De La Connaissance Research Articles

Sommeil et réveil chez Proust

ABSTRACTFor Proust, sleep is a door to knowledge. Not that it sharpens the sleeper's reason; on the contrary, it neutralizes it. But it is exactly because he is deprived of his reason (a tricky faculty that confers a false concreteness on things) that the truth becomes visible. Hence, in À la recherche du temps perdu, truth and sleep have a privileged relation. It happens that dreams are as transparent as rational knowledge. Must we assume—the narrator wonders—that rational knowledge is the dream, i.e. an illusion, a chimera ? “J’étais effrayé pourtant de penser que ce rêve avait eu la netteté de la connaissance. La connaissance aurait-elle, réciproquement, l'irréalité du rêve ?” (RTP, III, 375) (“I was horrified, however, to think that this dream had had the clarity of knowledge. Would knowledge then have the irreality of a dream ?” (my translation)). In this article, I propose to use this question to interrogate, on the one hand, the landscape that sleep opens up, and, on the other, the fatal effects of awakening, which, in the overturned world created by Proust, can be considered a farewell to truth.

Making Sense of History: Henri-Irénée Marrou’s Theological Scope

Henri-Irenee Marrou is a well-known French historian, who lived between the years 1904 and 1977. He specialized in late Antiquity and early Middle Ages, and wrote extensively about the Fathers of the Church, particularly St. Augustine. Among his works are De la connaissance historique, in which he examines history and its challenges; Theologie de I'histoire, which analyzes the global problems of history and time from the point of view of a Christian historian; Histoire de I'education dans I'Antiquite; and Decadence romaine ou Antiquite tardive. The aim of this article is to describe Marrou's vision of the meaning of history, a vision that takes its fundamental elements from his Catholic faith, but is also shaped by his personal commitments as a citizen in his own time and place.To achieve this aim, I have studied his Theologie de I'histoire, but also some other of his writings, especially L'ambivalence du temps chez Saint Augustin and his article Tristesse de l'historien. After a short introduction sketching Marrou's life and work, I will explain his critiques to those who forget the eschatological dimension of faith and to some philosophers, who pretend to know the laws of history or, on the contrary, think that history is nonsensical. Secondly, I will develop the main lines of Marrou's arguments: the responsibility in the building of the civitas terrena; the coexistence of good and evil in this world; and the renewal of eschatology. In all of these, the influence of Augustine's teachings is clear and acknowledged by Marrou. 1. Introduction: The Man and His Work Understanding human beings involves, as Henri-Irenee Marrou often repeated, the ability to achieve a sympathetic understanding of them. This implies developing genuine friendships, inserting oneself into the vital circumstances of a friend's life, and from that point trying to understand his or her actions and choices. Marrou was, as his disciple Pierre Riche rightly defined him, an historien engage, (1) a committed man. He was committed to his faith, his homeland, and his profession, which he always perceived as a forum for serving the truth. Because of this, I shall begin by saying a few words about how these various commitments influenced his work. The first aspect that should be pointed out is that he was a Christian; more specifically, a Catholic who sought to live out his life in a manner consistent with his faith and who was troubled by the vicissitudes that his Church was experiencing at the time. Referring to his Theologie de I'histoire, he stated that the book was no more than a simple meditation on the second plea in the Lord's Prayer: 'Thy Kingdom come.'Yes; although we repeat them so often, do we really know what these words mean? (2) This work, written immediately after the Second Vatican Council, develops some of the key issues discussed at that assembly: The nature of the Church as the People of God, together with a recognition of its community-based features (without abandoning the personal dimension of the relationship with God) and the role played by the laity in the Church and the common priesthood of the faithful; as well as the links between Church and culture. Soon after we begin reading Theologie de I'histoire, it strikes us that we are being given a glimpse into the author's private thoughts, and that he is not only posing questions about the fate of his civilization and the meaning of this never-ending flow of cultures throughout history, but also, above all, about how he, as a Christian, should live if he is to use his own life to help build the City of God: This is not about producing a new treatise on apologetics; before seeking the conversion of others, which is always easy (at least on paper), one should strive to convert oneself. At the doctrinal level, one should first ask oneself what one's profession of faith means and, most particularly, if this can shed light on one's path (and how this can happen) and guide one's conduct through the dense and ominous jungle that is history. …

Proximity and the Transfer of Academic Knowledge: Evidence from the Spatial Pattern of Industry Collaborations of East German Professors

Slavtchev V. Proximity and the transfer of academic knowledge: evidence from the spatial pattern of industry collaborations of East German professors, Regional Studies. Universities can stimulate local economic development, particularly due to collaboration with local industry. Against this background, this study analyses when these interactions are local. Previous research suggests that university–industry linkages are mainly local because of tacit knowledge and the importance of physical proximity. This study provides additional evidence that the spatial pattern of university–industry linkages is a result of a complex matching process of appropriate partners. The results indicate that actors' individual and relational characteristics, institutional factors, and the particular type of knowledge play a role in collaboration. Hence, university–industry collaborations might not be local. Slavtchev V. La proximité et le transfert de la connaissance théorique: des preuves provenant de la distribution géographique des collaborations industrielles des professeurs de l'est de l'Allemagne, Regional Studies. Les universités peuvent stimuler le développement économique local, notamment à cause de la collaboration avec l'industrie locale. Dans ce contexte, l'étude cherche à analyser le moment où ces interactions sont considérées locales. Des recherches antérieures laissent supposer que les liens industrialo-universitaires s'avèrent principalement locaux à cause de la connaissance implicite et l'importance accordée à la proximité géographique. Cette étude fournit des preuves complémentaires du fait que la distribution géographique des liens industrialo-universitaires résultent de la mise en rapport des partenaires appropriés. Les résultats indiquent que les caractéristiques individuelles et relationnelles des acteurs, les facteurs institutionnels, et le genre particulier de la connaissance ont un rôle à jouer dans la collaboration. Par la suite, il se peut que les collaborations industrialo-universitaires ne soient pas locales. Liens industrialo-universitaires Collaboration à la recherche et au développement Transfert de connaissance Proximité Slavtchev V. Nähe und Übertragung von akademischem Wissen: Belege aus dem räumlichen Muster der Kooperation zwischen ostdeutschen Professoren und der Industrie, Regional Studies. Universitäten können die ökonomische Entwicklung von Regionen stimulieren, insbesondere durch Kooperation mit der lokalen Industrie. Die vorliegende Studie analysiert, wann solche Kooperationen lokal stattfinden. Die existierende Literatur deutet daraufhin, dass aufgrund von tacidem Wissen und der Bedeutung geographischer Nähe Kooperationen überwiegend lokal stattfinden. Die vorliegende Studie findet Evidenz, dass das räumliche Muster von Kooperationen zwischen Universitäten und der Industrie als Resultat eines komplexen Matching-Prozesses zwischen Partnern mit geeigneten Charakteristika betrachtet werden kann. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass individuelle, relationale sowie institutionelle Charakteristika der Akteure eine wichtige Rolle für die Partnerwahl spielen. Demnach sind lokale Kooperationen nicht zwingend. Kooperation zwischen Universitäten und Industrie Zusammenarbeit bei Forschung und Entwicklung Wissensübertragung Nähe Slavtchev V. Proximidad y la transferencia del conocimiento académico: evidencia del modelo espacial de las colaboraciones con la industria por parte de profesores de Alemania del Este, Regional Studies. Las universidades pueden estimular el desarrollo económico local, especialmente gracias a la colaboración con la industria local. En este estudio analizamos cuándo son locales estas interacciones en este contexto. Los estudios previos indican que los vínculos entre la universidad y la industria son principalmente locales debido al conocimiento tácito y la importancia de la proximidad física. Aquí demostramos con ejemplos adicionales que el modelo espacial de los vínculos entre la universidad y la industria es un proceso complejo de asociación con los socios apropiados. Los resultados indican que las características individuales y relacionales de los actores, los factores institucionales y el tipo particular de conocimiento son factores importantes en la colaboración. Por tanto, es posible que las colaboraciones entre la universidad y la industria no ocurran a nivel local. Vínculos entre la universidad y la industria Cooperación de investigación y desarrollo Transferencia del conocimiento Proximidad

Collaborative Knowledge Production in China: Regional Evidence from a Gravity Model Approach

Scherngell T. and Hu Y. Collaborative knowledge production in China: regional evidence from a gravity model approach, Regional Studies. This study investigates collaborative knowledge production in China from a regional perspective. The objective is to illustrate spatial patterns of research collaborations between thirty-one Chinese regions, and to estimate the impact of geographical, technological, and economic factors on the variation of cross-region collaboration activities within a negative binomial gravity model framework. Data are used on Chinese scientific publications from 2007 with multiple author addresses coming from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database. The results provide evidence that geographical space impedes cross-region research collaborations in China. Technological proximity matters more than geography, while economic effects only play a minor role. Scherngell T. et Hu Y. La production en collaboration de la connaissance en Chine; des preuves régionales provenant d'un modèle de gravité, Regional Studies. Cette étude examine la production en collaboration de la connaissance en Chine d'un point de vue régional. On cherche à illustrer les tendances géographiques de la recherche en collaboration pour trente et une régions chinoises et à estimer l'impact des facteurs à la fois géographiques, technologiques et économiques sur la variation des activités de collaboration interrégionales au sein d'un modèle de gravité du type binomial négatif. On emploie des données sur les publications scientifiques chinoises de 2007 dont les adresses à auteur multiples proviennent de la base de données China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Les résultats laissent voir que l'espace géographique fait obstacle à la recherche interrégionale en collaboration en Chine. La proximité de la technologie l'emporte sur la géographie, tandis que les retombées économiques ne jouent qu'un rôle secondaire. Publication en collaboration Production de la connaissance en collaboration Modèle de gravité régional binomial négatif Régions chinoises Scherngell T. und Hu Y. Kollaborative Wissensproduktion in China: eine empirische Analyse mit räumlichen Interaktionsmodellen, Regional Studies. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht kollaborative Wissensproduktion in China aus einer regionalen Perspektive. Zielsetzung ist es, räumliche Muster kollaborativer Wissensproduktion zwischen 31 chinesischen Regionen zu beschreiben und den Einfluss von geographischen, technologischen und ökonomischen Determinanten auf die Variation interregionaler Kollaborationsaktiviäten zu messen. Die Studie verwendet neue Daten aus der China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) Datenbank über chinesische Ko-Publikationen mit mindestens zwei Autoren aus dem Jahr 2007. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Kollaborationswahrscheinlichkeit signifikant mit zunehmender geographischer Distanz abnimmt. Der Einfluss von technologischer Nähe ist jedoch wichtiger als geographische Distanzeffekte, während ökonomische Unterschiede eine geringere Rolle spielen. Ko-Publikationen Kollaborative Wissensproduktion Negatives binomiales Schwerkraftmodell Chinesische Regionen Scherngell T. y Hu Y. La producción de conocimiento colaborador en China: ejemplo regional de un modelo de gravedad, Regional Studies. En este estudio investigamos la producción de conocimiento colaborador en China desde una perspectiva regional. Nuestro objetivo es ilustrar los patrones espaciales de las colaboraciones de investigación entre treinta y una regiones de China y calcular el impacto de determinantes geográficos, tecnológicos y económicos sobre la variación de las actividades de colaboración interregional según una estructura de modelo de gravedad binomial negativa. Los datos utilizados proceden de publicaciones científicas chinas de varios autores de 2007 que proceden de la base de datos de la Infraestructura de Conocimiento Nacional de China (CNKI). Los resultados demuestran que el espacio geográfico obstaculiza las colaboraciones de investigación interregionales en China. La proximidad tecnológica importa más que la geografía mientras que los efectos económicos desempeñan solamente un papel menor. Copublicaciones Producción de conocimiento colaborador Modelo binomial negativo de gravedad regional Regiones chinas

Rêver d’Orient, connaître l’Orient: visions de l’Orient dans l’art et la littérature britanniques ed. by Isabelle Gadoin, Marie-Élise Palmier-Chatelain (review)

504 Reviews Latin tradition of consolation could be turned to creative use, especially when fused with the tradition of vernacular poetry. Readers, however, would have welcomed more engagement with the amatory tradition and its roots,whether in the classical world ofOvid or in themedieyal world of the troubadours?particularly in regard to the depiction and remedy of lovesickness. It is surprising that a volume entitled theErotics ofConsolation does not address the topos of voluptas dolendi, although Kay abuts the concept in her piece. In this regard Petrarch would have been a central figure, as he made the transition from the sweet grief of the vernacular love poet to the more profound' aegritudo and accidia of the Latin Stoic and penitent?thus reflecting the flip side of the process described by many of these essays. Still, the volume offersmany insightful approaches for studying the inter section(s) between psychological experience, classical consolation, and literature in the latemedieval and earlymodern world. University of Alabama George McClure River d'Orient, connaitre VOrient: visions de VOrient dans Vart et la litterature bri tanniques. Ed. by Isabelle Gadoin and Marie-Elise Palmier-Chatelain. (Signes) Lyon: Ecole normale superieure: Lettres et sciences humaines. 2008. 366 pp. 34. ISBN 978-2-84788-137-0. This volume of eighteen thematic essays is the product of an interdisciplinary colloquium in 2003 that responded to a central problem raised but not resolved by Edward Said's Orientalism (London: Penguin, 1995 [1978]), p. 8: what is the relationship at theheart of the orientalist project entre ledesir d'Orient et ce savoir colonial, entre reve et connaissance'? The volume brings together an exceptionally diverse collection of responses to this question on subjects ranging from the 'mar vels of theEast' tradition inOld andMiddle English literature to twentieth-century British colonial architecture and town planning. The editors have organized their disparate material into four parts. 'Merveilles, mythe, mysticisme' is a subtitlemore alliterative than accurate, uniting discussions of the marvellous in the real and Active accounts of medieval travellers (Anne Matheiu, 'De la realite au fantasme') with a biographical approach toHenry Wallis, connoisseur and collector of Islamic ceramics (Isabelle Gadoin, 'HenryWallis') and a discussion of the changing representation of Scheherazade innineteenth-century English editions of theArabian Nights from amartyr figure to a potential avenger (Margaret Sironval, 'LTmage de Sheherazade'). 'L'Autre Face du fantasme: l'orient partie du despotisme' is a coherent group of essays that explore the rhetorical and political use made of the trope of oriental tyranny and despotism fromElizabethan representations of Persian, Ottoman, and 'Tartar' rulership (Ladan Niayesh, '"Persians now, as of old'"; Corinne Lefevre, 'Entre despotisme et vertu') to the persistent myth of the unrestrained power of theOttoman Sultan in the Enlightenment (Ann Thompson, 'L'Empire ottoman'). As a group, these essays forcefully underline that the construction of a given MLR, 105.2, 2010 505 ruler as despotic or otherwise is closely linked both to contemporary diplomatic manoeuvres and to the politics of thewriter who produces it. 'Terres du desir: ecriture de soi, ecriture de l'autre' features three essays that focus on writers' engagements with Arabia. All three encounter at some point the problem of interchange between self and other. European travellers describing Mecca must, in a very literal sense, become other: theymust convert to Islam to see the holy sites (Marie-Elise Palmier-Chatelain, 'Rever, voir, savoir?'). Nineteenth and twentieth-century writers employ a range of literary and linguistic techniques to emphasize or overcome the alterity of their subject-matter, including inter textuality,meticulous mimesis, and estrangement through lexical archaism (Guy Barthelemy, Anthropologic et litterarie'; Catherine Delmas, 'Soif de deserts'). The task of lexical and cultural translation at the heart of the encounter between self and a temporal and cultural other is explored in Laurence Chamlou's excellent article on Gertrude Bell's mid-nineteenth-century translations of the fourteenth century Persian poet Hafez's ghazals ('De la connaissance de l'Orient aux reves d'une Occidentale'). Bell's attempts to translate Hafez faithfully into English verse prove Robert Frost's dictum that 'Poetry iswhat gets lost in translation'. Bell's efforts show her own extensive knowledge of medieval Persian culture, and yet sometimes result in comically inappropriate English...

The Exit from Capitalism Has Already Begun

Introduction to Gorz Chris Turner Though hailed at his death by Nicolas Sarkozy (of all people) as “a major intellectual figure of the French and European Left,” André Gorz was often treated rather less kindly during his lifetime by those who might easily have been his friends and allies. To review the reception of his work over the last forty years would generally be to chart degrees of dogmatism and infexibility within the Left political cultures of the various nations of Europe and the Americas. However, despite many accusations of heresy, gorz remained remarkably true in his social and economic criticism to the Marx of the Grundrisse, a book to which Jean-Marie Vincent introduced him in 1959.1 In the words of Finn Bowring, his works of the 1980s and 1990s present “an understanding of capitalism as a system of hetero-regulation which aggressively de-civilized human beings, undermining their ability to look after themselves and meaningfully navigate through the social, economic and technological environments in a life-enhancing, self-determining way” (Bowring 2008: 53). It is this understanding that he was still developing in his last major work of socio-economic theory, L'Immatériel. Connaissance, valeur et capital (2003), which will be published next year in English translation by Seagull Press. That work constitutes a long meditation on the implications of a postmodern capitalism presenting itself as a “knowledge economy” or “knowledge society” (Wissensgesellschaft, société de la connaissance, etc.) with its attendant economic contradictions and a series of accompanying “postmodern” ideological effects that are, in Gorz's view, catastrophic in their “post-human” implications. The essay which follows is concerned most closely with the implications of the new capitalism's reliance on immaterial contents for its increasingly problematical reproduction and, most particularly, with the emancipatory potential inherent in such a situation. It first appeared in the journal EcoRev in Autumn 2007 and is reprinted in Gorz's Ecologica (2008), a collection of articles ranging from 1975 to 2007, shortly also to be published in English by Seagull. It is the second of two articles Gorz published in 2007, both of which bear the imprint of theoretical currents that he felt in later years to be convergent with his own: namely, the work of Moishe Postone (particularly in his magnum opus Time, Labor and Social Domination) and the value criticism of Robert Kurz, whose writings – particularly Das Weltkapital (2005) – Gorz was eager to see translated into French.

Description de l'île de portraiture (1659). (Textes Litteraires Français, 582) by Charles Sorel, Martine Debaisieux

MLR, 104.3, 2009 859 Description de Vile de portraiture (1659). By Charles Sorel. Ed. by Martine Debaisieux. (Textes Litteraires Fran^ais, 582) Geneva: Droz. 2006. 199 pp. 28.84. ISBN 978-2-600-01074-0. The Description de Vile de portraiture, & depiction of a distant realm on themodel of More's Utopia, unites Charles Sorel's preoccupations with fiction and criti cism. Author of satirical novels such asVHistoire comique de Francion (1623) and Le Berger extravagant (1627-28) earlier in the seventeenth century, Sorel was to turn his attention later in his career to important works of scholarship, includ ing La Bibliotheque frangaise (1664) and De la connaissance des bons livres (1671). Sorel's geographic allegory of 1659 represents a moment of transition between these two areas of professional concern: in the Description de Vile de portraiture he at once dramatizes the fascination that portraiture held for the members of literate circles in 1650s France and argues for the superiority of verbal over visual portraits. Beyond merely documenting a contemporaneous aesthetic vogue, Sorel's description engages crucial questions about the relation of texts and images in seventeenth-century France, as well the vexed problem of the status of truth in representation. In the introduction to her splendid critical edition, Martine Debaisieux situates Sorel's text in the literary debates towhich it responded. She discusses its place in Sorel's oeuvre; provides an overview of the history of portraiture in the seven teenth century; documents the importance of the specifically verbal portrait; and discusses very persuasively theway Sorel uses the literaryportrait as the starting point fora discussion and critique of representation itself. Debaisieux's introduction ispreceded by a rich preface byMichel Jeanneretwhich describes inmore broadly epistemological terms the role of visual culture in seventeenth-century France. De baisieux's presentation of Sorel's text isaccompanied by copious important footnotes which clarifykey terms, refer the reader to pertinent areas of the introduction, and provide additional context for the issues raised by Sorel's narrator. Of particular interest to scholars will be the two appendices provided by De baisieux following theDescription. The firstof these gives examples of verbal por traits in Sorel's novels Le Palais dAngelie, Francion, Le Berger extravagant, Orphyze de Chrysante, La Maison desjeux, and Polyandre. The second appendix offersverbal portraits by Sorel's contemporaries such asMademoiselle de La Tremouille, Segrais, and others. Debaisieux's edition includes a very thorough bibliography, listing pri mary sources pertinent to Sorel's text,aswell as secondary, scholarlyworks on Sorel, painting, and literaryportraiture in the period. This is an impeccable and invaluable edition of an important seventeenth-century work. University of Kentucky Jeffrey N. Peters ...

Changing Value Chain of the Swiss Knowledge Economy: Spatial Impact of Intra-firm and Inter-firm Networks within the Emerging Mega-City Region of Northern Switzerland

Thierstein A., Lüthi S., Kruse C., Gabi S. and Glanzmann L. Changing value chain of the Swiss knowledge economy: spatial impact of intra-firm and inter-firm networks within the emerging Mega-City Region of Northern Switzerland, Regional Studies. Based on an empirical analysis of intra-firm and inter-firm connectivities, this paper focuses on the spatial behaviour of advanced producer services (APS) firms and their relevance for polycentricity in the emerging Mega-City Region of Northern Switzerland. APS firms are found to be the main drivers of the emerging Mega-City Region. Although Zurich seems to be the central node in national APS networks, it is the complementary combination of Zurich and Basel, together with some secondary centres, that raises the emerging Mega-City Region to a competitive level in the context of the global economy. Thierstein A., Lüthi S., Kruse C., Gabi S. et Glanzmann L. L'évolution de la chaîne des valeurs dans l'économie de la connaissance suisse – l'impact géographique des réseaux intra et interentreprises au sein de la naissante méga-cité-région de la Suisse du Nord, Regional Studies. A partir d'une analyse empirique de la connectivité intra et interentreprises, cet article cherche à focaliser le comportment géographique des services à la production avancés (advanced producer services, APS) et leur importance pour ce qui est du maillage polycentrique de la naissante méga-cité-région de la Suisse du Nord. Il s'avère que les entreprises APS sont les principales forces motrices de la naissante méga-cité-région. Bien que Zurich semble être le noyau central des réseaux APS nationaux, c'est le binôme Zurich–Basel, conjointement avec quelques centres secondaires, qui élèvent la naissante méga-cité-région au rang compétitif dans le cadre de l'économie mondialisée. Economie de la connaissance Chaîne des valeurs Maillage polycentrique Méga-cité-régions Analyse des réseaux Thierstein A., Lüthi S., Kruse C., Gabi S. und Glanzmann L. Die veränderte Wertschöpfungskette der Wissensökonomie in der Schweiz. Räumliche Auswirkungen von firmeninternen und firmenexternen Standortnetzen in der Metropolregion Nordschweiz, Regional Studies. Der Artikel betrachtet das räumliche Verhalten von wissensintensiven Dienstleistungsunternehmen und deren Relevanz für die polyzentrische Raumentwicklung der Metropolregion Nordschweiz. Die Resultate basieren auf einer Analyse von firmeninternen und firmenexternen Standortverflechtungen und machen deutlich, dass die wissensintensiven Dienstleistungsunternehmen die treibenden Kräfte der Metropolregion Nordschweiz sind. Zürich erweist sich zwar als zentraler Standort für internationale Netzwerke wissensintensiver Dienstleistungsunternehmen. Erst die Komplementarität von Zürich, Basel und weiteren nachrangigen Agglomerationen führt jedoch zur nötigen kritischen Masse, damit die Metropolregion Nordschweiz im internationalen Standortwettbewerb bestehen kann. Wissensökonomie Wertschöpfungskette Polyzentrität Metropolregionen Netzwerkanalyse Thierstein A., Lüthi S., Kruse C., Gabi S. y Glanzmann L. La cambiante cadena de valores de la economía suiza del conocimiento: impacto espacial de las redes intra e interempresariales en la emergente región mega-ciudad al norte de Suiza, Regional Studies. Basándonos en un análisis empírico de las conexiones intra e interempresariales, en este artículo abordamos el comportamiento espacial de los servicios avanzados al productor (SAP) y su importancia para la policentralidad en la emergente región mega-ciudad al norte de Suiza. Observamos que las empresas SAP son los principales impulsores de la emergente región mega-ciudad. Aunque Zúrich parece ser el nodo central en las redes nacionales de SAP, es la combinación complementaria de Zúrich y Basilia, junto con algunos centros secundarios, lo que eleva la emergente región mega-ciudad a un nivel competitivo en el contexto de la economía global. Economía del conocimiento Cadenas de valores Policentralidad Regiones mega-ciudad Análisis de redes

Geographies of Knowledge Formation in Mega-City Regions: Some Evidence from the Dutch Randstad

Lambregts B. Geographies of knowledge formation in mega-city regions: some evidence from the Dutch Randstad, Regional Studies. An important source of competitiveness for mega-city regions results from their capacity to combine a strong local knowledge capital base with high levels of connectivity to similar regions elsewhere in the global economy. Globally networked advanced producer services firms are presumed to play a key role in transferring knowledge between local and global circuits. But how does this actually work? Which kinds of knowledge may be acquired through global networks and which others not? An in-depth analysis of the practices of knowledge production by advanced producer services firms in the mega-city region of the Dutch Randstad provides some answers. Lambregts B. Des géographies de la formation de la connaissance dans des mégalopoles: des preuves provenant de la Hollande Randstad, Regional Studies. Une source importante de compétitivité pour les mégalopoles provient de leur capacité à combiner une base de connaissance locale forte avec des niveaux de connectivité aux regions similaires quelque part ailleurs dans l'économie mondialisée. Les sociétés de services avancés à l'industrie qui sont en réseau sur le plan mondial sont censées jouer un rôle clé dans le transfert de la connaissance entre des circuits locaux et mondiaux. Mais il faut se poser les questions suivantes. Comment est-ce que cela se déroule dans la réalité? Quelle connaissance est-ce que on peut ou est-ce qu'on ne peut pas acquérir par le canal des réseaux mondialisés? Une analyse approfondie des méthodes de production de la connaissance par les sociétés de services avancés à l'industrie situées dans les mégalopoles de la Randstad fournit quelques réponses. Mégalopoles Rapports de connaissance Services avancés à l'industrie Sociétés à bureaux multiples Compétitivité régionale Randstad Lambregts B. Geografien der Wissensbildung in Megastadtregionen: Belege aus der Randstad in Holland, Regional Studies. Ein wichtiger Faktor der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Megastadtregionen liegt in ihrer Kapazität begründet, eine starke lokale Wissenskapitalbasis mit einem hohen Maß an Verknüpfung mit ähnlichen Regionen an anderen Orten der globalen Wirtschaft zu kombinieren. Es wird angenommen, dass weltweit vernetzte Wirtschaftsdienstleister bei der Übertragung von Wissen zwischen lokalen und globalen Kreisläufen eine zentrale Rolle spielen. Doch wie funktioniert dies in der Praxis? Welche Arten von Wissen lassen sich über globale Netzwerke erwerben und welche anderen nicht? Eine intensive Analyse der Praktiken der Wissensproduktion durch Wirtschaftsdienstleister in der Megastadtregion Randstad liefert einige Antworten. Megastadtregionen Wissensbeziehungen Wirtschaftsdienstleistungen Firmen mit mehreren Filialen Regionale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Randstad Lambregts B. Geografías de la formación de conocimiento en las regiones mega-ciudad: algunos ejemplos del Randstad en Holanda, Regional Studies. Un factor importante de la competitividad de las regiones mega-ciudades radica en la capacidad de combinar una base sólida de capital de conocimientos locales con altos niveles de conectividad para regiones similares en otras partes de la economía global. Se supone que las empresas de los servicios avanzados de productores con redes en todo el mundo desempeñan un papel fundamental en transferir conocimientos entre circuitos locales y globales. Pero ¿cómo funciona esto en la práctica? ¿Qué tipos de conocimientos podrían adquirirse a través de redes globales y cuáles no? Un análisis exhaustivo de los métodos de producción de conocimientos por parte de empresas de servicios avanzados al productor en la región mega-ciudad de Randstad nos ofrece algunas respuestas. Regiones mega-ciudad Relaciones de conocimiento Servicios avanzados de productores Empresas con varias oficinas Competitividad regional El Randstad

On the Role Played by Temporary Geographical Proximity in Knowledge Transmission

Torre A. On the role played by temporary geographical proximity in knowledge transmission, Regional Studies. This paper defends the thesis that geographical proximity remains essential for knowledge transfer, but not often implies the co-location of innovation and research activities. The need for geographical proximity now mostly affects certain stages of the process of production, research or development. Short- or medium-term visits are often sufficient for the partners to exchange the information needed for cooperation. The mobility of individuals makes it possible to implement this mechanism. Temporary geographical proximity implies a strong relation to space, but one that differs in nature from that described by the traditional approaches. Torre A. Rôle de la proximité géographique temporaire dans la transmission de la connaissance, Regional Studies. Dans cet article, nous défendons la thèse selon laquelle la proximité géographique demeure essentielle au transfert des connaissances mais qu'elle n'implique pas souvent la co-localisation d'activités d'innovation et de recherche. La nécessité de la proximité géographique affecte surtout, aujourd'hui, certaines étapes des processus de production, de recherche et de développement. Les visites à court ou moyen terme suffisent souvent aux partenaires pour échanger des informations nécessaires à leur coopération. La mobilité des individus permet de mettre en œuvre ce mécanisme. La proximité géographique temporaire induit une forte relation à l'espace mais une relation qui diffère en nature de celle qui est décrite par les approches classiques. Proximité géographique Proximité organisée Ubiquité Agrégats Torre A. Die Rolle der vorübergehenden geografischen Nähe zur Wissensübertragung, Regional Studies. In diesem Artikel verteidigen wir die These, dass eine geografische Nähe zur Wissensübertragung nach wie vor unverzichtbar ist, aber oft keinen gemeinsamen Standort der Innovations- und Forschungsarbeit voraussetzt. Die Notwendigkeit einer geografischen Nähe betrifft heute meistens bestimmte Phasen im Produktions-, Forschungs- oder Entwicklungsprozess. Oft sind kurze oder mittellange Besuche für die Partner ausreichend, um die für eine Zusammenarbeit benötigten Informationen auszutauschen. Die Mobilität der einzelnen Personen macht eine Umsetzung dieses Mechanismus möglich. Eine vorübergehende geografische Nähe setzt eine enge Verbindung zum Raum voraus, deren Beschaffenheit jedoch von den Beschreibungen der traditionellen Ansätze abweicht. Geografische Nähe Organisierte Nähe Ubiquität Cluster Torre A. El papel desempeñado por la proximidad geográfica temporal en la transmisión de conocimiento, Regional Studies. En este artículo defendemos la tesis de que la proximidad geográfica sigue siendo un factor fundamental para la transferencia de conocimientos aunque esto no suele implicar la ubicación conjunta de las actividades de innovación y las de investigación. La necesidad de proximidad geográfica ahora afecta sobre todo a ciertas fases del proceso de producción, investigación y desarrollo. Las visitas a corto o medio plazo son con frecuencia suficientes para que los socios intercambien la información que necesitan para cooperar. La movilidad de los individuos facilita la aplicación de este mecanismo. La proximidad geográfica temporal entraña una estrecha relación en el espacio pero que difiere en naturaleza de la que se describe en enfoques tradicionales. Proximidad geográfica Proximidad organizada Ubicuidad Agrupaciones

Tradition and Style in the Works of Darius Milhaud 1912-1939 (review)

Tradition and Style in the Works of Darius Milhaud 1912-1939. By Barbara L. Kelly. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003. [xv, 212 p. ISBN 0-7546-3033-1. $84.95.] Music examples, bibliography, index.

Empiricism and History

1 2 Historically Speaking · February 2003 Bloch. "The onlypossible progress ofhistory is the widening ofits vision." There—butonly there—Veyne and Carr seem to agree. Veyne's clear and sharp aphorisms ought not mislead the reader. His book is difficult to read. And Veyne's dicta, or at least his terminology , are at times debatable. "There is no historical or historians' consciousness." "The knowledge of the past is foreign to consciousness ." I cannot accept diis, especially from a historian whose book deals primarily with knowledge and consciousness. The problem may be in the different nuances of two languages: conscience and connaissance in French mean both knowledge and consciousness (example: to lose consciousness, perdre connaissance, in French means losing knowledge). I cannot tell. What I can tell is diat diere is not a single reference to Carr in Veyne's erudite book, chock-full of notes and citations and references from all kinds ifphilosophers and historians. These include not a few from Henri-Irénée Marrou's superb De la connaissance historique (1954), evidendyunknown byall ofdie previous mentioned authors, even though an English translation ofMarrou (The Meaning ofHistory) appeared in 1966. (The same is true ofmyHistoricalConsdousness, but I am used to diat.) So much for "die community of historians," "international scholarship ," "scientific consensus," "die blessings of die Internet," "die Information Revolution ," etc., etc.—all ofthem shibboleths, serving ignorance and obscuring learning. John Lukacss most recent book is Churchill: Visionary. Statesman. Historian (Yale University Press, 2002). Empiricism and History Bruce Mazlish "S hould History be More Empirical?" Few questions call to mind so many associated topics. Bywhat is almost free association, one thinks ofdie connection of this question to discussions about the nature offacts, evidence, inference, objectivity , positivism, and a host ofsimilar concerns. In regard to history itself, discussions about the historiographie and methodological issues surrounding the question are themselves legion. Empiricism, ofcourse, is a philosophical notion, with a history attached to it. As any dictionary will inform us, it is an epistemological position that claims all knowledge originates in sense impressions and experience , to which is attached some sort of process ofinduction. The words "observation " and "experiment" are usually invoked as well. The position is generally linked to the work of such 17th-century figures as Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, and John Locke, to which is added in die next century David Hume. The counter figure is René Descartes, whose rationalism is seen as die opposite epistemológica! commitment to diat ofempiricism. Without going further into die history of empiricism, we can easily see that it is an historically located belief, flowering in the 17di centuryin Europe (althoughwidi antecedents in antiquity). Challenged early on by the Cartesians, it has nevertheless persisted in various forms until the present. Markers along the way are Auguste Comte in the 19di century and die logical positivists ofdie 20th century. Such a linear account, however, ignores all die nuances, the modifications, and die changes in emphasis connected widi die advocates of empiricism. It also ignores all die philosophical debates surrounding the topic, in regard to induction, inference, and related issues mentioned earlier. To tackle such debates could easily drown us in an intellectual quagmire.1 To avoid doing so, let us narrow our consideration of the subject to empiricism and history, acknowledging that even dien, die shadow of philosophical speculation hangs over us. Trying to avoid the shadow as much as possible, we can start with die injunction to die historian to pursue empirical research. What does diis mean? In general, empiricism in history means grounding one's work in archival sources, which mosdy means documents. Any assertion—Napoleon did such and such— should be based on pieces ofpaper: so and so wrote about Napoleon's action in a report, a diary, a private letter. The assertion mustthen be tested: is die documentpossiblya forgery? Is it contradicted by other sources? Is it consistent with other evidence? And so fordi. Only after such quizzing ofthe material does die historian come to a conclusion: Napoleon did such and such. It all seems fairly straightforward. Going onward under the banner of Ranke, historical research is therefore seen as die central task of die historian, widi die chosen result...

A Phenomenology Without Reserve

This article is the product of a critical engagement that I have orchestrated between Husserl 's phenomenology and Stoic epistemology. I argue that the Stoic theory of knowledge, which is based upon the idea that the individual human being is a logos spermatikos, or rational seed of God, precludes any authentic doctrine offreedom, insofar as it enslaves the individual to a constant reference back toward God, as the source of of all knowledge. However, the similarities between the Stoic theory and the phenomenology of Husserl call us toward a deeper reading, and an asking of the important question: what constitutes freedom? This question can only be answered by thinking beyond both Stoic epistemological schemas and Husserlian intentionality, toward a doctrine of freedom that is best described as demiurgic. Resume: Cet article est Ie produit d'une enterprise critique organisee autour de la phenomenologie husserlienne et de I 'epistemologie stolcienne. Je soutiens que la theorie stolcienne de la connaissance, fondee sur I 'idee qui veut que I 'etre humain individuel soit un logos spermatikos, un germe rationnei de Dieu, exclut toute doctrine authentique de la liberte, dans la mesure OU elle contrait I'individu a referer constamment a Dieu en tant que source ou fondement de toute connaissance. Toutefois, les similarites entre la tMorie stoieienne et la phenomenologie husserlienne nous poussent a une interpretation plus profonde et a poser I'importante question: qu 'est fa liberte? Cette question ne peut etre repondue qu 'en depassant et les schemes epistemologiques stolciens, et l'intentionalite husserlienne, vers une doctrine de la liberte qui pourrait etre qualifiee de demiurgique. The ancient Stoics developed a very elegant theory of knowledge, which rested upon an equally elegant onto-theologicalfundament, if you will. I say fundament, since the notion of a material cosmos, with a purely material God as the life-giving warmth, imparting a measure of reason to all existents and to humankind most of all was a purely theoretical or speculative basis upon which the ancient Stoics erected a philosophical edifice. The fundament of Stoic philosophy was, of course, like any other, apodictic; but Stoic onto-theology did not contain or account for its necessity in and of itself it was only by virtue of the complexity and rigor of the theories and concepts built upon this foundatio~ that the foundation was maintained in its apodicticity. As I have discussed in a previous writing, I the relation between Stoic cosmological and ethical theories is, in a grand manner, symbiotic. This is to say that there is no dialectical tension between the apodictic

Women Pioneers in Canadian Sociology: The Effects of a Politics of Gender and a Politics of Knowledge

Abstract: This article examines the life histories of ten anglophone Canadian pioneer women sociologists: Helen Abell, Grace Anderson, Jean Burnet, Eleanor Cebotarev, Kathleen Herman, Helen McGill Hughes, Thelma McCormack, Helen Ralston, Aileen Ross and Dorothy Smith. All were born before 1930, encountered significant sexism, and found jobs very easily. This pattern is placed into the context of a of gender and a of knowledge. Politics of gender in the institutional context and in family roles resulted in disadvantages, while the effect of the women's movement led to solidarity among women sociologists and eventual improvements in their situation. The simultaneous emergence of the women's movement and the Canadianization movement led to a of knowledge which proved advantageous for both. Nevertheless, the sociological canon so far has not included women pioneers -- the author needed to conduct interviews since almost no published information existed about most of these important soci ologists prior to this paper. Resume: Le present article se penche surl'histoire vecue de dix pionnieres canadiennes anglophones dans le domaine de la sociologie: Helen Abell, Grace Anderson, Jean Burnet Eleanor Cebotarev, Kathleen Herman, Helen McGill Hughes, Thelma McCormack, Helen Ralston, Aileen Ross et Dorothy Smith. Nees avant 1930, elles se sont toutes heurtees un sexisme marque ce qui ne les a pas empechees de trouver tres facilement du travail. Le phenomene est mis en perspective au vu d'une politique du genre et d'une politique de la connaissance. La politique du genre dans le cadre des institutions et des responsabilites familiales s'est traduite par des handicaps, tandis que le mouvement feministe a engendre une solidarite des femmes sociologues et, finalement, une amelioration de leur situation. L'emergence simultanee du mouvement feministe et de celui de canadianisation a engendre une politique de la connaissance quis'est revelee avantageuse pour les Canadiennes. Neanmoins, jusqu'a present, les pionnieres brillent par leur e xclusion du pantheon sociologique. L'absence quasi totale de donnees prealablement publiees sur ces importantes sociologues a d'ailleurs amene l'auteure du present article devoir effectuer des entrevues. Introduction [1] In reviewing the status of the women founders of sociology and social theory, Lengerman and Niebrugge-Brantley argue that the women have been of our history, rather than having been invisible. Being written out suggests that they were once seen as a presence in the community and that they were subsequently erased from its record (1998:2-3). This politics of erasure is premised on two interrelated processes: a of gender and a of knowledge. While their account deals with the issue at a time before sociology was established as a professional discipline in Canada, their questions are relevant to understanding the position of women pioneers within Canadian sociology. This paper asks how a of gender and knowledge affected some of the early anglophone women sociologists in Canada. When approaching histories of Canadian sociology we find little about women. I therefore decided to use a life history approach. Goetting (1995:9-12) identifies several advantages of this approach: it fills knowledge gaps (sorely needed in this instance); it provides a window on organizational structures by making informal power relations visible; it is a tool for interpreting the intersection of micro- and macro-levels of social order; and, when dealing with women's biography, it can contribute to the correction of the social production of obscurity. Life history is thus a critically helpful way of understanding our gendered world. I wanted to focus on the earliest group of anglophone women sociologists and thus chose birthdate and position as my selection criteria. The subjects of my study had to have been born prior to 1930 and formally trained in sociology. …

From Theory to Practice: A Musical Reading of Valéry’s “Profusion du soir”

Research Article| November 01 2000 From Theory to Practice: A Musical Reading of Valéry’s “Profusion du soir” Lisa Goldfarb Lisa Goldfarb Gallatin School of New York University Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Romanic Review (2000) 91 (4): 459–479. https://doi.org/10.1215/26885220-91.4.459 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Lisa Goldfarb; From Theory to Practice: A Musical Reading of Valéry’s “Profusion du soir”. Romanic Review 1 November 2000; 91 (4): 459–479. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/26885220-91.4.459 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsRomanic Review Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 2000 The Trustees of Columbia University2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Articles You do not currently have access to this content.

Blinding the Snake: Women's Myths as Insubordinate Discourse in Western Fiji

Abstract: How and in what cultural arenas do women contest, contradict or invert dominant ideologies of gender? This article examines how myths told by women in western Viti Levu, Fiji, represent a site of resistance (Abu-Lughod, 1990) wherein hegemonic understandings of gender are contested. This is achieved through a transformation of signs (Hall, Critcher, Jefferson, Clarke and Roberts, 1978) that sees authoritative male figures depicted as powerless, challenges a spatial order that privileges men, and attacks an order of knowledge that declares vision the dominant mode for the apperception of knowledge. By contravening dominant meanings, these myths present a rupture of (Sharpe, 1995) that subverts reigning constructions of truth. I argue that anthropology's understanding of the legitimizing role of myth must be tempered by an appreciation of its potential as a risk to the sense of signs (Sahlins, 1987: 149). Resume: Comment et dans quels domaines culturels est-ce que les femmes contestent, contredisent ou inversent les ideologies liees a la condition sexuelle? Cet article examine comment les mythes racontes par les femmes de l'Ouest de Viti Levu, Fiji, representent un site de resistance (Abu-Lughod, 1990) ou les perceptions hegemoniques de la condition sexuelle sont contestees. Cette contestation s'accomplit par une > (Hall, Critcher, Jefferson, Clarke and Roberts, 1978) qui voit les figures d'autorite masculines depeintes comme sans pouvoir, qui defie un ordre spatial qui privilegie les hommes et attaque un ordre de connaissance qui prend pour acquis le mode dominant de perception de la connaissance. En s'opposant aux significations dominantes, ces mythes presentent une > (Sharpe, 1995) qui subvertit les constructions reconnues de la verite. Je soumets que la comprehension anthropologique du role legitimant du mythe doit etre temperee par une reconnaissance de son potentiel comme > (Sahlins, 1987: 149) Copies that are not copies: But just when it looked so neat and tidy, the ground starts to shift. -- Taussig, 1993: 115IntroductionOver the past 20 years anthropologists have so radically altered their view of culture as an object of study that Jocelyn Linnekin has referred to this change as a paradigm shift within our discipline (1992: 250). Rather than regard culture simply as a consensual, homogeneous system of understanding, it has come to be seen as a socially constructed, sometimes socially imposed and much negotiated discourse. This shift in perspective is reflected in an increased concern with the political processes involved in the production, legitimization and representation of culture. Specifically, where are dominant meanings formulated within a culture? Who wields the power to control the processes of cultural production, elevating some versions and denouncing others?(f.1) How are cultural meanings inscribed and validated or alternatively debated and contested? What media constitute potential sites of discourse (Stallybrass and White, 1986: 194) for the circulation of ideas regarding the nature of society, being used either to forward elite models (Linnekin, 1992: 253) or generate contested renderings of social reality (Williams, 1991: 14)? And finally, how and why are certain versions silenced? Within this field several important issues have been raised concerning the politics of culture as it relates specifically to gender. What role do women as a status group within society play in cultural production, either as consumers of certain versions of reality or as generators of signs (Levi-Strauss, 1969: 496),(f.2) and how and in what cultural arenas do women contest, contradict or resist dominant ideologies of gender? …

Sciences of the Artificial and Knowledge Production: The Crucial Role of Intervention Research in Management Sciences

Translated from the French by Mary Sweeney Over the past thirty years a number of European researchers have questioned the epistemological status of their respective scientific disciplines. Works like J. Piaget edited essays in the Encyclopedia de la Pleiade dated 1967, or A. C. Martinet's Epistemologies of Management can be considered landmarks, together with the symposium Constructivism and Management Science held in Lille, France, October 1997. New references, introduced by the constructivist paradigm in particular, have led to the reconsideration of research methods, and to the study of the role and place of researchers in this type of setting. idea of researchers as neutral and objective observers is being more and more contested. On the one hand, their values, beliefs, and other goals and plans are likely to influence the representations which they construct from the phenomenon under inquiry. On the other hand, their mere presence in the field can influence the evolution of this phenomenon. The interaction between observer and observed is an inescapable problem-but rather than viewing this as an obstacle to knowledge, it should be considered the opposite, as a means of knowledge and perhaps the only means, wrote M. Berry in this regard.' Publications appearing in the past ten years, preceded by the pioneering works of K. Lewin2, the Tavistock Institute of the 1950s, B. Glaser and A. L. Strauss3, and E. Thorsud4 demonstrate the interest that has arisen in management science about the problem of knowledge production for and by organizations. Whether called clinical research5, action research methods,6 intervention research,7 or engineering research, these transformative fieldwork methods (as opposed to contemplative methods) tend to develop, after having demonstrated their potential fertility for the researcher as well as for the practitioner. All seem to have the same intention, an intention Lewin8 calls dual, which consists in succeeding in an intentionally change-inducing project and, in doing so, advancing fundamental knowledge in the human sciences. In thinking about a theory of researchers' intervention in a company, it is a new understanding of action which may be offered to us, explained Hatchuel.9 However, it is important to be vigilant regarding the status of knowledge produced by this type of research. Taking the 1 M. Berry, Logique de la connaissance et logique de I'action: reflexions a partir de 1'exp6rience des recherches en gestion menees a l'Ecole des Mines de Paris et a l'Ecole Polytechnique, in Audet, M. and Malouin, J. L., eds., La production des connaissances scientifiques de l'administration (Quebec: Presses Universitaires de Laval, 1986), 200. 2 K. Lewin, Field Theory in Social (New York: Harper and Row, 1951). 3 B. Glaser and A. L. Strauss, Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research (Chicago: Adline Publishers, 1967). 4 E. Thorsrud, Complementary Roles in Collaborative Action Research, International Conference on the Quality of Working Life, Sept. 24-29 (New York: Harriman, 1972). 5 E. H. Schein, Clinical Perspective in Fieldwork(Beverly Hills: Sage, 1987). 6 K. Lewin, Field Theory in Social Science. 7 C. Argyris, Knowledge forAction. A Guide to Overcoming Barriers to Organizational Change (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1993). 8 K. Lewin, Frontiers in Group Dynamics I, Human Relations 1:5 (1947): 41. 9 A. Hatchuel, Les savoirs de l'intervention en entreprise, Entreprises et Histoires 7 (1994): 74.

L'Empirisme de Locke (review)

410 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY the famous doctrine of "mirroring" or representation. I do not intend to criticize Spinoza rather than Sen, simply to illustrate the difficulty of adequate exposition when cognate philosophers are not given enough attention. In my judgment the only really weak chapter of Sen's book is his critical examination of some of the difficulties of Spinoza's system (chap. 10). First of all, his critical base is unclear. Spinoza's theory of substance is "rather abstruse" (p. 177). "Experience, taken at its face value, never reveals the identity of thought with its object" (p. 180). Spinoza's monism "requires a great stride of speculative imagination" (p. 185). Some vague appeal to experience and what can only be called personal opinion are made to substitute for penetrating critical analysis. Oddly enough, impressive difficulties are raised throughout the book, and dealt with skillfully and with ease by the author, occasionally appealing to the very metaphysical method which in this chapter is considered suspect. The chapter is puzzling and disconcerting, resembling nothing so much as those annoying footnotes that readers sometimes demand before they approve dissertations. Nothing would have been lost if it had been omitted. If anything, though, these reservations are intended to put in sharper focus this book's real merits. Sen is capable of careful textual analysis, and he possesses admirable expository talents. His book will serve the student well who wants to find out what precisely Spinoza said in Part I of the Ethics and what he meant. ROBERTJ. MULVANEY The Catholic University o/America L'Empirisme de Locke. By Francois Duchesneau. Ohe Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1973) Duchesneau's careful study of Locke is a fine example of the way precise tracings of historical lineage can illuminate philosophical issues. By placing Locke in the context of Descartes, Gassendi, Hobbes, and Boyle, epistemological questions found in Locke's Essay are sharpened, their analysis deepened. The early chapters ("Locke et la Doctrine de Sydenham" and "L'Empirisme M~clicale de Locke") trace the medical background of Locke, especially his relations and similarities with the doctrines of Thomas Sydenham. The drafts of the Essay, together with other early fragments, are made to yield, in this Sydenhamian context, greater understanding of Locke's philosophy of science and of its accompanying theory of knowledge than one usually finds in studies on Locke. Duchesneau does not take the medical interests of Locke as some magic key to his philosophy; rather he explicates the empiricism of Locke's philosophy and of his science by reference to attitudes and doctrines inherited but extended from Sydenham. Chapter III ("L'Analyse Empiriste de la Connaissance avant Locke") charts seventeenth-century empirical epistemology prior to Locke. The middle chapters ("Positions Initiales de Locke sur le Probl ~me de la Connaissance" and "Locke Philosophe de l'Exprrience") constitute one of the most sophisticated discussions that I know of Locke's philosophy of experience. The final chapter ("Locke et la Throrie Malebranchiste des Idres") is an especially important discussion of Locke's reaction to Malebranche's theory of ideas. A theme running through this study is that of the rationality or intelligibility of the real. That theme is reflected in the concerns with the relation between knowledge and reality which Duchesneau finds in seventeenth-century writers. Does a writer's theory of knowledge presuppose certain features in reality, even though the real may not be accessible to human cognition? In writing of Sydenham, Duchesneau suggests that this question takes the form of asking how treatment of symptoms can cure: "A priori, la rrponse est simple: il faut admettre que les phrnomrnes observrs, qui servent de fondement h la m&hode de traitement, rrvrlent une rationalit6 inhrrente au rrd" (p. 16). But Sydenham did not be- BOOK REVIEWS 411 lieve reality was directly accessible to man. It is, however, the real which is responsible for the order and uniformity of observed phenomena. Our knowledge is limited to phenomena but by being careful and patient observers of the phenomena of illness, of symptoms, we can construct an effective diagnostic on the general assumption that what lies behind these phenomena is responsible for them. Hypotheses on the nature of the reality behind appearances...

SHORT NOTICES

SHORT NOTICES Get access Le Thème biblique de la connaissance: étude d'une racine. By FL. GABORIAU. Pp. 8+93. Paris: Desclee, n.d. N.p. D. WINTON THOMAS D. WINTON THOMAS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Theological Studies, Volume XXI, Issue 2, October 1970, Pages 538-a–538, https://doi.org/10.1093/jts/XXI.2.538-a Published: 01 October 1970

A PROPOS DE LA CONNAISSANCE?H

DialecticaVolume 13, Issue 3-4 p. 321-330 A PROPOS DE LA CONNAISSANCE—H Pierre Vernotte, Pierre Vernotte ParisSearch for more papers by this author Pierre Vernotte, Pierre Vernotte ParisSearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1959 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-8361.1959.tb00394.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume13, Issue3-4December 1959Pages 321-330 RelatedInformation