condition (75:1 (w/w) ethanol to de-oiled cake ratio, 70°C infrared radiation temperature, 2.5 wt. % H2SO4 catalyst concentration, and 1000 rpm stirrer speed) for maximum FAEE yield was evaluated deploying Taguchi L9 orthogonal method. Higher FAEE yield was achieved under infrared radiation for both MDC (82.4 ± 0.01%) and SDC (81.7 ± 0.02%), in comparison with the conventionally heated reactor (MDC: 56.1 ± 0.02%; SDC: 54 ± 0.02%) employing identical process condition. This enlightened the energy-efficacy of the infrared radiation in accelerating the FAEE yield within a much shorter reaction time. The FAEE composition was assessed by FTIR and GC-MS analyses. The fuel properties of the product biodiesel conformed to EN standards. Thus, a feasible and efficient protocol for the conversion of de-oiled cakes to biodiesel could be explored.

Development of inexpensive biosorbents from de-oiled mustard cake for effective removal of As(V) and Pb(II) ions from their aqueous solutions

This study aimed to develop inexpensive biosorbents from an agriculture waste material (mustard cake) for the effective removal of As(V) and Pb(II) ions from their aqueous solutions. The derived biosorbents were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, pXRD, zeta potential, surface area, pore size distribution and florescence emission spectroscopy (FES).The impact of the dose, adsorbate concentration, pH, time and temperature variation onto the biosorption were performed in batch type study. Various models were modeled; however, Langmuir model was found best representative in both the cases. Adsorption process of both As(V) and Pb(II) follows pseudo-second order kinetics with (R2=0.99). Intra-particle diffusion study implies that the thickness of the boundary layer effect is more in the case of Si-PAMC than C-PAMC. The biosorption mechanism is governed by complex interplay of inter ionic forces and complex formation ability of the metal ions in aqueous solution at a particular pH value. The FES study reveals the hydrophobic interactions. The desorption study revealed that the peak desorption from Si-PAMC was found as 53.73% for As(V) in 0.1M HCl and 62.52% for Pb(II) in 0.05M HCl solution whereas for C-PAMC it is found as 75.37% for As(V) and 80.35% for Pb(II) in 0.1M HCl solution of each metal ions, respectively. The comparative biosorption reveals that Si-PAMC has better biosorption than C-PAMC which is primarily attributed to the presence of mesoporous silica. The present study concludes that the mustard cake seems to have potential for effective removal of metal ions from industrial waste streams.

Effective adsorption of pyridine (Py)—onto mesoporous silica derived from de-oiled mustard cake (DOMC): Experimental and theoretical study

Effective adsorption of pyridine (Py)- a major pollutant present in various industrial wastewaters onto silica derived from de-oiled mustard cake (DOMC) was evaluated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and SEM were used to characterized the adsorbent. The paper describes data on the chemical composition of the DOMC, kinetics and equilibrium adsorption of Py as well as the effect of different operational parameters (temperature, pH, ionic strength and effect of urea) on the effective removal of Py from its aqueous solution. Adsorption data were modeled with the Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich–Peterson (R–P) and Temkin isotherm. The adsorption data are found suitable for the studied models quite reasonably. However, the results describe the best representation of the Langmuir isotherm model (non-linear R2=0.99). The adsorption process followed Lagergren first order kinetics. The experimental findings were complemented using density functional theory (DFT) to have more understanding at atomistic level. The possible adsorption interactions were discussed. The effects of process parameters such as pH, urea and ionic strength on the adsorption suggested that the adsorption of Py was attributed to hydrogen bonding; however, hydrophobic interactions and charge transfer interactions are also believed to be responsible for the observed adsorption in the present case. The experimental data were subsentiated by employing a silica model based on DFT. Experimental and theoretical modeling of the adsorption phenomenon suggest hydrogen bonding to be a dominant force for Py adsorption onto silica.

Production, purification and characterization of neutral phytase from thermotolerant Aspergillus flavus ITCC 6720

A novel thermotolerant strain of Aspergillus flavus (isolated from rhizosphere of Pisum sativum) was exploited for phytase production by solid state fermentation using mustard cake as growth substrate. Optimization of production parameters revealed that supplementation of de-oiled mustard cake (Brassica juncea) with malt extract and glucose at 0.5% each, moisture – 58.0%, inoculum level – 10%, inoculum age-72 h old, cultivation period – 4 d, incubation temperature – 37 °C and pH – 6.0 resulted in 2.3 fold enhancement in phytase activity titre (34 U g−1 to 112.25 U g−1 fermented substrate). The cell free extract showed the simultaneous production of acid and alkaline phosphatase (12.00 and 12.24 mg pNP g−1 respectively), carboxy methyl cellulase (1.494 IU g−1) and amylase activity (2.33 IU g−1). Partial purification and characterization of phytase showed its molecular weight as 30 kDa, substrate specificity for sodium phytate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate and its optimal thermal and pH activity at 45 °C and 7.0 respectively with thermal stability at pH ranging from 6.5 to 7.5. Enzyme with neutral pH optima was competent to reduce the phytic acid content of mustard cake by 80%.Fungal phytase can find application in hydrolyzing the phytate phosphorus content of animal feed.

Contribution of endogenous plant myrosinase to the antimicrobial activity of deodorized mustard against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fermented dry sausage

This work investigated the antimicrobial activity of residual endogenous plant myrosinase in Oriental and yellow mustard powders and a deoiled meal (which contained more glucosinolate than unextracted mustard powder of each type of mustard), against Escherichia coli O15:H7 during dry-fermented sausage ripening. When small amounts of “hot” mustard powder or meal containing endogenous plant myrosinase were added to fully-deodorized powders and a meal of the same type, pathogen reduction rates were enhanced. The higher glucosinolate level in the deoiled mustard meal enabled the use of 50% less mustard in dry sausage to achieve the mandatory ≥5logCFU/g reduction of E. coli O157:H7. The myrosinase-like activity present in E. coli O157:H7 contributed to glucosinolate hydrolysis in sausages with fully-deodorized, deoiled mustard meal, although the period necessary for a 5log pathogen reduction was 14d longer. Yellow mustard derivatives were more potently antimicrobial than Oriental mustard.

Adsorption and desorption studies of Congo red using low-cost adsorbent: activated de-oiled mustard

AbstractThe feasibility of using an agricultural by-product-activated de-oiled mustard (ADM), as an adsorbent in the removal of azo dye, Congo red was evaluated in a batch adsorption process. The adsorption characteristics of Congo red onto ADM were investigated with respect to the changes in initial pH of dye solutions, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature. The dye adsorption equilibrium was rapidly attained after 20 min of contact time. The Freundlich, Langmuir and Tempkin adsorption models were applied to experimental equilibrium data and isotherm constants were calculated using linear regression analysis. The thermodynamic parameters proved that the present adsorption process was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature in the temperature range from 30 to 50°C at 303 K (30°C). The kinetic studies confirm the first-order process for the adsorption reaction and also play an important role in finding out half-life of the adsorption process and rate constants for both the adsorbe...

Potential of powdered activated mustard cake for decolorising raw sugar

Carbon decolorisation has become customary in the food processing industries; however, it is not economical. Extensive research has therefore been directed towards investigating potential substitutes for commercial activated carbons which might have the advantage of offering an effective, lower-cost replacement for existing bone char or coal-based granular activated carbon (GAC). The physical (bulk density and hardness), chemical (pH and mineral content) and adsorption characteristics (iodine test, molasses test and raw sugar decolorisation efficiency) of powdered activated mustard cake (PAMC) made from de-oiled mustard cake were determined and compared to commercial adsorbents. Although the colour removal efficiency of the PAMC is lower than that of commercial materials, it is cost effective and eco-friendly compared to the existing decolorisation/refining processes. To reduce the load on GAC/activated carbon/charcoal, PAMC could be used on an industrial scale. A decolorisation mechanism has been postulated on the basis of oxygen surface functionalities and surface charge of the PAMC and, accordingly, charge transfer interaction seems to be responsible for the decolorisation mechanism. In addition, a complex interplay of electrostatics and dispersive interaction seem to be involved during the decolorisation process. A low-cost agricultural waste product in the form of de-oiled mustard cake was converted to an efficient adsorbent, PAMC, for use in decolorising raw as well as coloured sugar solutions. The physical, chemical, adsorption characteristics and raw sugar decolorisation efficiency of PAMC were determined and compared to those of commercial adsorbents. The colour removal efficiency of the PAMC is lower than that of commercial materials but it is cost effective and eco-friendly as compared to existing decolorisation/refining processes. The availability of the raw material for the production of PAMC further demands its use on an industrial scale.

Adsorptive and desorptive studies on toxic dye Amaranth onto de-oiled mustard from wastewater

De-oiled mustard, an oil mill waste, was treated as an adsorbent for Amaranth, an azo dye currently used in paper and textile industries. The presence of Amaranth in these effluents causes obvious environmental and health problems. Kinetic studies of adsorption of Amaranth to de-oiled mustard were conducted in batch conditions at 30°C. The paper incorporates effect of pH, temperature, amount of adsorbent, contact time, concentration of adsorbate, particle size on adsorption. The adsorption process followed a pseudo-first order model. The equilibrium process showed to be well described by both Freundlich and Langmuir models, at 30°C, 40°C and 50°C. Thermodynamic parameters like free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) of the systems, respectively, were calculated by using Langmuir constant. The estimated values for ΔG° were –8.027 ×?103 and –1.5322 ×?103 over activated carbon and activated de-oiled mustard at 303 K (30°C), indicate toward a spontaneous process. Desorption studies indicate that elut...

Adsorption and desorption studies on hazardous dye Naphthol Yellow S

In the present study, the batch technique was adopted under a variety of conditions, viz., amount of adsorbent, contact time, concentration, temperature and pH. By using UV spectrophotometer, concentration of dye was measured before and after adsorption. Dye removal data were fitted into the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm equations. The values of their corresponding constants were determined. Thermodynamic parameters like free energy (Δ G), enthalpy (Δ H) and entropy (Δ S) of the systems were calculated by using Langmuir constant. The estimated values for (Δ G) were −8.027 × 10 3 and −28.46 × 10 3 kJ mol −1 over activated carbon and activated de-oiled mustard at 303 K (30 °C), indicate toward a spontaneous process. The adsorption process followed pseudo-first-order model. The values of % removal and k ad for dye systems were calculated at different temperatures ranging (303–323 K). Desorption studies indicate that elution by dilute NaOH through the fixed bed of the adsorbents columns could be regenerated and a quantitative recovery of Naphthol Yellow S can be achieved.

Adsorptive and Desorption Studies on Toxic Dye Erioglaucine Over Deoiled Mustard

In this work, a fundamental investigation on the removal of Erioglaucine dye by deoiled mustard is conducted in batch conditions. This article incorporates effect of pH, temperature, amount of adsorbent, contact time, concentration of adsorbate, particle size on adsorption. The adsorption kinetics was shown to be pseudo-first-order. The adsorption equilibrium data can be fitted well by both Freundlich and Langmuir models. The estimated values for ΔGo were −8.74 × 103 and −3.691 × 103 KJ mol−1 overactivated carbon and activated deoiled mustard at 303 K (30°C), which are rather low indicating that a spontaneous processes occurred. The positive value for ΔHo indicates that the adsorption of Erioglaucine dye to deoiled mustard is an endothermic process. Desorption studies indicate that by eluting dilute NaOH through the fixed bed of the adsorbents their columns can be regenerated and a quantitative recovery of Erioglaucine can be achieved. The percentage removal of dye was almost similar in both cases. Treated activated deoiled mustard was an attractive candidate for removing organic dye Erioglaucine which shows great reduction of color while reducing the time contact to achieve equilibrium.

Adsorption–desorption studies of indigocarmine from industrial effluents by using deoiled mustard and its comparison with charcoal

Deoiled mustard obtained from local oil mills has been used as an inexpensive and effective adsorbent for the removal of indigocarmine dye from industrial effluents. The influence of various factors on the adsorption capacity has been studied by batch experiments. The adsorption studies validate both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Thermodynamic parameters such as Δ G°, Δ H°, and Δ S° for the adsorption process were calculated, which indicated the feasibility of the adsorption process. Desorption profiles revealed that a significant portion (85%) could be desorbed from deoiled mustard by using 30% glycerol as eluting agent.

Use of mustard cake as adsorbent for adsorption of patent-blue dye from aqueous solution and its desorption studies

The adsorption of patent-blue on de-oiled mustard was investigated to assess the possible use of this adsorbent for the processing of dye industry waste water. The efficiency of de-oiled mustard in the dye colour sorption was compared with activated carbon i.e. charcoal. The influence of various factors such as adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, adsorbate concentration, particle size, temperature on the adsorption capacity has been studied by batch experiments. The adsorption studies revealed that the ongoing adsorption validates both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms at temperatures 40, 50 and 60 °C. Thermodydnamic parameters such as AG, ΔH° and AS for the adsorption process were calculated. Desorption profile revealed that a significant portion of the dye (92%) was recovered by using 1.0 M NaOH as eluting agent.

Adsorptive removal of Erythrosine dye onto activated low cost de-oiled mustard

The present paper is aimed to investigate and develop cheap adsorption methods for colour removal from wastewater using waste material de-oiled mustard as adsorbent. De-oiled mustard, a biosorbent, was successfully utilized for removing a water-soluble xanthene dye, Erythrosine from wastewater. Kinetic studies of adsorption of Erythrosine at de-oiled mustard were carried out at 30 °C, using aqueous solutions with 5 × 10 −5 M concentration of Erythrosine. The adsorption process followed a pseudo-first order model. The equilibrium process can be well described by both Freundlich and Langmuir models, at 30, 40 and 50 °C. Free energy of adsorption (Δ G°), enthalpy (Δ H°), and entropy (Δ S°) changes were calculated to predict the nature of adsorption. The estimated values for Δ G° were −12.81 × 10 3 and −12.57 × 10 3 over activated carbon and activated de-oiled mustard at 203 K (30 °C), indicate toward a spontaneous process. The positive value for Δ H° indicates that the adsorption of Erythrosine dye to de-oiled mustard is an endothermic process.

Catalytic Supplementation of Urea-molasses on Nutritional Performance of Male Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Calves

Twenty male buffalo calves of 6-9 months of age (average body weight, 97 kg) were randomly allocated into two main groups of four (control) and sixteen (supplemented) calves. The supplemented group was further divided in to four equal sub-groups, with the two groups supplemented with a liquid preparation of urea-molasses, UML1, containing fish meal and UML2, containing formaldehyde treated deoiled mustard cake (FDMC) and the other two, with a semi-solid preparation, UMC1 with FDMC and deoiled rice bran (DORB) contributing similar level of CP as in UML2 and UMC2 with double the level of FDMC to that in UMC1. The control group was fed with DORB along with ad libitum wheat straw at 40:60 ratios. The rest of the groups were fed on the above diet supplemented with 500 g (as fed basis) of urea-molasses preparations. The experimental feeding was carried out for 24 weeks including a metabolism trial towards the end of experimental feeding. Daily feed intake and fortnightly change in live weight were also recorded during the study. Catalytic supplementation of 500 g urea-molasses induced 8-25% higher voluntary feed intake of wheat straw, resulting in 15-25% higher DM and OM intake. The digestibility of DM, OM, total carbohydrate, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose in all the dietary groups were comparable. The CP digestibility of calves in supplemented groups were higher (p<0.05) than the control group. The balance of nutrients, viz. N, Ca and P, was also higher in the supplemented groups. Significantly higher intake of digestible CP coupled with other digestible nutrients attributed to higher TDN (1.67-1.78 vs. 1.37 kg) and ME (5.94-6.31 vs. 4.87 Mcal) intake in urea-molasses supplemented groups which resulted in higher live weight gain compared to that in control group (p<0.01). Between the supplements, UML2 and UMC2 faired non-significantly, indicating formalin treated mustard cake as a suitable replacement to fishmeal in the supplement. The overall ranking based on intake and digestibility of nutrients, live weight gain, economic evaluation and input-output relationship revealed that the rations with UML2 and UMC1 to be of greater value compared to other types. From the study it can be concluded that young ruminants can be reared successfully on a basal diet of deoiled rice bran and wheat straw supplemented with cheaper urea-molasses-mineral mix. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 5 : 621-628)

Effect of mustard meal on the production of arachidonic acid by Mortierella elongata SC‐208

AbstractA strain of Mortierella elongata SC‐208 that was isolated from soil of a mustardseed extraction plant can produce arachidonic acid in significant amounts, and it was grown in three different media, one of which contained 0.5% deoiled mustard meal. The arachidonic acid content in the lipid part of dry mycelium (23.2 g/L) was as high as 33% w/w from the medium that contained mustard meal, and the overall yield of arachidonic acid was 0.49 g/L. The arachidonic acid contents in the phospholipid fraction and the triglyceride fraction were 39.5 and 30.2%, respectively.

Feeding of water washed neem ( Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake to growing goats

To mitigate chronic shortage of feeds for livestock in developing countries, neem seed kernel cake (34–40% CP, bitter in taste, unsuitable for livestock feeding) was water washed (WWNSKC) and fed to 5–6-month-old male, growing goats for 180 days as a major source of protein by incorporating it at 15% (group II) and 25% (group III) in the concentrate mixtures. Their performance was compared with goats fed 15% deoiled mustard ( Brassica sp.) cake (group I). CP content of group I, II and III concentrate mixtures was 16.7, 15.9 and 17.8%, respectively. Average daily DMI (g), BW gain (g/d) and feed conversion efficiency (unit DM intake/unit gain) on group I, II and III diets were 307.3 ± 23.27, 324.0 ± 26.78 and 325.6 ± 25.57; 22.6 ± 3.64, 28.9 ± 3.34 and 25.2 ± 2.89; 14.6 ± 1.68, 11.4 ± 0.63 and 13.1 ± 0.62, respectively. Goats on all diets digested most nutrients similarly and were on positive N, Ca and P balance. Lowered total as well as NH 3-N levels in rumen liquor of WWNSKC-fed goats due to residual neem bitters was indicative of passage of more by-pass protein for digestion in the lower gut. Intake of protein and energy increased linearly with level of WWNSKC incorporation and was within stipulated NRC standards. Among blood and plasma constituents, glucose ( P < 0.01) (maybe because of residual neem bitters which exert antihyperglycemic effects), urea-N ( P < 0.01) and total protein ( P < 0.05) were lower in both experimental groups. Rumen fermentation pattern, urinary creatine and creatinine were comparable among the groups. Thus, WWNSKC can be incorporated in diets of growing goats up to 25% without deleterious effects on nutrient utilisation and metabolism.