De La Nueva Research Articles

Antología conmemorativa: Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica. Cincuenta tomos. Vol. 2 (review)

Reviewed by: Antología conmemorativa: Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica. Cincuenta tomos ed. by Alejandro Rivas and Yliana Rodríguez Natalya I. Stolova Antología conmemorativa: Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica. Cincuenta tomos. Vol. 2. Ed. by Alejandro Rivas and Yliana Rodríguez. (Publicaciones de la Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 9.) Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2003. Pp. viii, 651. ISBN 9681211154. The present work is the second of the two anniversary collections published by Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (NRFH) to celebrate the appearance of its fiftieth volume. Volume 2 contains thirty-two selected articles that have been published in the journal over the years. These include eighteen papers on literary topics and fourteen papers concerned with linguistics. I limit my description to the linguistic articles, giving in parentheses the original publication date. A series of papers in the collection adopt a diachronic or philological perspective. Eugenio Coseriu (1961) challenges the Arabic origin of several Spanish and Rumanian expressions, arguing that these originated within the Romance language family. Rafael Lapesa (1961) traces the development of the Latin demonstratives into the Spanish and French articles. Margherita Morreale (1963–64) offers a philological commentary on the Evangelio de San Mateo según el manuscrito escurialense I-j-6: Texto, gramática y vocabulario published by Thomas Montgomery in 1962. Germán de Granda (1978) examines the history behind the verbal diphthongized voseo forms. Yakov Malkiel (1988) describes the demise of Old Spanish nozir, nuzir ‘harm’ during the Late Middle Ages. The different varieties of Spanish constitute the focus of a cluster of five papers. María Josefa Canellada de Zamora and Alonso Zamora Vicente (1960), as well as Juan M. Lope Blanch (1963–64), treat the reduction and the loss of unstressed vowels in Mexican Spanish. Tracy D. Terrell (1978) focuses on the aspiration and the elision of the implosive and final /s/ in the Spanish of Puerto Rico. Manuel Alvar (1988) challenges the notion of el dialecto andaluz ‘the Andalusian dialect’. Guillermo L. Guitarte (1992) and María Beatriz Fontanella de Weinberg (1995) take up the phenomenon of rehilamiento in the nineteenth-century Spanish of Buenos Aires. Two articles employ Spanish data to consider issues related to linguistic terminology and linguistic theory. Bernard Pottier (1961) explores the notion of auxiliary verb. José Pedro Rona (1973) addresses the question of linguistic norm in the context of the different local, regional, national, and pan-Latin American features. Finally, Antonio Quilis (1982) provides a description of the grammar of Tagalog Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala (1610) written by missionary Francisco de San José Blancas and places this work within the context of the missionary linguistics of the Philippines. This volume is a valuable source for Hispanists, and for linguists interested in key works on the Spanish language published from the 1960s to the 1990s. Natalya I. Stolova Colgate University Copyright © 2007 Linguistic Society of America

La Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones: una evaluación desde la óptica de la nueva gerencia pública

The present work checks the performance of the Federal Commission of Telecommunications (COFETEL) of Mexico from the institutional optics. The creation of the organs of regulation is an aspect almost generalized in the reforms to the sector of the telecommunications in the whole world; nevertheless, the expectations and the results show substantial differences in the obtained achievements. The case of study shows that the independence of the agencies of regulation is not the unique explanatory element of the performance of the same one and that, for yes same, it is not a guarantee of a good performance. The existence of a so called " institutional gap " and the location in a process of transition of the COFETEL, forces to think implicitly that the endowment of major independence of the regulator must be registered in one

Gaspar Pérez De Villagrá: "Criollo" or Chicano in the Southwest?

Recent scholarship on Gaspar Perez de Villagrâ underlines the importance of his seventeenth-century epic poem, Historia de la Nueva Mexico, to both the study of Hispanic colonial literature and as a precursor to twentieth-century Chicana/o writings. This study explores a continuum in Hispanic letters in the U.S. Southwest, based on the fact that Perez de Villagra was a Criollo and not a Spaniard and certainly not an early Chicano. Any comparisons between modem Chicana/o writings and Perez de Villagra's 1610 poem must take into consideration his status in the New World as a Criollo for it determined how his fate compared to Alvar N´unez Cabeza de Vaca's-who was rewarded for his service to the Spanish Crown-as well as the content ofhis poem which emulates other epic poems from the same period such as La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla y Z´uniga.

The poetry of history

The poetry of history

La implementación de la Nueva Gestión Pública a partir del enfoque neoinstitucionalista : la eficiencia y la legitimidad como mitos

Implementation of the New Public Management underlines, among some other considerations, the evaluation base don results and efficiency, the disassemble of the public bureaucracy inside the outsoursing agencies, the use of quasi-markets and hiring to support competition, as well as the costs reduction thought management type proposals such as total quality, empowerment, etc. from a public choice approach, which considers no difference between citizens and consumers (Guerrero, 1999:136-141). This article states as a central hypothesis that, despite the emphasis given to the efficiency and even its legitimacy, the New Public Management proposals hardly considers the ordinary citizen’s opinion. Either maximizing efficiency by minimizing the trade costs, or obtaining legitimacy from the imitation or imposition of the cause explanations when implementing the Public Management there is still an eternal absent in such speech: the local subject. There are three main points about this topic: implementation of the New Public Management (NPM). The first one is about defining this model and there context elements which let its creation and legitimacy. The second one describes the organizational theories that seek to explain the basis of the New Economy Institutionalism and the actual reason to, in a compulsory way, adopt it. Finally, there is a discussion about the necessary local ·re-appropriation” of this claimed universal model and the consequences of implementing of its recommendations beyond the pure efficiency.

Alfred Maudslay and the Maya: A Biography (review)

Reviewed by: Alfred Maudslay and the Maya: A Biography Robert D. Aguirre (bio) Alfred Maudslay and the Maya: A Biography, by Ian Graham; pp. 323. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002, $39.95. That Alfred Percival Maudslay (1850-1931) has fallen into obscurity is a significant loss for Victorianists. Widely considered the founder of modern archaeology in Central America, Maudslay left behind an impressive body of work. His brilliant glass-negative photographs of Mayan architecture capture not only the monumentality of the structures themselves but also the archaeological techniques Victorian explorers brought to bear on them; as works of art in their own right, these photographs withstand comparison with the images of France Frith, Claude Désiré Charnay, and other notable expeditionary photographers. Maudslay's meticulous plaster casts of monuments, some four hundred of which are housed in the British Museum, testify to the Victorians' obsession with recording and archiving the past; in the face of wide-scale looting that has imperiled the historical record, scholars have turned to Maudslay's casts to decipher the secrets of Mayan writing and culture. Maudslay also translated an important account of the Spanish conquest of Mexico (Bernal Díaz del Castillo's Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España [1908-16]), cowrote with his wife, Anne Cary Maudslay, an interesting travel narrative (A Glimpse at Guatemala [1899]), and assembled an extraordinary collection of Mayan artifacts, some of which are on permanent exhibit in the British Museum's Mexican Gallery, which opened in 1994. Thanks to the efforts of Ian Graham, the outline—as well as many compelling new details—of Maudslay's life are now available in this biography, the first ever written about Maudslay. Graham is well qualified for the task. The recipient of a MacArthur "genius grant" for his own work on Mesoamerican archaeology, a field he has labored in for over forty years, Graham is also a leading student of its history. He has maintained a special interest in documenting the British contribution to this field, which dates from the 1820s and the opening of Latin America to foreign travelers, and has written incisive shorter studies of nineteenth-century figures such as William Bullock, Juan Galindo, and Edward King (Viscount Kingsborough). Graham's immersion in the relevant history is manifest on every page, yet it rarely impedes the flow of the narrative, which takes us from Maudslay's upbringing as the son of the well-known engineer Henry Maudslay, to his student days at Cambridge, his service in the South Seas as a junior official in the Colonial Office, and finally his researches in Guatemala—which he visited for the first time in 1872, when the back reaches of that country were little known to most Europeans. As the book's title suggests, Graham's true subject is not so much Maudslay himself—whose inner life, despite Graham's careful research, remains elusive—but his contributions to the study of the Maya. Graham consults a wide range of archival sources to detail these contributions and draws on his own expertise as an archaeologist to guide the reader through the jungles and buried cities Maudslay explored during his several visits to Central America. Graham's explanation of technologies such as plaster casting and the use of glass-plate negatives serves to place Maudslay among those Victorians who employed the devices of modernity to capture and mediate the work of cultures distant in time and place from nineteenth-century Britain. The attention to these technologies, in addition to establishing the claim that Maudslay marks the transition from an amateur to a truly scientific archaeology, anchors its subject firmly in a cultural milieu that was in its own way witnessing the onset of modernity. [End Page 112] Graham's evident admiration for his great precursor is one of the book's strengths, breathing life into what in other hands might have been an arid subject. But the affinity of the author for his subject may also account for some of the work's blind spots. Graham, for example, disregards the larger critique of archaeology as a tool in the armature of British cultural imperialism. For him, Maudslay is a hero...

Análisis del Modelo de la nueva ley de Servicio Profesional de Carrera en la Administración Pública Federal en México

Last April 10, the Official Journal of the Federation published the La won Professional Career Service in the Federal Public Administration, which established the mode of civil service for a segment of the public officers from the Executive Power of the Federation. The juridical and administrative valuations of the Law, as well as the implications it will have on the management system for human resources in the public sector are the subject of this article.It is true that the Law constitutes one of the most denotative mediums to ensure that the performance of the officers to whom of merit and permanence in the public employment, but the article refers to other organizational and work provisions which must be addressed to get mentioned Career System to be of integral character and involves all the employees who are working for the State.

Writing Violence on the Northern Frontier: The Historiography of Sixteenth-Century New Mexico and Florida and the Legacy of Conquest

Writing Violence on the Northern Frontier: The Historiography of Sixteenth-Century New Mexico and Florida and the Legacy of Conquest

A New Species of Colubrid Snake (Synophis) from Western Colombia

-Based on characters of external morphology, scutellation, and osteology, we describe a new species of Synophis from the Pacific versant of the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia. Assignment of this species to Synophis is tentative, pending a reassessment of nothopsin relationships. Some natural history notes are reported for the new species. RESUMEN.-Con base en caracteres de morfologia externa, escamaci6n y vertebras, se describe una nueva especie de Synophis del bosque nublado de la vertiente pacifica de la Cordillera Occidental de Colombia. La referencia de esta especie a Synophis es provisoria y queda a la espera de una revisi6n de las relaciones de los not6psinos. Se reportan algunos aspectos de la historia natural de la nueva especie. In August 1994, personnel from the Laboratorio de Herpetologia of the Universidad del Valle, in Colombia, began an intensive survey of the herpetofauna at Hacienda San Pedro on the Pacific slopes of the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia. Among the material collected at this site are two specimens representing an undescribed species referable to Synophis. In three years of work at Hacienda San Pedro, only two specimens of Synophis were collected. Herein, we describe this new species and discuss morphological variation and current problems encountered in studying the systematics of the genera Emmochliophis (E. fugleri and E. miops) and Synophis (S. bicolor, S. calamitus, and S. lasallei; sensu Hillis, 1990) and present natural history data for the new species. As indicated by Bogert (1964) and Hillis (1990), attempts to study the biology of these enigmatic snakes have been thwarted by a paucity of specimens, presumably because of low population densities and/or semifossorial habits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Because of the presumed sister relationship between the genera Synophis and Emmochliophis (sensu Hillis, 1990) and the similarity among their species, we compare and diagnose the new species with respect to members of Emmochliophis, Synophis, and Xenopholis (see the Appendix). To assess the validity of current phylogenetic hypotheses, we also examined a variety of 2 Corresponding Author. 4 Present Address: Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192, USA. other colubrid genera. Data from specimens unavailable for examination were compiled from Bogert (1964), Hillis (1990), Nic6foro-Maria (1950, 1970), Peracca (1896), and Werner (1923). The sex of the female holotype was determined by visual examination of the relatively short tail length and small girth and was confirmed by the lack of radiodense hemipenial spines in radiographs (Card and Mehaffey, 1994). The sex of the male paratype was verified by presence of hemipenes and chin tubercles. Color descriptions are based on preserved specimens, field notes, and photographs of the paratype in life. Body measurements were made to the nearest 0.1 mm with a metal straight ruler and digital calipers. Illustrations were drawn with the aid of a Nikon SMZ-U dissecting microscope with a camera lucida attachment. The coordinates of the type locality were determined using a Magellan CPS satellite receiver. Vertebral characters were examined from radiographs (1.25-min exposure; 5 mV; 45 KV), dried skeletal material, and cleared-and-doublestained vertebrae. These materials were compared with descriptions by Bogert (1964), Fritts and Smith (1969), and Hillis (1990). Teeth were counted on the right side of the holotype only and were observed from the radiographs. Synophis plectovertebralis sp. nov. (Figure 1) Holotype.-UVC 11858, a female collected on 31 March 1995 by Luciano Atoy Ortega at Hacienda San Pedro, about 6 km south El Queremal, Municipio Dagua, Departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia, 03?29'N, 76042'W, at 1800 m on the Pacific versant of the Cordillera Occi-

Writing Violence on the Northern Frontier: The Historiography of Sixteenth-Century New Mexico and Florida and the Legacy of Conquest

On writing violence: An introduction Reading Cabeza de Vaca, or how we perpetuate the culture of conquest The mediation of the law in the New Mexico corpus, 1539-1609 Aesthetics of colonial violence: The massacre of Acoma in Gaspar de Villagra's Historia de la Nueva Mexico Violence in de Soto Narratives: Moralistic terrorism in Oviedo's Historia general Porque soy indio: Subjectivity in Garcilaso's La Florida del Inca Of massacre and representation: Painting hatred and ceremonies of possession in Protestant anti-Spanish pamphleteering Epilogue: Before history

Figures of Conversion and Subjectivity in Colonial Narrative

In several chronicles of the discovery and conquest of the New World, Cabeza de Vaca's Naufragios, Bernal Diaz's Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva Espafia, and el Inca Garcilaso de la Vega's Comentarios, scenes of conversion from an Old World self to a New World one provide a context for under- standing these texts' challenge to conventional histories of conquest. John Freccero's theory on conversion in Dante proposes that a conversion marks a point in the text where a new story is to be told. The colonial con- version stories tell a new version of America and its protagonists, far from the ideal historical paradigm. The ironic moments of conversion in these texts are also the lynchpins of a certain narrative irony that character- izes the chronicles in their questioning of models of authority.

Cartographic Writing and the Native Body in Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá's "Historia de la Nueva Mexico"

Research Article| January 01 1999 Cartographic Writing and the Native Body in Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá's "Historia de la Nueva Mexico" Diane E. Sieber Diane E. Sieber Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Calíope (1999) 5 (1): 73–83. https://doi.org/10.2307/44799622 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Diane E. Sieber; Cartographic Writing and the Native Body in Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá's "Historia de la Nueva Mexico". Calíope 1 January 1999; 5 (1): 73–83. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/44799622 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectivePenn State University PressCalíope Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 1999 by The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved.1999The Pennsylvania State University Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Small Particulars: Variant Titles and Dates to the Manuscript of Fray Diego Durán

The famous sixteenth-century illustrated manuscript Historia by Fray Diego Durán is an extensive account of Aztec/Mexica history and rites, and a description of the Aztec calendar. Although the exact date of completion is unknown, there are two internal dates in the text (1579 and 1581) which have been used to date the original document. Durán's account was recopied by Mexican scholar José F. Ramírez in 1854 and a two volume printed version with the title Historia de Nueva España y Yslas de Tierra Firme was published in Mexico between 1867 and 1880. Recently a manuscript copy of Durán's text, transcribed in the 1840s, was rediscovered at the Library of Congress containing the following title and description:Historia antigua de la Nueva España con noticias de los ritos y costumbres de los Yndios y esplicacion del calendario mexicano por Fray Diego Durán, Escrita en el año de 1585. [Peter Force Papers, Series VIII C (Hispanic Collection), Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington].

Ptolemy’s Chorographia in the New World: Revelations from the Relaciones Geográficas de la Nueva España of 1579–1581

The art‐historical issue raised here concerns some forgotten formal sources for a distinctive cartographic format once commonly informing European map‐making, and the specific proposition examined here in some detail is ‘chorographic’ description. Our immediate point of departure are those maps called pinturas which accompanied the Relaciones Geográficas de la Nueva España (Mexico) of 1579–81. Modern students of the history of cartography recognize that current knowledge of classical map‐making is highly speculative for the lack of any significant surviving examples. Even though the physical products are largely missing, we do know some classical terms for regional to world maps: tabula, forma, figura mundi, orbis pictus, or orbis terrarum descriptio, to which I would like now to add another term, tabulae chorographicae, making reference to a variant cartographic convention for which by far the most complete description is to be found in Ptolemy’s Geography (I, 1). From antique textual references, mainly ekphrasis (descriptions) of lost frescoes with landscape scenes, plus some scanty surviving, specifically cartographic evidence, mostly Roman, precise conclusions can now be drawn about that ancient representational mode – the tabulae chorographicae– which, besides describing the fossilized cartographic technique employed in the Mexican pinturas of c. 1571, likely represents an unrecognized functional precedent for the medieval orbis pictus.

« La mera verdad resiste a mi rudeza »: forgeries et mensonges dans l'Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España de Bernal Diaz del Castillo

« The simple truth resists my toughness » : inventions and lies in the Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España by Bernai Diaz del Castillo. A careful study of the Historia verdadera written by Bernai Diaz questions the faithfulness of this source, especially when it sets apart from the authors it pretends correct ; this study equally allows to straighten several points of the history of the Spanish Conquest. B. Diaz does not hesitate to lie or to invent, in particular in order to defend the actions of the conquistadores at a time when they were criticized. The analysis proves, as well, the apocryphal character of a so-called merced of Cortez to the caciques of Axapusco.

The Arrival of the Europeans: Folk Dramatizations of Conquest and Conversion in New Mexico

On 30 April 1598, on the banks of the Rio del Norte (Rio Grande), Juan de Onate formally took possession of all the kingdoms and provinces of New Mexico, in the name of King Philip [of Spain]. The reading of the act of possession was followed by sermon, a great ecclesiastical and secular celebration, a great salute and rejoicing, and, in the afternoon, a comedy.1 Although the text of the comedia has been lost, a brief account of the play's subject matter can be found in Gaspar Perez de Villagra's epic poem Historia de la Nueva Mexico. Villagra was a captain under Onate 's command in New Mexico and published his account of the expedition in 1610. He wrote:

Oral History in the Americas

There was a period when the historical craft in Latin America was based primarily on oral sources. In the sixteenth century, Iberian chroniclers, conquerors, and priests sought to reconstruct the indigenous past to gain knowledge useful for colonization and conversion. Although their aims were not scholarly, these Europeans recorded much history based on oral testimonies from survivors of the large civilizations of Mexico, Central America, and the Andes. In particular, they collected information about social, economic, and religious traditions. The classic example is Bernardino de Sahaguin's Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva Espana, first published in 1665. A Franciscan friar, Sahaguin relied primarily on the accounts of numerous indigenous informants, which he transcribed in the original Nahuatl language and then translated into Spanish. There is also a rich literature on the conquest and colonization that, although colored by the cultural assumptions of sixteenth-century Europeans, provides important information about the major Indian civilizations. Representative examples are Bernal Diaz del Castillo's Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva Espana (1568) and Pedro Cieza de Leon's Crdnica delPerfi (1553). Oral history, during the colonial era, was primarily an instrument of colonization, a transitional tool used by Europeans while they created their own records and traditions.1 In the nineteenth century, the descendants of the original colonizers, now prominent revolutionary leaders of new Latin American nations, used oral testimonies to build national identity and history. They sought to justify their break from the colonial past and to rationalize their position of leadership by developing histories that relied heavily on interviews with leaders of the independence movement in the first

The Discursive Encounter of Spain and America: The Authority of Eyewitness Testimony in the Writing of History

WIC HEN Bernal Diaz del Castillo wrote the Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva Espaia, he feared, he said, that his readers would take as fictional his accounts of ninety-three days of battle because they would seem like the tales in a novel of chivalry.1 A participant in the Vazquez de Coronado expedition of I 540-I 542, Pedro de Castafieda de Na.jera, expressed a similar concern.2 For men like Bernal Diaz and Pedro Castafieda, the challenge of writing history was not only to be believed but also to be acknowledged as authoritative. The relationship between historical testimony and historiographic authority was, without a doubt, one of the central issues in the histories and relations (relaciones) written by participants in the Spanish conquests in America. Bernal Diaz del Castillo, conquistador of Mexico and encomendero of Guatemala, Alvar Nifiez Cabeza de Vaca, shipwreck survivor of Painfilo de Narvaez's expedition to conquer Florida and governor of Rio de la Plata, and Fray Bartolome de Las Casas, ex-encomendero, friar, missionary, bishop, and activist at court on behalf of the natives of America, not only made history but wrote it. Each of them recorded, refuted, and transmitted it, and in doing so, each played a key role in the process of elaborating the discursive encounter of Spain and America. The episodes of this encounter occurred not on the battlefield or at court but in the library, not against the din of battle or the stridency of conciliar debates but in the silence of reading and reflection. Neverthe-

Voices of Resistance: The Epic Curse and Camões's Adamastor

IN i6io GASPAR PEREZ DE VILLAGRA published a minor epic poem in unrhymed heroic verse, the Historia de la Nueva Mexico. It chronicles the Spanish exploration and conquest of what is now the American Southwest. Villagral was an eyewitness and participant at the events he recounts, and while his poem is of small literary value, it is our chief, often exclusive historical source for the exploits of the New Mexican conquistadors. It is with the 1599 siege and destruction of the Acoma pueblo that Villagra finds his true epic subject-events that inevitably evoke Troy, the model of all doomed epic cities.' The rebellious Acomans had ambushed and massacred eleven members of a Spanish patrol; the four-hundred-foot heights of their pueblo could not save them from a frightful retribution. A punitive expeditionary force was sent out under the command of Vicente de Zaldivar, whose own brother lay among the Acomans' victims. It took only two days for the Spaniards to storm the seemingly impregnable pueblo, which they burned to the ground. Hundreds of its Indian defenders died, many committing suicide by throwing themselves into the flames of their houses or over the pueblo's sheer cliffs. It was later alleged that Zaldivar butchered others who had surrendered, avenging his brother's death. The remaining inhabitants of the pueblo were subsequently put on trial and condemned for their revolt. All over the age of twelve were sentenced to twenty years of servitude; males over twenty-five were to have one foot cut off as well. Villagra's poem does not describe the trial or the fate of the survivors. It ends instead with a highly dramatic incident during the mopping-up campaign that followed Acoma's downfall. Two fugitives from Acoma, Tempal and Cotumbo, had been taken prisoner and held in a kiva in the pueblo of San Juan. The prisoners now barricaded themselves in the kiva and kept their captors at bay, hurling stones at anyone who approached them. After three days they asked the Spanish general, Don Juan de Ofiate, for two daggers with which to kill themselves. After vain attempts to persuade them to surrender and convert to Christianity, Ofiate

Vicente Huidobro and futurism: convergences and divergences (1917–1918)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeBSS Subject Index: COMPARISONS IN LITERATURE & CULTUREFUTURISM/FUTURISMOHUIDOBRO, VICENTE (1893–1948) Notes 1. Huidobro earned the epithet ‘creacionista’ when he gave a conference at the Ateneo in Buenos Aires in 1916. He stressed that the lirst obligation of the poet was to create, the second, to create, and the third, to create. 2. The similarity of some aspects of El espejo de agua and Reverdy's verse has led some critics to believe that Huidobro updated the 1916 edition. See my article ‘Huidobro y El espejo de agua: nuevas observaciones’, Ínsula, XXXII, 367 (1977), 1 and 12. 3. See Ana Pizarro's revealing article on this topic, ‘El creacionismo de Vicente Huidobro y sus orígenes’, Mapocho, XIX (1969), 67–71 4. Obras completas de Vicente Huidobro, I (Santiago de Chile 1964), 684. Henceforth all references to this book will be followed by parentheses and the abbreviation OC and page number. 5. Later Huidobro admitted (in a rare show of modesty) that these books were somewhat immature. He gave himself credit for some originality in La gruta del silencio (1913) where he does, indeed, come up with something new. 6. From La ville charnelle (1908); reproduced in Marinett ie il futurismo, ed. Luciano De Maria (Verona 1973), 310. 7. F. T. Marinetti, Selected Writings, trans. R. W. Flint and A. A. Coppotelli (New York 1972), 42. Henceforth (MSW, page number). 8. ‘Construction’, in Dix-neuf poèmes élastiques, OC, I [Du monde entier au cœur du monde] (Paris 1963), 80. 9. From Baudelaire to Surrealism, trans. G. M. (New York 1950), 224. 10. In a similar way cubist pictures were often hung upside down by unknowing museum workers. T'his did not bother the artists who often left them that way. 11. See good use of freed-words in ‘Orage’ (OC, 266), ‘Paysage’ (OC, 274), ‘Soleil’ (OC, 282) and ‘Fin’ (OC, 283–84). 12. The futurists strongly criticized Apollinaire for this, claiming that Delaunay had received his ideas from them. See Umberto Boccioni, T Futuristi plagiati nella Francia’ Lacerba, I (1913), 99–101. 13. Quoted in Rosemary Ann Clough, Futurism (New York 1961), 128. 14. ‘The Exhibitors to the Public’ (1912). Reproduced in Joshua C. Taylor, Futurism (New York 1961), 128. 15. Clough, 138. 16. Fundadores de la nueva poesía latir, ‘americana (Barcelona 1973), 81. 17. Historia de las literaturas de vanguardia (Madrid 1971), I, 144.