De La Politique Research Articles

« Une Terre au défi de l’habitabilité ». Entretien avec Nathalie Blanc

Faced with an environmental crisis that threatens the survival of humanity, contemporary Western societies need to invent new ways of living on Earth. According to Nathalie Blanc, art and literature, and the research associated with them, have a role to play in this area: because they enable us to develop new imaginaries, they help to establish new relationships between nature and culture. Nathalie Blanc is a geographer, director of research at the CNRS, and director of the Centre des Politiques de la Terre (Université Paris Cité / Sciences Po), which she co-founded in 2019. Her work focuses on nature in the city, and more specifically on the cultural dimension of relations with nature at the heart of local policy projects. Committed to a research-creation approach, she examines the role of art and creativity in environmental mobilisations.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENANGANAN STUNTING DI KECAMATAN LORE TENGAH KABUPATEN POSO

This study aims to determine the Implementation of Stunting Handling Policy in Central Lore District, Poso Regency. This study used a method with descriptive qualitative data. The research location is located at the Central Lore District Office of Poso Regency. The theory used in this study is the theory proposed by George C. Edwards III (1980). The informants in this study amounted to 11 (eleven) people. The data obtained in this study are from observations, interviews, and documentation.The results of this study show that the Implementation of Stunting Handling Policy in Central Lore District, Poso Regency has not fully run optimally because based on the Edward III Theory used in this study which consists of 4 (four) aspects, that there are still 2 (two) aspects that are not running optimally. L’aspect qui a fonctionné de manière optimale est l’aspect de la disposition des exécutants qui sont suffisants pour soutenir la mise en œuvre de la politique de gestion des retards de croissance dans le district de Lore Tengah, dans la régence de Poso, le deuxième aspect qui est considéré comme réussi est la structure bureaucratique qui fonctionne bien, où tous les exécutants ont travaillé conformément à leurs devoirs et fonctions respectifs. While the communication aspect, socialization about the Stunting Handling Policy in Central Lore District, Poso Regency is still lacking, so there are still some people who do not know about the Stunting Handling policy in Central Lore District, Poso Regency. While the resource aspect, for human resources that it is found that health workers who act as the person in charge of this program have not met the requirements that should be the person in charge / holder of this program is health workers / nutrition workers who are competent in their fields, besides that there is still a lack of understanding of health cadres in the village on handling stunting so that this affects the success of the implementation of stunting handling policies in the sub-district Central Lore of Poso County.

Co éduquer à l’ère du numérique. Collaborer dans la communauté éducative pour lutter contre les inégalités éducatives et territoriales

The article presents the results of a commissioned research on the issue of digital uses in the relationship between schools and families, focusing on primary schools. It focuses in particular on the French experimentation of the "Territoires Numériques Educatifs" programme aimed at supporting the acceleration of digital technology in neighbourhoods located in the “Politique de la Ville” (urban policy) in order to reduce digital inequalities. The corpus is made up of data from a field survey conducted in the Centre-Val-de-Loire region between February and June 2022, mainly using group and individual interviews with professionals in the fields of education, social and educational activities, child protection and parenting support. The analysis of the data highlights the dynamics of coeducation, which are based on the commitment of more than twenty partners in an area affected by economic and social inequalities. The dynamics observed illustrate the approaches of a "learning territory" around the challenges of supporting digital parenthood.

Politiques de la Critique : Essai sur les limites et la réinvention de la critique francophone By Kasereka Kavwahirehi

Reviewed by: Politiques de la Critique : Essai sur les limites et la réinvention de la critique francophone by Kasereka Kavwahirehi Stephanie Diane Tsakeu Mazan Politiques de la Critique : Essai sur les limites et la réinvention de la critique francophone BY KASEREKA KAVWAHIREHI Hermann, 2021. 310 pp. ISBN 9791037008848 paper. Kasereka Kavwahirehi is a professor of Francophone literatures at the University of Ottawa. He has authored several essays on the practice of literature, philosophy, and religion in relation to politics in Africa. In his new book, Politiques de la critique : Essai sur les limites et la réinvention de la critique francophone [Politics of Criticism: Essay on the Limits and Reinvention of Francophone Criticism], he calls for the renewal of the policies of literary and cultural criticism in Francophone Africa by recommending a more political and communal practice of reading. He also deconstructs the compartmentalization of artistic productions as well as their subdivision into "high" and "low" cultures. Politiques de la critique also presents itself as the other side of What Is Literature? by Jean-Paul Sartre. In his famous essay, the father of existentialism interrogates the function of literature through the questions "What is writing?," "Why do we write?," "For whom do we write?" to reach the conclusion that the author who is socially situated cannot escape the world of meanings. Therefore, Sartre considers the writers who defend the purely poetic conception of art as accomplices of the bourgeois and racist system in place in his time. Kasereka Kavwahirehi's book, which formulates similar questions, examines the emancipatory function that Francophone criticism should play in the era of globalization. He deplores the fact that many works by Francophonists, which are still very often confined to routine practices inherited from the French school—dictated by the capitalist bourgeoisie—are intended exclusively for scholars in a continent where schooling is still for many an unaffordable privilege. Following in the footsteps of Sartre and many other thinkers who dispute the neutrality of literature, Kasereka Kavwahirehi challenges the neutrality of criticism in his new book organized around two main axes. The first section of the book, titled "Défis de la critique à l'heure de la mondialisation" 'Challenges of Criticism in the Age of Globalization,' recounts the history of criticism, which, since the 12th century, has positioned itself as a social machine of resistance. That orientation given to the practice of criticism, which has mainly challenged the political power since the Middle Ages, is unfortunately marginalized today by thinkers who find refuge behind the neutrality of literature in their analysis of texts. This first section of the essay is divided into three subsections. In the first section, "Figures de la critique moderne" 'Figures of modern criticism,' the essayist underlines how the insurrectionary and emancipatory approach to criticism developed in the works of thinkers such as Georges Lukács, Michel Foucault, Karl Marx, Walter Benjamin, Friedrich Nietzsche, Edward Saïd, etc., contrasts with the predilection for technicality and the segregation of literature from other artistic genres in the writings of Francophone thinkers. For the [End Page 197] essayist, this attitude distances them from an intellectual reflection based on the relationships that exist, on the one hand, between literature and the other arts and, on the other hand, between academics and the masses, which rarely have access to cultural products. In the second section, "Les défis de la critique à l'ère de la mondialisation" 'The Challenges of Criticism in the Age of Globalization,' Kasereka Kavwahirehi states that it is imperative to set up a reading grid that takes into account diversity, in addition to reflecting on the subjectivities of minorities and the lexicography of the French language in Africa. This new approach could promote the return to the analysis of social themes in literature and contribute to the metamorphosis of a society dehumanized by neoliberal capitalism. In the third articulation, "La philosophie, sans lieu propre" 'Philosophy, without a Proper Place,' the author returns to the origin of the weakening of African philosophy, which lies in its distancing from the masses since the fight for independence. For a revitalization of criticism, he suggests that philosophers explore in novels details that resonate with the sociopolitical...

Toward a depoliticising civic style. How public-led partnership life socialises the leaders of an association in a French deprived neighbourhood

ABSTRACT This article questions the logics through which neighbourhood social policies such as the ‘Politique de la ville’ in France have effects on the style of action deployed by the associations that participate in their implementation. Through an ethnographic investigation within a particular association, combining observations, interviews, and archive analysis, it shows how the integration of associative leaders into partnership mechanisms led them to professionalise and socialise to a grammar of partnership life, based on a feeling of belonging to a community of partners and on the sharing of certain values. In the case studied, this socialisation is achieved both through rationalised governance technologies and through affective techniques. Thus, this paper shows that it is important not to limit the research’s scope to the study of actions undertaken toward the residents: deprived neighbourhood policies are also composed of a set of measures aimed at governing the intermediaries involved in their implementation.

Denials ‘From Seabed to Space’: Assemblages of (In)Security and Denial in the Politics of Security

Despite critiques of denials broadly underlying Critical International Relations deconstructions of state, security and subjectivity, there is little explicit exploration of the ontological status of denial, and how denials operate in the politics of (in)security. Animated by the question, why and how web of actors and interests traversing the public and private spheres involved in the provision of security endure despite long-running critique, this article problematises = denials. An explicit theorisation of denial needs to be put centre stage in the study of security. Drawing on Dillon’s theorisation of the unstable duality of (in)security and synthesising it with a Deleuze and Guattarian assemblage approach, it theorises denial in two forms – denial of complicity and denial of the impossibility of security – as ontologically necessary for the politics of (in)security; then proposes that we scrutinise and expose assemblages of (in)security. These assemblages form, endure and expand, by thriving on denials of the impossibility of security and its attendant complicities; forming symbioses of denial traversing the public-private realms. Assemblages of (in)security adapt, expand, and propagate new technologies of (in)security, often ironically by responding to demands from critique. Without an assemblage-based thinking, we are methodologically ill-equipped to trace, expose and critique the politics of (in)security, without unwittingly partaking in denials sustaining it. Des dénis « du fond des océans jusqu’à l’espace » : agencements d’(in)sécurité et déni dans la politique de sécurité

"Blindness Gain" as Worldmaking: Audio Description as a New "partage du sensible"

"Blindness Gain" as Worldmaking:Audio Description as a New "partage du sensible" Marion Chottin and Hannah Thompson IN THIS ARTICLE we use our experiences of co-creating creative audio descriptions at the Musée du quai Branly in Paris to suggest that the worldmaking practices of challenge, collaboration, action, and dialogue offer a means to call into question the traditional ways of accessing museum and gallery content that still prevail in (French) society.1 We define "disability's worldmaking" in the museum or art gallery as a two-part process. First, we challenge the 'givenness' of the hierarchies, relationships, and assumptions that govern visitor experience in the museum. Second, we offer an alternative model of visitor engagement where active and dialogic co-creation provides an inclusive alternative to ocularcentric museum experiences. Together, these acts of worldmaking promise an alternative mode of being in the museum that suggests a new politics of access. By going beyond current understandings of 'inclusion,' our project does not limit itself to giving disabled people a museum experience analogous to that of non-disabled people. Instead, it explores and celebrates alternative modes of engaging with art that do more than merely echo normative museum experiences and which, more broadly, open up a new way of making society. Our definition of worldmaking is a counterpoint to Jacques Rancière's concept of "le partage du sensible" and is informed by the concept of "blindness gain." In Rancière's words, le partage du sensible as a political concept is "ce système d'évidences sensibles qui donne à voir en même temps l'existence d'un commun et les découpages qui y définissent les places et les parts respectives."2 Elsewhere, he elaborates on this definition, describing it as "la façon dont les formes d'inclusion et d'exclusion qui définissent la participation à une vie commune sont d'abord configurées au sein même de l'expérience sensible de la vie."3 In other words, according to Rancière, there is "une esthétique de la politique": the assignment of a place to each person in society is manifested through the sensory experience itself, and, for him, particularly in a division between visibility and invisibility; audibility and inaudibility: those who participate in public life are visible and audible, while those who do not are invisible and inaudible (kept hidden and silent within the private sphere). Given that, for Rancière, the realm of art is a privileged place of sensory experience, it is therefore also a privileged place for le partage du sensible, which expresses who has a place in society and who does not. We argue that, nowadays, it is in the museum [End Page 32] or art gallery that the dynamics of social inclusion and exclusion are most starkly played out. But Rancière does not include disabled people among the categories of people—like workers—who, according to him, are excluded from society by the very fact of their invisibility and inaudibility. Neither does he discuss how painting, an art considered supremely visual, produces invisibility, that is, the absence of blind or partially blind people from museums, nor does he consider how the other senses might play a role in reducing blind people's exclusion from art and society. The reasons for these various silences are obvious: by ignoring the domain of disability, Rancière does not perceive its invisibility, and hence the exclusion of disabled people; he thinks of le partage du sensible mainly in terms of visibility and invisibility, without thinking of moving beyond the presumed primacy of sight.4 In our work, we ask how people who are blind or partially blind gain access to the politically and culturally charged space of the museum or art gallery, so that they too can participate in acts of multi-sensory worldmaking and thus undermine le partage du sensible between those who are invisible and inaudible because they are blind, and those who are visible and audible because they are sighted. The theory of "blindness gain" is a reimagining of the notion of "deaf gain" theorized by Bauman and Murray.5 "Deaf gain" is a critical position and...

Effect of a free healthcare policy on health services utilisation for non‐malarial febrile illness by children under five years in Burkina Faso: an interrupted time series analysis

To assess the effect of a free healthcare policy for children under five years old implemented in Burkina Faso since April 2016, on the use of health care of non-malarial febrile illnesses (NMFI). To assess the immediate and long-term effect of the free healthcare policy in place, we conducted an interrupted time series analysis of routinely collected data on febrile illnesses from three urban primary health centres of Ouagadougou between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2016. Of the 39046 febrile cases reported in the study period, 17017 NMFI were included in the study. Compared to the period before the intervention, we observed an immediate, non-statistically significant increase of 7% in the number of NMFI (IRR=1.07; 95% CI=0.75, 1.51). Compared to the trend that would have been expected in absence of the intervention, the results showed a small but sustained increase of 6% in the trend of monthly number of NMFI during the intervention period (IRR=1.06; 95%CI=1.01, 1.12). Our study highlighted an increase in the uptake of healthcare services, specifically for NMFI by children under five years of age, after the implementation of a free care policy. This analysis contributes to informing decision makers on the need to strengthen the capacities of healthcare centres and to anticipate the challenges of the sustainability of this policy.

소설 『82년생 김지영』에 나타난 랑시에르의 ‘문학의 정치’와 그 한계

소설 『82년생 김지영』은 우리 사회의 고착화된 성적 질서와 불화를 일으키고 있다는 점에서 랑시에르가 정의한 ‘문학의 정치’의 전형이다. 『82년생 김지영』을 둘러싸고 펼쳐지는 여성독자들을 중심으로 한 공감담론과 남성 독자들간에 분열되어 전개되는 지지와 응원의 담론, 공감부재의 담론과 적대와 혐오의 담론은 우리 사회에 깊숙이 뿌리내린 성차별적 구조와 불화한다는 점에서 문학의 정치성을 보여준다. 그러나 그의 문자중심의 ‘문학의 정치’는 서벌턴과 같이 오랜 차별과 배제로 언어체계가 부재한 제3세계 여성의 존재를 외면한다는 점에서 비민주적이라는 한계를 갖는다.

Sovereignty, Territory, and Population in Jean Bodin’s République

This article offers a re-interpretation of Jean Bodin’s Six livres de la République (1576), a work that deeply transformed European political discourse at the time of the French Wars of Religion and that had important repercussions on the later ‘reason of state’ tradition. Highlighting the ties between Bodin’s definition of sovereignty in Book 1 and his discussion of demographic growth and territorial expansion in Books 4, 5, and 6, the article shows that Bodin’s critical contribution to early modern political thought, far from being limited to his reframing of the juristic concept of souveraineté or maiestas, extends to his novel understanding of the territory as a non-juridical ‘technologie politique’ (Michel Foucault). Through an examination of Bodin’s work and its later reception, the article argues that Bodin’s insights about territorial and demographic matters played a fundamental role in the early modern ‘territorialisation de la politique’ (Romain Descendre), in that they helped redefine the very terms in which the notion of territory would be understood and discussed in the following decades.

Para ler Gauchet 20 anos depois

<p>Em 1985 Marcel Gauchet publicou seu livro <em>Le désenchantement du monde. Une histoire politique de la religion</em> (Galimard) que veio a preencher uma lacuna em termos de grandes sínteses nos estudos de sociologia da religião. Sua análise da religião mostra que, longe de se reduzir a uma superestrutura, o religioso tem modelado ativamente a realidade coletiva e suas formas políticas. Mobilizado pelo estudo desta obra, há mais de vinte anos atrás, publiquei o artigo “Para ler Gauchet”, na revista Religião e Sociedade (1994). Neste artigo retomo a leitura de <em>Désenchantement du Monde</em> e do meu próprio texto, para pensar criticamente as teses de Gauchet a partir de três linhas de interseção dentro da produção atual das ciências sociais da religião. A primeira está referida à crítica que Thomas Csordas. Na segunda, discuto o lugar subordinado que a religião ocupa no pensamento de Gauchet e proponho a urgência em se superar a dicotomia entre o secular e o religioso. A terceira linha apresenta uma crítica ao pensamento ocidental a partir do pós-colonial.</p><p> </p>

Banlieusard.e.s claiming a right to the City of Light: Gendered violence and spatial politics in Paris

Returning to the origin of Lefebvre's thought on the right to the city, this paper reflects on how it intersects with French constructions of the banlieue and offers an overview of the gender-specific forms of engagement with the city of young inhabitants of the banlieue, banlieusard.e.s. It argues that an essential background to the current situation of banlieues at present is the implementation of territorialized policies which target areas within the framework of the Politique de la Ville, with specific gendered dimensions. In a context of neo-colonial state feminism, the ways in which women are being promoted and included in the assessment and improvement of their neighbourhood environments operates as an exclusion of men from these processes. The paper goes on to consider forms of gendered violence that inhabitants of the banlieues, in particular those who are perceived as Muslim and/or are racialized, are likely to encounter in their daily lives in the Paris region. The last section of this paper examines how some women's collectives are challenging this and the types of discourse and the spatial claims they stake, for both a city that “belongs to them” and everyday citizenship for all banlieusard.e.s.

Duvalier à l'ombre de la guerre froide. Les Dessous de la politique étrangère d'Haïti (1957–1963) by Wien Weibert Arthus, and: Les Grandes dates de l'histoire diplomatique d'Haïti, de la période fondatrice à nos jours by Wien Weibert Arthus

Reviewed by: Duvalier à l'ombre de la guerre froide. Les Dessous de la politique étrangère d'Haïti (1957–1963) by Wien Weibert Arthus, and: Les Grandes dates de l'histoire diplomatique d'Haïti, de la période fondatrice à nos jours by Wien Weibert Arthus Patrick Bellegarde-Smith Duvalier à l'ombre de la guerre froide. Les Dessous de la politique étrangère d'Haïti (1957–1963). Par Wien Weibert Arthus. Port-au-Prince: L'Imprimeur, 2014. ISBN 9997046447. 389 pp. Paperback. Les Grandes dates de l'histoire diplomatique d'Haïti, de la période fondatrice à nos jours. Par Wien Weibert Arthus. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2017. ISBN 2343103151. 246 pp. 26 €. Paperback. Wien Weibert Arthus, in these two recent works, gives us a global view on Haitian foreign policy and international relations. In Duvalier à l'ombre de la Guerre Froide, he defines his focus in the book's subtitle, Les Dessous de la politique étrangère d'Haïti (1957–1963).1 His 2017 book Les Grandes dates de l'histoire diplomatique d'Haïti, de la période fondatrice à nos jours provides a compendium of Haitian diplomatic history, a short cut in the form of vignettes, that will prove useful to Haitianists. The author makes his intent clear, in both works, with a sentiment that unites him to most Haitian scholars before him, by citing Eduardo Galeano in his epigraph: "Vale la pena repetirlo una vez más, para que los sordos escuchen: Haití fue el país fundador de la independencia de América y el primero que derrotó la esclavitud en el mundo. Merece mucho más que la notoriedad nacida de sus desgracias." Haitians have always believed this to be true, a vérité de La Palice, as it were, if few others did or have. Arthus—and Galeano—would argue that Haiti's misfortune, its dysfunction, ses malheurs, are a result, intended and unintended, of domestic and international conflicts. Hence the need for the present texts. In three parts and fourteen chapters replete with information, Duvalier à l'ombre de la Guerre Froide brought back painful memories from my youth, as I recall each and every situation he described. My childhood, in an intensely political family, was no barrier to knowing. I am both grateful and saddened to be forced to remember what we have suffered, which has marked my life deeply. [End Page 124] My reading of Arthus tells me that a paramount distinction between 1957–1963 and the agitated period of 1934–1957 was that Francois Duvalier's foreign policy was deeply personal.2 It was irremediably tied to staying in power: not ideological, not connected to lofty ideals of middle-class rule or to earlier politics of les authentiques, the authenticity of Black power, and the primacy of Haitian culture of President Dumarsais Estimé. That earlier period, 1934–1957, saw the consolidation of elite/upper-class/bourgeois power rendered possible by the United States' Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934. As it turned out, l'occupation, which brought Haiti into its twentieth century, exacerbated the acrimonious relations that had existed between social classes since the state's creation in 1804. Of course, foreign nations contributed, as Arthus's analysis shows, and so did the Roman Catholic hierarchy that favored the upper class, as it did elsewhere in Latin America. France—the former colonial power—was the perennial enemy, as well as the Vatican, the Dominican Republic, and especially the United States: each played their role, as could be predicted, against a marginalized nation-state. In earlier days, Haitian diplomacy and diplomats, controlled by a Westernizing elite, had to respond to a primary impulse: ne pas faire honte au pays, to not shame the country. In fact, the concept of honte—shame—influences all areas of Haitian culture. That Haitians were right in being leery is illustrated in a statement by France's ambassador to Haiti, when Duvalier eschewed the niceties that hitherto applied: "La conception que le Président de la République [Duvalier] a du pouvoir, diffère assez peu de celle que pouvait avoir un roi nègre du 18ème siècle." Duvalier never quite cared about what...

Plus jamais la même À propos de quelques interprétations récentes de la Révolution française

RésuméCet article propose une discussion sur trois publications récentes et importantes consacrées à la Révolution française: le livre de Timothy Tackett,The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution, celui de Jonathan Israel,Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from the Rights of Man to Robespierreet, enfin, celui de Haim Burstin,Révolutionnaires. Pour une anthropologie politique de la Révolution française. Ces ouvrages se caractérisent notamment par un retour bienvenu à des interprétations générales renouvelées par de nouvelles approches théoriques. Le processus révolutionnaire est donc envisagé sous de multiples points de vue: le premier se fonde sur le courant historiographique connu sous le nom de « nouvelle histoire des émotions » pour expliquer l’obsession de la conspiration et, donc, la Terreur; le deuxième propose une utilisation nouvelle de l’histoire traditionnelle des idées, considérée comme capable d’expliquer les prétendus « faits concrets »; le troisième envisage l’expérience révolutionnaire selon une perspective inspirée par l’anthropologie en établissant une typologie afin de la caractériser. Cependant, tous sont unis par leur résistance à analyser la structure politique en tant que telle, c’est-à-dire à étudier comment fonctionnaient concrètement les institutions politiques pendant la Révolution.

Never the Same Again: On Some Recent Interpretations of the French Revolution

This essay is a discussion of three recent and important books on the French Revolution: Timothy Tackett's The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution, Jonathan Israel's Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from the Rights of Man to Robespierre, and Haim Burstin's Révolutionnaires. Pour une anthropologie politique de la Révolution française. All three volumes are characterized by a welcome return to general interpretations based on new theoretical approaches and consider the revolutionary process from multiple points of view: the first uses the historiographical current known as the “new history of emotions” to explain the contemporary obsession with conspiracies and thence the Terror; the second proposes a new approach based on the traditional history of ideas, considered capable of explaining the so-called “hard facts”; the third envisages the revolutionary experience from an anthropological perspective, constructing a typology in order to characterize it. Nevertheless, all three are united by a reluctance to analyze the political structure itself; in other words, to investigate the concrete workings of political institutions during the Revolution.

Vie de Jude, frère de Jésus par Françoise Chandernagor

experience, as though to impress on readers what action films do not represent. True to the novel’s requirement to address reality, however tangentially, Beast gestures to our contemporary world. We catch references to Sarkozy’s trophy wife, Obama’s armored limo,security people with unrevealed powers,and staged political events that confound popular criticism. If the novelist asks us to visualize and internalize the unimaginable, she may also be suggesting that what we do not see before our very eyes may yet have truths worth examining. Lawrence University (WI) Eilene Hoft-March Chandernagor, Françoise. Vie de Jude, frère de Jésus. Paris: Albin Michel, 2015. ISBN 978-2-226-25994-3. Pp. 395. 23 a. Jude, the youngest of Marie’s seven children, wonders: “À quoi suis-je bon, moi, le dernier de la lignée?” (193). The answer is for him to become a scribe, and record the events he will have witnessed in the Palestine of the Roman occupation of the first century. It is a miserable Palestinian society, humiliated by the Romans, divided by internal religious strife and above all civil disorder. Written in the first person and in biblical style, Jude’s document belongs to history rather than theology. Furthermore, it portrays well the human condition, and Jude’s sincerity and doubts touch the reader poignantly. As recounted in the avant-propos, the text was discovered in 1950 in the Abydos region of Egypt. Written on deteriorated papyrus with missing pages, it contains five books relating the life of Jude. Not only is the recovered document translated, it is also well documented throughout with historical and explanatory annotations. Furthermore, there is a forty-page atelier de l’auteur (349–89) in which Chandernagor verifies the existence of Jesus’s siblings as an historical truth.She attempts to validate historical data and retraces the author’s sources of inspiration. This postscript also gives the author an opportunity to “peindre l’évolution politique de la Palestine et celle du christianisme primitif après la mort de Jésus” (384). Jesus was nineteen years old when Jude was born, his two sisters had already been married. Joseph, the father, had just died. Jude describes his brother Jacques and the diverse personalities of the rebellious attitude of José and his influence over Simon. Jude’s story will also bring personal perspectives on a number of important events in the life of Jesus, either through personal observations or as recounted by others. One of the novel’s most touching scenes is the passing away of Marie four years after the crucifixion. Jude is there to comfort her in her momentary doubt: “Pourquoi ne se montre-t-il pas à moi comme il s’est montré aux autres?” (202). As the reader will discover, it will become difficult to forget that it is just a novel (as the cover stipulates clearly). The constant annotations, explanations, references to various religious texts, explicatory remarks, corrections in translations, and cultural elucidations, however, will constantly keep the reader believing that this authentic text is truly written by 258 FRENCH REVIEW 89.4 Reviews 259 Jude and correctly translated and edited by the celebrated author of historical novels. One might ask,is this novel a remarkable work of well-documented apocryphal writing? Is this a literary work attempting to validate the existence of siblings and demystify the perpetual virgin concept initiated in the fourth century? Is the author seeking the historical Jesus and not the one of faith? These are few questions which render this novel an intriguing literary coup de force. Jude might trouble the impassioned believers but it is bound to please the curious. Metropolitan State University of Denver, emeritus Alain Ranwez Delrue, Arnaud. Un été en famille. Paris: Seuil, 2014. ISBN 978-2-02-115526-6. Pp. 159. 16 a. The innocuous title of this first novel gives no warning of the twisted human relationships and behaviors hidden within the pages of this short work, many aspects of which call to mind L’étranger. The opening sentence “Notre sœur était morte depuis une semaine” (13) is but one example. The tone is set. Short, brutal phrases in the passé composé resemble those...

Sense of Place and Mental Wellness of Visible Minority Immigrants in Hamilton, Ontario: Revelations from Key Informants

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