La Crise De Research Articles

Debt-for-development exchanges in Australia: past, present and future

Debt-for-development exchanges are one technique through which to address the ongoing debt crisis in the less-developed world. This paper discusses how Australia's first debt-for-development exchange, with Indonesia, came into being, and explores future possibilities for Australian debt exchanges. It is an interesting example of how activists and advocates can successfully pursue innovative public policy solutions to development problems. More importantly, however, this paper explores the link between debt accumulation in less-developed countries and trade policies of industrialised countries like Australia. Debt-for-development exchanges in Australia: past, present and future Échanges dette contre développement en Australie : passé, présent et futur Les échanges dettes contre développement constituent une technique au moyen de laquelle aborder la crise de la dette qui se poursuit dans les pays les moins avancés. Cet article traite de la manière dont le premier échange dette contre développement de l'Australie, mené avec l'Indonésie, a pris forme, et il examine les possibilités futures pour les échanges de dette australiens. Il s'agit d'un exemple intéressant de la manière dont les activistes et les défenseurs peuvent appliquer efficacement des solutions innovantes de politiques publiques pour répondre à des problèmes de développement. Toutefois, un aspect plus important dont traite cet article est le lien qui existe entre l'accumulation de dettes dans les pays les moins avancés et les politiques commerciales de pays industrialisés comme l'Australie. As permutas de dívida por desenvolvimento na Austrália: passado, presente e futuro As permutas de dívida por desenvolvimento são uma técnica utilizada para lidar com a crise da dívida atual em países menos desenvolvidos. Este artigo discute como se deu a primeira permuta de dívida por desenvolvimento da Austrália com a Indonésia, e examina as possibilidades futuras para as trocas de dívida australianas. Esse é um exemplo interessante de como ativistas e defensores podem buscar de maneira bem-sucedida soluções de políticas públicas inovadoras para os problemas de desenvolvimento. Mais importante, porém, este artigo examina a conexão entre a acumulação de dívida em países menos desenvolvidos e políticas comerciais de países industrializados como a Austrália. Intercambios de deuda por desarrollo en Australia: pasado, presente y futuro Los intercambios de deuda por desarrollo son una manera de afrontar la crisis de la deuda que existe actualmente en los países menos desarrollados. Este ensayo analiza cómo Australia llevó a cabo el primer intercambio de deuda por desarrollo con Indonesia y explora futuras posibilidades para que Australia intercambie deuda. Esta experiencia es un ejemplo interesante de cómo los activistas y quienes realizan incidencia pueden alcanzar soluciones innovadoras en políticas públicas para solucionar los problemas del desarrollo. Sin embargo, lo más importante de este ensayo es que examina el vínculo entre la acumulación de deuda en países menos desarrollados y las políticas comerciales de países industrializados como Australia.

Imagined Double Movements: Progressive Thought and the Specter of Neoliberal Populism

In the aftermath of the financial crisis, the American Tea Party movement has played a prominent role in forcing a return to neoliberalism. Progressive treatments of this development have been rather dismissive: seen through a lens that emphasizes the inherent tension between capitalism and democracy, neoliberal populism can only appear as an incongruous phenomenon. The article suggests that such assessments reflect an insufficiently developed understanding of the moral force and affective charge of neoliberal discourses and their ability to shape popular democratic sentiment. It considers the political significance of this by examining progressivism's conceptual logic and the way it has distanced itself from popular concerns and affects. The article concludes that the modern progressive political imaginary participates in the making of political realities that elude its grasp, unreflexively fueling the very kind of neoliberal populism that it ignores or dismisses. Después de la crisis financiera, el movimiento del partido American Tea Party, ha jugado un papel destacado en forzar un retorno al neoliberalismo. Los tratamientos progresivos de este desarrollo han sido más bien desdeñosos: visto a través de lentes que enfatizan la tensión inherente entre el capitalismo y la democracia, el populismo neoliberal puede solamente aparecer como un fenómeno incongruente. El artículo sugiere que tales evaluaciones reflejan un insuficiente conocimiento desarrollado de la fuerza moral y cargo afectivo de los discursos neoliberales y su habilidad para forjar el sentimiento democrático. Considera el significado político de esto mediante la examinación de la lógica conceptual del progresismo y la forma como se ha distanciado de las preocupaciones y repercusiones populares. El artículo concluye que el imaginario político progresivo moderno participa en la elaboración de realidades políticas que eluden su control, alimentando inconscientemente un populismo neoliberal que ignora o descarta. 作为金融危机的结果，美国茶党运动在催迫向新自由主义回归方面扮演了重要角色。进步派对待这一发展是相当轻蔑的：通过强调资本主义和民主之间内在紧张之棱镜，新自由民粹主义只能以一种不调和的现象出现。本文表明，这些评估反映了一种发展不足的对新自由主义话语之道德力量和情感蕴藏，以及它们塑造民众民主情感的能力的理解。文章通过进步主义的概念逻辑及与民众关注和情感保持距离，考虑了上述现象的政治意义。本文的结论是，现代进步主义的政治想象参与到了躲避其掌控的政治现实的形成之中，缺乏自省地为它所忽视或不屑一顾的那种新自由民粹主义火上浇油。 금융위기 이후 미국의 티파티 운동은 신자유주의로 돌아갈 것을 강요하는데 중요한 역할을 하고 있다.티파티 운동의 발전에 대한 진보적인 설명이 다소 등한시되었다. 자본주의와 민주주의 간의 내적인 긴장을 강조하는 관점을 통해서 신자유주의적 포퓰리즘이 단지 앞뒤가 맞지 않는 현상으로만 보여질 수 있다. 이 글은 그러한 평가는 신자유주의적 담론의 도덕적 힘과 감정적 비난 그리고 대중적 민주적 감정에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 능력에 대한 불충분한 이해를 반영한다는 것을 제시한다. 진보주의의 개념적 논리와 대중적 관심과 감성으로부터 스스로를 멀리하는 방식을 검토함으로써 이것의 정치적 의미를 다룬다. 이 글은 현대 진보적 정치적 상상력이 무시하거나 놓치고 있는 일종의 신자유주의 포률리즘을 비성찰적으로 부채질하면서 본질을 파악하기에 어려운 정치적 현실을 만드는데 참여하고 있다고 결론 내린다.

Using Social Power to Balance Soft Power: Venezuela's Foreign Policy

President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela has achieved what no other Latin American leader has since the end of the Cold War: bringing security concerns in the Western Hemisphere back to U.S. foreign policy. Might Venezuela provoke a war against neighboring Colombia, spread weapons among insurgents abroad, disrupt oil sales to the United States, provide financial support to Hezbollah, al Qaeda or other fundamentalist movements, offer safe havens for drug dealers, invite Russia to open a military base on its territory, or even acquire nuclear weapons? 1 These security concerns did not exist less than a decade ago, but today they occupy the attention of U.S. officials. Attention to these conventional security issues, however, carries the risk of ignoring what thus far has been Venezuela's most effective foreign policy tool in challenging the United States: the use of generous handouts abroad, peppered with a pro-poor, distribution-prone discourse. While the U.S. debate revolves around ''hard power'' and ''soft power,'' 2 this other form can be called ''social power diplomacy.'' Similar to hard power and soft power, social power diplomacy allows the projecting nation to attract allies but through different means. With social power diplomacy, other nations are not necessarily cajoled into bowing to the economic or military might of the projecting nation, as is the case in the realm of traditional hard power politics. Also, nations are not necessarily attracted to the magnetic appeal of the projecting nation's ideology and values, as is the case with the realm of soft power politics. Instead, social power diplomacy attracts allies because it provides governments with far more latitude in domestic spending than is the case

Letter to the Editor: Recognizing and Preventing Burnout among Orthopaedic Leaders

Dear Sir: The article by Saleh et al. regarding surgeon burnout is particularly interesting during this time of managed care [1]. In the past, surgeons experienced pressures primarily from issues related to quality of care, quality of their surgery, and results obtained. Managed care introduced increasing pressure from hospital managers, the financial industry including insurance companies, marketing from material producers, and lawyers and litigation. The managed care system that gained popularity in the 1980s in the United States was slowly introduced in France. As in the US, it has had similar consequences on decreasing resources for care, increasing expenses in public health, new regulations for quality control, requirements for expertise, and administrative empowerment. It also has increased surgeon stress leading to burnout. Saleh et al. have presented important data on this phenomenon [1] and have suggested different preventive and therapeutic ways to deal with managed care and decrease surgeon burnout, including increasing productivity, increasing numbers of surgeons in groups, and efficacy. May I suggest another method to decrease stress? Other than seeing an analyst, it is to write a book. I recently wrote a book titled, “Chirurgien au bord de la crise de nerfs” [2], which could be translated into English as “Surgeon close to burnout”. I attempted to explain the details and difficulties of our profession to the general public. I described in lay terms some surgical procedures. I explained how the fear of judges progressively replaces the fear of malpractice. In each chapter, I concentrated on a subject that contributes to our stress, such as quality control systems, cost containment programs, debates regarding nosocomial infection, and increasing litigation, and for each of these subjects, I explained how they are beneficial for insurance companies, lawyers, for-profit companies that own hospitals, and manufacturers of supplies, but in no way are beneficial to quality control, cost containment, or surgeon efficacy. I recently underwent a liver transplant and I used this difficult episode in my life to increase empathy with potential readers, to show them I am not an arrogant surgeon as many frequently imagine, but a regular patient who also has suffered with this system of managed care as everyone else has.

The effect of river dynamics induced by the Messinian Salinity Crisis on karst landscape and caves: Example of the Lower Ardèche river (mid Rhône valley)

The karstic canyon of Lower Ardèche is located in the Middle Rhône valley, which is directly tributary to the Mediterranean Sea. The Rhône River is emblematic of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) impact on landscape morphology. Along the edge of the Saint-Remèze Plateau, the Rhône valley displays four benchmark levels generated by the MSC: the Pre-evaporitic abandonment surface (1), the Messinian erosional surface (2), the Marine/non-marine surface of the Pliocene ria (3) and the Pliocene abandonment surface (4). The study of these benchmark levels allows us to reconstruct the evolution of the regional base level over the last 6 Ma. We obtain a curve for base-level evolution that provides a geodynamic reference, which is used to investigate the morphogenesis of the Saint-Remèze karstic plateau. The Ardèche River downcuts the Saint-Remèze Plateau in a deep canyon, from Vallon-Pont-d'Arc to the West, to its confluence with the Rhône to the East. Several abandoned valleys are present along the western edge of the Saint-Remèze Plateau at the inlet of the Ardèche canyon. In these abandoned valleys, the fluvial deposits are related to several periods, from the Pliocene onwards. They provide important insights into the fluvial dynamics: a 160 m-thick aggradation sequence infilled the Ardèche canyon during the Pliocene. This aggrading river caused the first lateral shifting, as an aggradation epigenesis. This first infilling shows that the Ardèche canyon already existed before the Pliocene. Secondly, it has been demonstrated that the Ardèche Canyon is downcut into the Pre-evaporitic surface of the Saint-Remèze Plateau, dated to 5.45 Ma [Martini, J., 2005. Etude des paléokarsts des environs de Saint-Remèze (Ardèche, France): mise en évidence d'une rivière souterraine fossilisée durant la crise de salinité messinienne. Karstologia 45–46, 1–18]. Consequently, the canyon downcutting is entirely due to the MSC, and occurred during a time span of only 100 000 years. Based on these observations, it is possible to elucidate the curve of the regional base-level evolution. Hence, we are able to propose a new interpretation of the geomorphological evolution of the Saint-Remèze karstic plateau and its cave levels for the last 6 Ma. The cave levels consist in underground short-cuts of the surface meanders. They mainly developed during the Pliocene aggradation cycle. The Chauvet Cave, famous for its Palaeolithic paintings, corresponds to one of these underground short-cuts. The aggradation period ends at the end of the Pliocene with long high-level riverbed stability. It favours the development of large low gradient surfaces as pediments. The complete Messinian–Pliocene eustatic cycle is responsible for the downcutting of the Ardèche canyon and its infilling during the Pliocene. Consequently, karst developed according to the base-level oscillations, as low gradient surfaces and as cave levels. For the study of the peri-Mediterranean caves and karst areas, we propose to apply the Lower Ardèche valley evolution model, based on the base-level oscillations during and after the MSC.

In Search of the Absolute: the Nouvelle Revue française, and Uses and Meanings of the Orient (1920–1930)

In the intellectual history of the interwar period, the Nouvelle Revue française (NRF) occupies centre-stage. Valéry's essay La crise de l'esprit (1919), published in the review following the Great War, announced a crisis of faith in Western values and traditions. As elsewhere, intellectuals in France looked to the East for new inspirations. This article traces the interest and attraction of the East for certain key NRF writers, including André Malraux, and the teacher and philosopher, Jean Grenier, whose essay Sur l'Inde was published in the review in 1930. The article is informed partly by the correspondence of Jean Paulhan, the editor of the NRF.

Los Años de la Crisis: An examination of change in differential infant mortality risk within Mexico

The main aim of the present analysis is to test the possibility that the period of economic hardship characterizing Mexico over the decade 1986–1996 has negatively influenced infant health outcomes. Data on births from two installments of the Encuesta Nacional de la Dinámica Demográfica, a nationally representative demographic survey, are used to determine whether a reduction in mortality differentials has paralleled the overall drop in the national infant mortality rate. The findings indicate that the decrease observed in the overall infant mortality rate has been matched by decreases in several disparities at the same time that it has been marred by increases in others. The data support the possibility that where you live has become an increasingly salient factor in determining the odds of infant mortality. High parity, low education and unemployment status have also become more salient factors in predicting post neonatal infant mortality risk in the more recent period as compared to the earlier period. As Mexico's infant mortality rate begins to stabilize in the near future, this research highlights the need to re-focus our research efforts on the causes and consequences of differential mortality trends.

Responding to Crisis: Patterns of Health Care Utilization in Central Kenya Amid Economic Decline

Abstract: African states have become increasingly unable to provide adequate health care to their citizens due to debt, structural adjustment, poverty, and mismanagement. The health crisis is worsening in many areas and driving up mortality rates after decades of decline. This article investigates how African communities and their citizens respond in light of state inability to deliver health-related services. Drawing on a survey of more than five hundred rural Kenyans, our analysis shows that people are dissatisfied with government facilities and are turning to mission clinics and hospitals as well as to private clinics. A number of factors determine choice of health-care facility, including cost, level of education, socioeconomic background, the time taken to reach a facility, the type of disease requiring treatment, and agro-ecological zones. These findings have profound theoretical implications for health and development models, which normally are biased in favor of developed Western countries. Resume: A cause de la dette, de l'ajustement structurel, de la pauvrete et d'une mauvaise gestion, les etats africains sont devenus de plus en plus incapables d'offrir une couverture medicale adequate a leurs citoyens. La crise de la sante s'aggrave dans de nombreuses regions et fait grimper les taux de mortalite apres des annees de regression. Cet article examine comment les communautes africaines et leurs citoyens reagissent au vu de l'incapacite de l'etat a leur offrir des services lies a la sante. En s'inspirant d'une enquete effectuee sur plus de cinq cent Kenyans ruraux, notre analyse montre que la population n'est pas satisfaite des structures offertes par le gouvernement et qu'elle se tourne vers les cliniques et hopitaux de mission ainsi que vers les cliniques privees. Un nombre de facteurs determine le choix de ces structures medicales, comme par exemple le cout, le niveau d'instruction, le milieu socio-economique, le temps necessaire pour atteindre une structure, le type de maladie a traiter, et les zones agro-ecologiques. Ces resultats ont de profondes implications theoriques sur les modeles de sante et de developpement qui d'habitude sont influences en faveur des pays occidentaux developpes. Introduction It is an unfortunate reality that the world region most in need of health care is least able to provide it. African states-burdened by debt, structural adjustment, poverty, and poor governance-are increasingly unable to allocate resources to combat the leading killers across the continent: pneumonia, diarrheal diseases, measles, malaria, and now HIV/AIDS. The health crisis is worsening in many areas and driving up mortality rates after decades of decline. This leads to a simple but important question: How do African communities and their citizens respond when states have less capacity to deliver health services? Several responses are possible. People may rely on home treatment, they may seek out nongovernment facilities, they may turn to traditional healers, or they may opt for private clinics. These options are influenced by a wide variety of individual arid community characteristics such as income, seriousness of the disease, cost of treatment, and some additional factors that are unique to developing societies. In fact, few studies have examined the sociological determinants of changing patterns of health care utilization amid economic decline. This limits our knowledge and encourages the use of inappropriate theoretical models. In response, this paper addresses these issues by reporting the results of a comprehensive and representative survey of over five hundred rural Kenyans from the central part of the country in 1995. The survey is important for a number of reasons. It ascertains the illnesses and diseases that afflict people, determines how they respond to sickness, and measures how satisfied (or dissatisfied) they are with several health-care alternatives. Moreover, it reports various economic, social, community, and cultural factors that help condition individual decision-making in health care. …

México: la transformación de la crisis financiera en crisis productiva y social

In this critical essay the autor carries out a complete analysis about the most recent and talked-about National affairs. The authos sets, as a starting point, the relevant devaluation in the year 1994, among the important financial crisis in México. From these economic phenomenon, the author carefully reviews the events that made this possible and its development, the steps that were taken to counteract its devasting effects as well as its financial and social consequences that now the country concerns about as well as the Mexican State. This article reflects in a critical way, the complexity of those events, the insolved problems are set in the spot, and the decisions made to revert the consequences are also analyzed. At the same time, the effectivity of those procedures are discussed.

The Bibliotheque Nationale de France project: access or expediency?

Describes the current efforts being made to complete the new Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF) and uses the experience gained in this project and the ideals of pub lic access to electronic texts, which in part it represents, to shed light on some of the political, economic, social and intellectual problems of this peri od. Issues discussed include: freeing the word from the printed word by deciding whether and to what extent the texts contained in the books of the Bibliothèque Nationale might be considered separately from the phys ical books themselves; the building of the BNF itself and the construction of a system which will make the infor mation contained in the collections available to the general public and the outside world; the many political meetings and debates surrounding the BNF, including the trends of 'dirigisme', 'Colbertisme', 'biblio thèques pour tous', and 'la crise de l'edition'; and the crisis facing French publishers and the threat posed by electronic publishing (online and CD- ROM databases).

Infrequent occurrence of EEG abnormalities in panic disorder.

EEG abnormalities have been frequently reported in patients with panic disorder, although controlled studies are lacking. The authors examined the EEGs of 35 consecutively evaluated, medication-free patients with panic disorder and found that only five (14%) had nonspecific abnormal EEGs and none displayed EEG evidence supportive of an ictal process. The presence or absence of EEG abnormalities was not significantly associated with the presence or absence of psychosensory symptoms. Although it is not likely that panic disorder is an epileptiform disorder, temporal lobe and limbic structures probably play a major role in the pathophysiology of panic.

The Ideology of the French Catholic Revival

This is a period tormented by its sins. Before it, the triumph of science and the Republic; after it, the revival of materialism, and then preparation for war makes it much less easy to see the forms in which individual and collective despair find expression. Yet this despair is of long standing: its cause even more so, and is not specifically French. To anyone seeking a radical cure the idea must present itself forcibly that . .. the decline of Christianity in Europe has a great deal to do with it.Robert Bessède’s account of late nineteenth-century Catholic culture in France, in his recent study La Crise de la conscience catholique (Paris, 1975), is typical of traditional commentaries on this period. A particular stance—an attitude of despair in the face of history—with its origins in a minority group caught in very specific historical circumstances is transformed by special pleading into a universal phenomenon, to become eventually one more symbolic embodiment of the eternal crucifixion of man. If we look, for instance, into Bessède’s work, which claims to consider objectively the whole movement of ideas at this period, but has its real centre of interest in traditionalism and in the writers of the Catholic Revival, we find that he wholeheartedly adopts the Revival’s own blinkered perspective, refusing even to try to decipher the historical particularity inscribed in their ideology. Ostentatiously dismissing the contribution which the “historian of ideas” can make in such a domain, he prefers to speak of “mysterious” impulses, “feelings”, always and universally the same, which are “the basis and motive force of history”:The crisis under discussion in this book —more clearly than any other—springs from a nexus of feelings, every one of which is a feeling of lack; it provokes questions whose scope goes beyond the political and social domain.

The Dilemma of the American Historian of Modern France Reconsidered

France.' In it I pointed out that American scholars had yet to produce a book on modern French history recognized by our French peers, the academic historians, as a major contribution to French historical literature comparable to the great French works such as Georges Lefebvre's Les Paysans de Nord pendant la Revolution franfaise or Ernest Labrousse's La Crise de l'egcononzie frangaise a la fin de l'ancien regime et au debut de la Revolution franfaise, books that almost completely renewed their subjects and altered the ways in which the histories of these subjects had been conceived. I reported further that between 1920 and 1957 the Revue historique had noted in reviews, bibliographical notices, or bibliographical articles 120 books on modern French history by Americans. Only twenty of these received separate, fulllength reviews, and but seven of the latter were judged to make original and significant contributions to modern French history. Eight others mentioned more briefly were also accorded favorable recognition. Nearly half of these fifteen blessed by the Revue historique's approval were doctoral dissertations, the products of the year or so of archival research in France that has been part of the training for most American doctoral students in our field. Considering the books of mature American scholars the French gave their approval particularly to books on diplomatic history, not strictly on French history alone, such as William L. Langer's European Alliances and Align-

LA CRISE DE POSSESSION DANS LE VAUDOU HAÏTIEN (Trance in Haitian Voodoo), by EMERSON DOUYON, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Ph.D. Thesis, (Psychology), Université de Montréal, April, 1965, 303 pp. (in French)

LA CRISE DE POSSESSION DANS LE VAUDOU HAÏTIEN (Trance in Haitian Voodoo), by EMERSON DOUYON, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Ph.D. Thesis, (Psychology), Université de Montréal, April, 1965, 303 pp. (in French)

SHORT NOTICES

Babylonian and Assyrian Religion. By S. H. Hooke, m.a., d.d., f.s.a. The God of Israel, the God of Christians: the Great Themes of Scripture. By M. E. Boismard and Others. Edited by J. Giblet. Translated by Kathryn Sullivan, r.s.c.j. The Dead Sea Scrolls in English. By G. Vermes. De la Servitude au Service. By Georges Auzou. Language, Logic and God. By Frederick Ferré. Historical Selections in the Philosophy of Religion. Edited by Ninian Smart. Philosophy of Religion: A Book of Readings. Edited by George L. Abernethy and Thomas A. Langford. The Sense of the Presence of God. Gifford Lectures, 1961–62. By John Baillie. Divine Perfection. By Frederick Sontag. John Colet and the Platonic Tradition. By Leland Miles. Santayana: Saint of the Imagination. By M. M. Kirkwood. La crise de la raison dans la pensée contemporaine. By Edmond Barbotin and Others. Being and Time. By Martin Heidegger. Translated by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. Les Risques de Plafonnement du Mouvement Liturgique. By Thierry Maertens. The Whole Man at Worship: The Actions of Man before God. By Hélégne Lubien‐skade Lenval. Translated by Rachel Attwater. Introduction to the Liturgy. By I. H. Dalmais, o.p. Translated by Roger Capel. Tongues of Fire. By Léoncede Grandmaison, s.j. The Mystery of God's Love. By Dom Georges Lefebvre, o.s.b. Translation. Scritti Filosofici, I. By Ugo De Mielesi, s.j. and Others.