De La Lengua Research Articles

A ver (si): diacronía de un marcador del discurso en español

Abstract In this work, the diachronic perspective is used to explain the coexistence in current Spanish of three constructions: a) syntactic structures like a ver (si) + complement, integrated into the sentence framework, b) non-sentence fragments like a ver and c) independent structures, like a ver si + sentence complement. Out-side the sentence framework, both non-sentence fragments and independent sen-tences fulfil pragmatic values (interactive) or discursive values (favoring the construction of discourse). To carry out this diachronic investigation, we start from the syntactic insubordination hypothesis (cf. Evans 2007; Evans/Watanabe 2016), assuming that independence structures are the result of their insubordination from the governing nucleus of the sentence framework. In the first place, according to the documentation provided by the Corpus del Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (CDH), it is verified when the integrated syntactic structures like a ver (si) + complement, which we call experimentation structures, begin to be documented and when they stabilize in the language. The body of documents is subsequently reviewed to verify the first cases of syntactic insubordination and to verify how these syntactic independence processes end up being conventionalized and start to function as procedural marks with pragmatic and discursive value.

Selección y valoración de LIJ para bibliotecas de aula: comparativa entre España, Ecuador y Colombia / Selection and appraisal of LIJ for the library of the class: comparison between Spain, Ecuador and Colombia

The aim of this study comparison is the clarification of the kind of youth and children’s literature in order to create a class library, selected by Spaniards, Colombians and Ecuadorians teachers. Minor differences were observed trough data collection and analysis of one of the activities –“Selection and evaluation of a small library”- of the subject “Didáctica de la Lectura” of UNIR’s MFA in “Didáctica de la Lengua en Educación Infantil y Primaria”, answered by current teachers of Spain, Colombia and Ecuador. Nevertheless, a few particularities are detectable in the selection of certain books, as well as in the reasons to exclude other titles. Putting all the data together, is possible to conclude that the selection of the works is not always guided by rigorous criteria, instead the tradition and the personal experience -which is mutable from class to class- seem to be the leading motivations.

Two Ways of Representing Specialist Knowledge: Analysing the Botanical Lexicon in Diccionario de la Lengua Española and Diccionario del Español de México

Abstract This article explores the lexicographic codification of botanical knowledge in two general dictionaries: Diccionario de la lengua española (2014 [2021]), produced by the Real Academia Española in Spain, and Diccionario del español de México (2019), published by El Colegio de México. It begins with a historical overview of the inclusion of botanical terminology in general dictionaries by the Real Academia Española and by other authors. Then, it analyses the degree to which the botanical terms included in each dictionary meet the inclusion criteria established. Finally, it focuses on diatechnical labelling and the differences between the two dictionaries in terms of the disciplines to which terms are assigned. This allows us to draw conclusions regarding the representation of this field of knowledge in the two dictionaries and the lexicographic techniques used to produce them.

Visualising Afro-Cultural Identities in Contemporary Argentina: The Case of Antepasados. Los afroporteños en la cultura nacional

Antepasados. Los afroporteños en la cultura nacional [Ancestors: Afroporteños in National Culture] was one of the most comprehensive museum exhibits to address the cultural heritage of Afro-descendants from Buenos Aires – known as afroporteños. It was open to the public from April to June 2016 at the Museo del Libro y de la Lengua [Museum of Books and Language]. The primary purpose of Antepasados was to recapture afroporteños’ cultural heritage and fill what scholars, curators, and the government saw as a “regrettable absence” in narratives about national identity. This study examines how Antepasados (2016) articulated the logic of whiteness in Argentina and the politics of race representation in museums and public history while recognising the erasure of Afro-descendants in official discourse. This exhibit acknowledges the contribution of afroporteños to national culture and identity, and shows how Argentine society is dealing with its racial reckoning, albeit with certain contradictions. Finally, this study inscribes the case of afroporteños into broader discussions about race in Latin America by reframing national identity and cultural heritage discourses in more inclusive terms within a country where an emphasis on whiteness has been predominant.

Erupciones e irrupciones léxicas. Estudio lexicosemántico de fajana, delta lávico e isla baja a partir de su uso en la prensa canaria

The current study consists of an analysis of the words fajana, delta lávico and isla baja. The treatment of the three lexical units were observed and analysed in academic lexicography (RAE [Royal Spanish Academy] and ASALE [Association of Spanish Language Academies]) and regional lexicography (Academia Canaria de la Lengua [Canarian Academy of the Language]) in order to establish a starting point for comparison the results of an analysis of the frequency of use of these volcanological terms in the Canarian press between October and December 2021, the period of activity of the Cumbre Vieja volcano (La Palma). The most frequent terms used by the media were the lexical units delta lávico and fajana. Based on this fact, an amendment of the lexicographical article on fajana is proposed.

García de la Rasilla, Carmen, and Jorge Abril Sánchez, eds. Immature Playboys & Predatory Tricksters: Studies in the Sources, Scope and Reach of Don Juan

García de la Rasilla, Carmen, and Jorge Abril Sánchez, eds. <i>Immature Playboys &amp; Predatory Tricksters: Studies in the Sources, Scope and Reach of Don Juan</i>

The Analysis of Components on Monolingual Spanish Learner’s Dictionaries for Foreign Students

Dictionaries have been considered as one of major tools for foreign language learning. So, this study aimed to analyze the main elements of monolingual Spanish learner’s dictionaries for foreign students. The study used the comparative study approach to examine components of each dictionary in making the acquaintance of their key components used in three Spanish studied dictionaries, namely, 1.) Diccionario para la Enseñanza de la Lengua Española (DIPELE), 2.) Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española (DSLE), 3.) Diccionario Español para Extranjeros (DEESM). The analysis was applied to the search mode, the selection of corpus, provided grammatical notes and other useful features in the three dictionaries. The results revealed that all of the analyzed dictionaries possess some key features in common designed to enhance language learning and some of them provided some helpful language advice

Words and Collocations Containing roots -gr(i)eg- (-gring-, -grec-, etc.), -helen-, -bizant- in Modern Spanish

The article addresses the subject of the semantics of Spanish words and collocations containing the roots -gr(i)eg- (-grec-, -gring-, etc.), -helen-, -bizant-, associated with Greece and with the Greek culture. The author analyzes the semantics and etymology of the words and expressions the way they are represented in the two most reputable explanatory dictionaries, Diccionario de la lengua espa&amp;#241;ola (DLE) and Diccionario de americanismos. In some cases, the usage of the selected units is described with reference to corpus data (Modern Spanish corpora — CREA and CORPES XXI). The study has revealed the presence of a significant proportion of “learned borrowings” (“cultismos”), which is explained by the importance of Ancient Greek and Byzantine culture for European civilization in general and for Spain in particular. It is stated that the semantic evolution of some vocabulary units was influenced by stereotypical ideas about Greece and the Greeks. In addition, the analysis of Diccionario de americanismos has shown some peculiarities of the usage of the words and expressions under analysis in Latin American Spanish (e. g. the more frequent use of “gringo” and its derivatives).

Tradicionalidad discursiva e influencia del francés en la gramaticalización de en definitiva como marcador del discurso

Abstract This paper addresses the grammaticalization of Spanish en definitiva as a discourse marker. The objectives are threefold: to enquire about previous changes and discourse traditions that took place, to outline the path to the new values that were acquired, and to ascertain whether the French construction en définitive had an influence on the Spanish one during the grammaticalization process. To do so, we examined the cases found in Frantext for French, while for the Spanish data, we used Corpus del Diccionario histórico de la lengua española and Corpus diacrónico del español. Additionally, Gallica and Hemeroteca Digital were used to fill the gaps in the documentation for the 18th and 19th centuries. The results show that en definitiva might have undergone a vernacular evolution fixing as a ritual formula that gave rise to a modal construction and later assimilated new discourse uses as loan translations from the French construction en définitive. This finding leads to deeper consideration of the evolution of Modern French discourse markers and 19th century Spanish press.

IRREGULARITIES IN THE USE OF THE MODERN SPANISH LANGUAGE

The language errors could potentially hinder the transmission of information and disturb theconcretization of the act of communication. In the contemporary context, many factors exercise influence on thelanguage especially the social media triggering disregard of the linguistic norms, devaluing the correct use of thelanguage and disrupting the normal flow of communication. These irregularities in the use of the Spanish languageare known as language vices. The subject of this paper is a broad view of the irregularities (that could be of differentgrammatical nature) that could result from the improper use of the Modern Spanish language and encompasses thedefinition, review of the most common types of language vices (pleonasm, solecism, amphibology, barbarism,archaism, and neologism) supported by a series of examples excerpted from relevant sources among whichOrtografía de la lengua Española (RAE:2010). Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (RAE:2005), Gran diccionariode sinónimos, voces afines e incorrecciones (Fernando Corripio, Bruguera, 1979), etc. The purpose of the paper is,in absence of Spanish grammar(s) in Macedonian language and published comparative papers in particular in thefield of lexicology, to fill to some extant the vacuum and shed light on the language vices in the Modern Spanishlanguage, thus arousing the interest of the Macedonian linguists, especially those with knowledge of Spanish forfuture more profound research and their systematization.

TECHNOLOGY, SIMULATION AND SENTIMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS IN &lt;i&gt;GEOGRAFÍA DE LA LENGUA&lt;/i&gt; BY ANDREA JEFTANOVIC

This article analyses the sentimental relationship proposed by Andrea Jeftanovic in Geografía de la lengua. The sentimental relationship of its protagonists arises in a nonplace. It is also constructed through the technological medium and generates in the subjects a confusion between reality and fiction. These traits, which the critics have attributed to the narrative of simulation, constitute the main vectors of this analysis. The aim of this article is to highlight the literary treatment of the different conditioning factors that crosses a sentimental relationship subjected to physical distance and technology.

Por entregas: la escritura de El águila y la serpiente (1925-1929), de Martín Luis Guzmán

The critical edition of Martin Luis Guzmán’s El águila y la serpiente, is the result of extensive research carried out at the initiative of the Academia Mexicana de la Lengua. Part of the investigation involved the tracking of Guzman’s submissions to the newspapers La Prensa (San Antonio, Texas) and El Universal (Mexico City) which formed the corpus of the book, whose first edition is dated June 1928. The consequent database allowed his journalistic texts to be chronologically and geographically placed. It also shed light on the conditions and order in which they were written as well as their relation to the political events in Mexico and Europe at the time, such as the Mexican Revolution and the Hispanic American narrative surrounding it. Based on this information, this article relates the life of Guzmán and his work in journalism in Madrid, Paris, and Hendaye from June 1925 to the end of 1928. The text contributes new elements about the writing process of El águila y la serpiente, whose journalistic records have not been sufficiently considere, and how it was immediately received.

La subordinación en el Glosario de términos gramaticales. Teoría, didáctica y su aplicación a la escritura

The syntax of subordination is one of the most difficult subjects that a Spanish first language teacher has to address. In this article the analysis of subordination in the Nueva gramática de la lengua española and the Glosario de términos gramaticales are detailed, the two works are compared and the differences between them are explained and justified. The basic idea of this part of the article is that a explicit teaching of grammar can help students to improve their writing. In the second part of the article, we propose some exercises that show how knowledge of this area of grammar can be useful to improve writing.

“Confessionario em Lingua Mandarina” by Fr. Francisco Varo: An Unknown Manuscript of the Renowned Dominican

The Oriental Department of the St Petersburg University’s library has a unique manuscript “Confessionario em Lingua Mandarina”, a handbook for confession, compiled by Dominican father Francisco Varo (1627-1687) for use in his (and his confrères) missionary work in earlier Qing China (sec. half of the 17th c.). The manuscript, seven folios altogether, bound into a dictionary (Dictionario Lusitanico Sinico Tartaro Historico Mathematico Latino for Congregação da Missão Portugueza), amidst its main body, is a precious gift to all researchers in the field, for it is, by all accounts, a unique exemplar of this kind of text by the famous missionary. Varo’s written legacy has received special attention from historians of Catholic missions in China and researchers on the Ming and Qing Chinese language. However a Confessionario is not traced in Varo’s bibliography. The undenied value of the text is its bilingual contents: the confessor’s questions in the Portuguese language translated into the earlier Qing Mandarin (southern guanhua). Documents, codifying the main Chinese dialect of the 17th c. are rather rare, although a number of elaborated descriptions of variant systems of guanhua romanization by Western missionaries provide us with all necessary instruments to analyse the transcription method, used by Varo in the Confessionario. The author of the article attempts to implement the existing methodology to identify the place of this piece of Varo’s work in the Chinese romanization mosaic. Being Portuguese-based, the transcription of the Confessionario differs significantly from Varo’s Spanish-oriented system in Vocabulario de la Lengua Mandarina (1670) and Arte de la Lengua Mandarina (1682-1703), naturally demonstrating more in common to the earlier systems by Ricci, Trigault and Martini. A few peculiarities of the romanization used in Confessionario are revealed in the article.

From the History of the Classification of parts of speech

Distributing the vocabulary in a language into different classes and using common grammatical signs (morphological categories, suntactic functions) as a class-fiction principle creates a list of parts of a specific number of speech in a language. Spanish is no exception, where nine parts of speech are distinguished: noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction,interjection. He presented sequence of parts of speech is found in 2009, after the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) published an updated grammar of the Spanish language “„Nueva gramática de la lengua española“. The academy-proposed classification with updated grammar, which is considered the final version at this stage, differs in a number of characteristics from the classifications presented in the grammatical works of previous centuries.The present article deals with the history of the classification of parts of speech, where based on the most important grammatical works for the Spanish (Castilian) language, the evolution of the classification of parts of speech is described. Description of the classification of parts of speech we started from the first grammar of Castilian language and saw how the Nebrichasian classification gradually changed and how we got the part of the nine speeches in modern Spanish.

Spiritualité, Spirituality, and Espiritualidad

Abstract This article offers a corrective to the widely held idea that the modern concept of spirituality is traceable to the seventeenth century French notion of spiritualité. Instead, the argument is made that the sixteenth and seventeenth century Spanish terms spiritual and spiritualidad are earlier expressions of the modern concept of spirituality. The article opens with an examination of the place of spirituality in the academic study of religion and proceeds to a discussion of the premises of conceptual history and modern lexicography. In the closing section, the author analyses a plethora of lexicographical and other primary source material from the medieval to the early modern periods that demonstrate the usage of the terms spirital and espiritualidad in Spain as well as in colonial Latin America. Among the sources examined are Sebastián de Covarrubias Orozco, Tesoro de la lengua castellana (Madrid: Luis Sánchez, 1611); Fernando de Valverde, Vida de Jesu Christo nuestro señor (Lima: Luis de Lyra, 1657); and Diccionario de la lengua castellana (Madrid: En la imprenta de Francisco del Hierro, 1726–1739).

‘Clean, Fix, and Grant Splendor’: The Making of Diccionario de Autoridades

Abstract Hailed as the foundation of modern Spanish-language lexicography, the Diccionario de Autoridades was developed over a period of thirteen years. While it is a window to appreciate the impact of Enlightenment ideas in Spain, it also showcases some of the country's most entrenched phobias, both within and throughout its colonies across the Atlantic. This essay looks at its planning, structure, and publication in political, cultural, and linguistic terms. It analyses its legacy over the Dicionario de la Lengua Española, which is the organ of the Real Academia Española and on other Spanish-language lexicons. And it compares it with the work of Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language and Noah Webster's An American Dictionary of the English Language. The xenophobic motto of the Real Academia Española, ‘Clean, Fix, and Grant Splendor’, long a subject of controversy, is the philosophy behind Autoridades.

Manyisig: The culinary heritage significance of Sisig in Angeles City, Pampanga, Philippines

Manyisig is a documented word from the Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga of Friar Diego Bergano, published in 1860, which means a kind of salad with a spicy vinegar dressing or any sour snack that includes unripe mangoes or guavas. From this context and through the culinary and community development, manyisig became the origin of what is known today as Sisig or chopped, minced pork face and cheek with onions and chilies. This qualitative-case study research explicated the culinary heritage significance of Sisig ni Angeles City, Pampanga, Philippines. It also highlights the common characteristics of Angeles City Sisig, such as raw ingredients, associated tangible and intangible heritages, associated built structures, and culinary tradition. The research assessed the culinary tradition by collecting physical evidence through observation using culinary heritage mapping and photo and video documentation, oral evidence through in-depth interview using semi-structured aide memoire and robofoto, and documentary evidence through content analysis using literature review and synthesis matrix or tabular reconnaissance. A total of forty-six (46) food establishments were documented with their versions of Sisig. In analyzing the information collected, a repertory grid and thematic network analysis were used. Sisig culinary tradition translates on different cultural aspects, such as raw ingredients that are meat-related, fat, flavor enhancer, related or associated, and cultural development, associated tangible heritages that are cooking materials, consumption-related, and food pairing, associated intangible heritages, specifically on the process of cooking, associated built structures that highlight the source of the culinary tradition, viability, and culinary tradition. In conclusion, the Kapampangans, specifically from Angeles City, continuously safeguard and protect the tradition through communal and cultural connectivity.

Markiz de Villena – założyciel i pierwszy dyrektor Real Academia Española

Don Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco, Marquis of Villena, came from one of the most distinguished families in Spain. His greatest life contribution, having a far-reaching impact on the consolidation of the cultural and social identity of Spain, was the initiative to establish the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy). He was aware that the language used by scholars and writers living on the Iberian Peninsula was not uniform, and that the invasion of French expressions was progressing. In 1711, he created a group of people willing to cooperate in the cultivation and preservation of "the words and phrases of the Castilian language". Each of the eight participants of the meetings had experience in the field of humanities. It should be noted that this group was the founding core of the later Real Academia Española, officially approved on October 3, 1714. Marquis of Villena has led the Academy in his twelve years as director with meticulous attention to almost all of its meetings. The research goal set at the beginning, which was the development of the Dictionary of the Castilian language (Diccionario de la lengua castellana), was carried out in the years 1726–1739. Unfortunately, the Marquis died without the completion and publication of the first volume of the work, which was being prepared for printing at the time of his death. This memorable work is known today as the Dictionary of Authorities (Diccionario de autoridades).

La Gramática espanhola para portugueses (Oporto, 1947) de Julio Martínez Almoyna características metodológicas

This paper analyzes aspects of a little-known work in the context of grammar and history of Spanish language teaching in Portugal, the Gramática espanhola para uso dos portugueses (Oporto, 1947) by Julio Martínez Almoyna: the possible reasons for its publication in Portugal in the mid-twentieth century, the structure of the lessons and its didactic characteristics. Regarding the first aspect, the writing of the work is framed in the Luso-Spanish socio-political context of the time. Regarding specifically methodological issues, we analyze in detail the microstructure of the lessons and the underlying didactic criteria. In order to examine the didactic characteristics of the manual, we put it in contrast with other works published in Portugal for the teaching of Spanish; specifically, the Gramática elemental de la lengua española(Lisbon, 1947), by Pablo Gayán Hernanz, and Español para lusitanos. Método práctico de lengua española (Coimbra, 1952), by José María Viqueira Barreiro.