De France Research Articles

Forms of Capital: General Sociology, Volume 3: Lectures at the Collège de France 1983–84

Forms of Capital: General Sociology, Volume 3: Lectures at the Collège de France 1983–84

Genetic susceptibility of bladder cancer in the Lebanese population

BackgroundBladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most frequent tumor worldwide. Evidence shows an association between elevated risk of BC and various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). BC incidence was the highest in Lebanon according to Globocan 2018 report, but little is known about the genetic susceptibility of Lebanese people to this disease. We aim to evaluate whether this prominent incidence of BC in Lebanon is attributable to known coding genetic variants.MethodsA case-control study was conducted at Hotel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut. A cohort of 51 Lebanese patients with BC were recruited between 2017 and 2020. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) was performed on peripheral blood samples to detect coding genetic variants in the patients. An in-house database including WES data from 472 Lebanese individuals served as control. Literature review of the genetic predisposition to BC was conducted to establish a database of variants known to influence the risk of BC. In-common SNPs were identified between cases and the aforecited database, and their allelic frequencies was quantified in the former and in controls. Comparative analysis of the allelic frequencies of each in-common SNP was carried out between cases, controls, and the genome aggregation database (gnomAD). Analysis was performed by applying the binomial law and setting the p-value to 10− 10.Results484 polymorphisms associated with BC were extracted from the literature review ;151 of which were in-common with the 206 939 variations detected by WES in our cases. Statistically significant differences (p-value < 10− 10) in allelic frequencies was seen in 11 of the 151 in-common SNPs, but none of which corresponds with a higher BC risk. Moreover, rs4986782 variant in the NAT1 gene is not associated with BC in the Lebanese population. `.ConclusionThis is the first next-generation sequencing (NGS)- based study investigating BC risk in a Lebanese cohort of 51 patients. The majority of known exonic variants in the literature were not associated with BC in our patients. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to explore the association of BC in our population with known non-coding genetic variants, and the remainder of WES-generated private Lebanese variants.

Laennecs’ mediate auscultation: Child's play

Before Laennec, respiratory diseases that we recognize today were often confused, because the heart and lung are locked inside the rib cage. Impressed by the autopsies performed by Xavier Bichat (1771-1802), Laennec maintained the importance of the anatomoclinical method. But he indicated in his early 1820s lectures at the Collège de France that the discovery of auscultation was fortuitous and empirical. Duffin demonstrates that medical discoveries hardly obey an implacable logic, they arise outside of pre-established projects. In this paper, we retrace the chronology and antecedents at the origin of the important medical invention that is the stethoscope.

The Latin Monetary Union Experience (1865‒1926): French Views on Monetary Union and Lending of Last Resort in Retrospect

Abstract The Latin Monetary Union (hereafter LMU) was established in 1865 between France, Italy, Belgium and Switzerland. The agreement provided for the adoption of a common monetary base consisting of specie, and the adoption of the free circulation of gold and silver coins among them, whatever the issuing country. Despite its original goal, the minting of silver coins was subject to numerous restrictions (especially between 1874 and 1876) before being fully suspended by article nine of the convention of November 5th 1878. The necessity for a lender of last resort quickly appeared in practice, even though the 1865 convention, and its numerous amendments, did not mention it in theory. The present article looks at how the idea of the lender of last resort was discussed in the context of the Latin Monetary Union. Specifically, it focuses on two opposing views on the LMU and its problems, as adopted by French economists at the time. The article concludes that the Banque de France played a crucial role in safeguarding the LMU. Referring to Bordo’s 1990 typology of lenders of last resort, we also add a fifth type, that of converter of last resort, to characterise the specific role played by the Banque de France.

Validation of an Arabic version of the Cambridge-Hopkins diagnostic questionnaire for restless legs syndrome.

To validate an Arabic version of the short form of the Cambridge-Hopkins diagnostic questionnaire for restless legs syndrome (CH-RLSq13). The Arabic version was created using a standard forward-backward translation method. A pre-final Arabic version was administered with the original English version to a group of bilingual subjects as a pretest. The inter-rater agreement between these two versions was measured. A finalized Arabic version was obtained. For the validation, the Arabic version of the CH-RLSq13 was administered to Lebanese subjects, above 18years old, selected upon a clinical interview. The diagnosis provided by the Arabic version of the CH-RLSq13 was compared to the clinical diagnosis made by a neurologist at Hotel-Dieu de France hospital. Inter-rater agreement was assessed using Cohen's kappa coefficient. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the translated questionnaire were calculated. Inter-rater agreement, between the 2 versions, for the entire questionnaire, was excellent (κ = 0.950). All items showed a substantial level of agreement between the two versions. In the validation process, 91 participants were included (17 patients diagnosed with RLS and 74 control subjects). The mean age was 40years, with female predominance. The final Arabic version of the CH-RLSq13 had a sensitivity of 71%, a specificity of 100%, and with negative and positive predictive values of 94% and 100% respectively. The Arabic version of the CH-RLSq13 is a reliable tool for the screening and diagnosis of RLS in Lebanese and Arabic-speaking populations.

Simulation of Tsunami Inundation for the Island of Martinique to Nearby Large Earthquakes

ABSTRACT In this article, we estimate the tsunami hazard in Martinique due to tsunamis generated by earthquakes associated with the Lesser Antilles subduction zone. Using a deterministic approach based on reliable earthquake scenarios, we use high-resolution bathymetric and topographic data to model tsunami propagation and inundation with Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami model. An extreme earthquake subduction scenario of magnitude Mw 8.0 is tested, and a further realistic scenario of lower magnitude Mw 7.5, thus of different tsunami frequency content, is also processed to test the possible appearance of bay resonances. We find that the western coast of the island is relatively sheltered, because it represents a shadow area to diffraction, in particular, for the major city of Fort de France. Because of its very gentle slope, the eastern coast is prone to numerous floodings with meter scale wave amplitudes; most of the inundated zones consist of mangroves and geological depressions t are naturally regularly flooded by tides or storm surges. Hence such areas are often not exploited, the mangroves being let in their natural state, enhancing the protection of the surrounding communities. However, some strategic inhabited areas are subject to severe inundation. Finally, comparing our results with studies of the 1755 Lisbon transoceanic tsunami reveals a tsunami hazard close to our local Mw 7.5 scenario. It suggests the possibility to generalize our local tsunami hazard assessment in Martinique to other tsunami contexts and enlarge its validity. This issue is crucial for minimizing the efforts and increasing the efficiency of tsunami preparedness.

Generalizing Resistance: The Coalition Politics of Foucault's Governmentality Lectures

AbstractThis article interprets Michel Foucault as a thinker of political coalition. While Foucault is often associated with a localist “micro-politics,” he also sought to help dispersed struggles “generalize” themselves into bigger, cohesive movements. Foucault gave his fullest account of the politics of generalization in manuscripts and drafts associated with two courses at the Collège de France, entitled Security, Territory, Population (1978) and The Birth of Biopolitics (1979), which are well known to political theorists for their discussions of “governmentality.” Intellectual historians have recently generated controversy by proposing that Foucault used his governmentality lectures to flirt with neoliberal positions. By reconstructing Foucault's coalitional project in the late 1970s, this article offers an alternative contextualist account of his purposes, while encouraging political theorists to reappraise the lectures as the basis for a Foucauldian theory of large-scale alliance politics.

Crosstalk between PKR1 and miR-124 is crucial for EMT regulation of tc21+epicardial mesothelial cells during cardiac development and repair process

Abstract Background The epicardial-mesothelial cells (EMCs) are essential regulators of cardiac growth and repairment process. The epicardial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of epicardial fate determination are controlled by both cell autonomous and cardiomyocyte-originated mechanisms. Here, by using an in vitro and in vivo model of epicardial EMT, we investigated the role of miRNAs as regulators of these process and their potential targets. Methods EMT was induced in mice embryonic tcf21+EMCs through an angiogenic cytokine, prokineticin treatments. Cre-dependent tracing of TCF21-tm-iCRE-EMCs was utilized to abrogate prokineticin receptor-1 (PKR1) in mice epicardium. Human tcf21+ cardiac fibroblast (mainly originated from epicardial origin also utilized to study for their repairment signaling. Results Upon EMC-specific abrogation of PKR1 in early stages of cardiac development the TCF21-tm-iCREPKR1−/− mice exhibited 13±4% embryonic lethality due to a disconnection of epicardial cells from compact layer, failed expansion of the sub-epicardial space, and disruption of heterotypic cell interaction between epicardium and myocardium. EMT-RT profiler and enrichment analysis revealed an impaired EMT in TCF21-tm-iCREPKR1−/− hearts. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis on the EMT molecular network (e.g., Snai1, Snai2, B-catenin, N-cadherin, vimentin), specific to cardiac development and defects revealed MiR-124 as a part of this network that was inversely associated and down-stream of PKR1 in cultured Tcf21+ cells. Furthermore, protein expression of SNAIL2 was significantly downregulated in TCF21-tm-iCREPKR1−/− hearts and cultured Tcf21+ cells upon treatment with mir124 mimic. The luciferase reporter assay showed that miR124 directly targeted the 3'-untranslated region of SNAIL2 in EMCs. In a counter experiment, PKR1 gene replacement or mir124 inhibitor was able to rescue the impaired EMT-genes, and an increase in apoptosis and impaired proliferation in epicardium of embryonic TCF21-tm-iCREPKR1−/− hearts. Importantly, miRNA mimic in cultured tcf21 cells maintained epithelial features in EMCs, and increased EMT-associated transcripts and traits, such as apoptosis. In contrast, MiR124 is involved in wound healing process in tcf21+human CFs and EMCs. Conclusion This study shows the importance of a crosstalk between PKR1 and miR-124 with respect to EMT regulation during cardiac development and repair. Controlling fibroblast-committed EMT and pathological fibrotic remodeling is of increasing interest within the field of regenerative tissue engineering and development of interventional strategies after cardiac injury. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Fondation de France

Healthy sleep score and incident cardiovascular diseases: the Paris Prospective Study III (PPS3)

Abstract Background/Introduction Most studies on the association between sleep habits and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have focused on one single sleep dimension, essentially sleep duration and sleep apnea. Purpose To examine the joint effect of several dimensions of sleep habits with incident CVD in a community-based prospective cohort. Methods Between 2008 and 2011, 10,157 men and women aged 50 to 75 years were recruited in a preventive medical center. They underwent a standard physical examination coupled with standard biological tests, and provided information related to lifestyle, personal and family medical history, current health status, and medication use on questionnaires. Sleep habits were self-reported on validated questionnaires that assess sleep duration and insomnia complaints (Pittsburg questionnaire), early chronotype, sleep apnea (Berlin questionnaire) and subjective daytime sleepiness (Epworth questionnaire). Each sleep dimension was assigned 1 point if optimal and 0 point otherwise. A healthy sleep score ranging from 0 to 5 (the higher the better) and reflecting the number of optimal sleep dimensions was computed: early chronotype, sleep duration of 7–8 h/day, never/rarely insomnia, no sleep apnea, and no frequent excessive daytime sleepiness. The occurrence of incident CVD events including coronary heart disease and stroke was followed every two years up to September 2020, and events were validated after review of the medical records. The multivariable association between higher healthy sleep score and CVD events was examined in proportional hazard Cox regression analysis. Population-attributable fractions were calculated to estimate the proportion of CVD cases that could be prevented by healthier sleep habits. Results This study included 7203 participants (62% of men, mean age: 59.7 years±6.2) who were free of CVD at baseline and had complete data on sleep habits and covariates. Among them, 6.9% had a poor sleep score (healthy sleep score of 0 or 1), and 10.4% had an optimal sleep score (score= 5). After a median follow-up of 8 years, 275 participants had incident CVD events. After adjustment for age, sex, total alcohol consumption, socioprofessional categories, smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, family history of heart diseases, LDL and HDL cholesterol, and diabetes status, the risk of CVD decreased by 22% (HR=0.78 [95% CI: 0.71–0.86]) per 1 point increment in the healthy sleep score, and there was a 74% risk reduction in CVD risk (HR=0.26 [0.13–0.51]) between participants with the highest (score of 5) and those with the lowest (score of 0–1) healthy sleep score (Table 1). Under the hypothesis that all the participants would achieve an optimal sleep score of 5, 70.8% of incident CVD could be potentially avoided each year. Conclusion(s) In this community-based prospective cohort, a higher healthy sleep score combining 5 sleep dimensions was associated with a lower risk of CHD or stroke. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): The National Research Agency (ANR), The Region Ile de France (Domaine d'Intérêt Majeur)

Translatio Studii as Literary Innovation: Marie de France’s Fresne and the Cultural Authority of Translation

ABSTRACT Medieval translations can be a shaping force in emerging vernacular literatures, as Marie de France’s Fresne and its Old Norse and Middle English translations demonstrate. While Sif Ríkharðsdóttir highlights that each version is adapted to its target literature, these texts also draw on the cultural authority of translatio studii to legitimize innovation. This article traces each text’s influence using Itamar Even-Zohar’s polysystem theory, having determined their position within the literary polysystem through textual and manuscript contexts. Each version constructs its own cultural authority to reshape the polysystem for different ideological purposes, thus producing texts that differ both from their source material and the norms of their target literatures. This is most apparent in their representations of courtliness: by invoking translatio studii, the Anglo-Norman Fresne establishes an exemplar of sincere interiority-based courtesy, whereas the Old Norse Eskia instrumentalizes French prestige to legitimize a performative ideal of courtliness in Norwegian literature. Conversely, the Middle English Lay le Freine uses translatio to reinvent its genre as the socially inclusive Middle English Breton lay, where courtliness is primarily a literary effect. Intervernacular translations therefore emerge as a key source of innovation in vernacular polysystems, pointing towards a new approach to comparative medieval literature.

Paul Langevin the Scientist

“Summarizing Paul Langevin’s work implies revising the whole history of physics (…), this is a difficult but exciting task” Louis de Broglie said during Langevin’s funeral. Paul Langevin was a universal mind, and he had worked in all branches of physics: gaseous ions, Brownian motion, electromagnetism, dia and para magnetism, birefringence, special relativity, ultrasonic waves, and neutron collisions. Very rare are those who can pretend to such a scientific impact. Yet at the same time, during a time span that included two world wars, Paul Langevin directed an engineering school ESPCI (Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielle), gave courses at collège de France, ENS (Ecole Normale Supérieure), and was actively involved in the Solvay Conferences that he organized when Hendrick Lorentz passed away. The last part of the presentation is devoted to the present Paul Langevin legacy. As illustrations, a membrane wave experiment that revisits the 1919 Eddington observation of Albert Einstein prediction is followed by a walking liquid droplet set-up by Yves Couder. Open questions about the unfinished work that Paul Langevin and his scientific Solvay group left us will conclude this presentation.

Foucault’s Anti-Oedipus

Between Foucault and Deleuze-Guattari, there is a striking contrast on the notion of truth. While the latter elides it as a problem in their project of a “generalized pragmatics,” Foucault finds in it the key to link Anglo- American theories of the “speech act” to his analyses of “power-knowledge.” The link is confirmed first in the continuity between L’Archéologie du savoir (1969), ostensibly a methodological book, and of the Leçons sur la volonté de savoir, the course of Foucault’s first year (1970-1971) at the Collège de France, and then above all, in his reading of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, which was taken up again several times in the 1970s and 1980s. Truth is always analysed here as an essential function to govern the self and others by telling the truth, and this function is accomplished, according to Foucault, through the ‘game of halves’ that he discovers in Sophocles’ tragedy, drawing on the work of Pierre Aubenque and Marcel Detienne. The two halves being the just and the true, Foucault also discovers the game in the research of George Dumézil. The contrast between Foucault and Deleuze-Guattari is thus evident as well as in their way of referring to Dumézil.

Paul A. Langevin’s contributions to nonlinear acoustics

Paul A. Langevin made several important contributions to nonlinear acoustics, but our knowledge of these contributions is mainly due to accounts given by others, most notably Biquard (Ann. Phys., 1936). At the end of Chapter 1 in Nonlinear Acoustics (ASA, 2008), Blackstock summarizes Biquard’s account, which is in turn based on lectures delivered by Langevin at the Collège de France in 1923. Langevin derived the coefficient of nonlinearity for liquids, predating the quantity subsequently expressed as β = 1 + B/2A, and provided measured values for several liquids. He also obtained an expression for the profile of a steady shock wave and described its subsequent decay, predating the classical Fay solution published in 1931. However, Langevin is most well known in nonlinear acoustics for a quantity that bears his name, the Langevin radiation pressure, and for what distinguishes it from the Rayleigh radiation pressure [Beyer (JASA, 1978)]. Rayleigh’s result applies to a constrained field such as a standing wave in a closed tube, and it depends on the nonlinearity parameter B/A, whereas Langevin’s result applies to an unconstrained field such as a sound beam, which is more common in practice, and it is independent of B/A.

Is a Communist Governmentality Possible?

Michel Foucault’s texts in the 1970s, especially those on disciplinary power, have long been considered to represent a moment of dialogue with Marx. However, Foucault’s elaborations and research in the late 1970s and 1980s up until his death, presented mainly in the form of his lectures at the Collège de France, have often been presented as a different theoretical direction and as a move away from previous considerations, both political and theoretical. It has been suggested that they even represented a certain shift toward the emerging neoliberal discourse. In this article I will try to follow a different perspective not only to see the extent to which Foucault’s later work departs from his earlier positions and insights, but also to suggest that crucial notions from this phase of his work are relevant and important to any attempt to rethink a politics of social transformation and emancipation.

Constituting New Modes of Thought and Life

Foucault’s work in the 1980s on the ancient Greek and Roman world, following a far-reaching analysis of the transformation and rearrangement of the economies of power between the beginning of the modern era and the 19th century, reoriented his thought from the analysis of powers towards an investigation into practices of subjectivation and the constitution of an ethics of the self in ancient thought. Through a new and unique method of writing and investigation, Foucault comes to insist on the centrality of life, displacing the relation between the self and logos from the order of discourse and reasoning to that of existence, a self-exposure that effectively transforms the manner in which one lives into a form of public risk-taking, a passage, expressed by the transition from the figure of Socrates to that of the Cynics within the final 1984 course at the Collège de France.

Paul Langevin: His life and family

2022 marks the 150th Anniversary of the birth of Paul Langevin, the originator of ultrasonics. He was born, lived, and died in Paris. His parents were of modest means. He was a humanist and a rationalist. Scientifically precocious, he was taught by Pierre Curie and spent a year at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. He gained a professorship at the ESPCI eventually becoming Director there. He also was Professor at the Collége de France, where his talent as a teacher gained wide recognition. He married Jeanne Desfosses in1898 and his children were as important to him as his science. They had two sons, Jean and André, both physicists, and two daughters Madeleine and Hélène. Paul-Gilbert, son of his scientific co-worker Eliane Montel, became a physicist and musicologist. In the interwar years he was an anti-Fascist activist. Imprisoned in 1940, he was then placed under house arrest in Troyes. After escaping to Switzerland in 1944, he returned to huge acclaim in liberated Paris. Elected as a Councilor for the Communist Party, he led the Committee for the Reorganization of Education in France, in spite of failing health. He died in 1946 and is interred in the Pantheon.

La Puissance du vent: Des moulins à vent aux éoliennes modernes [The power of the wind: From windmills to modern wind turbines] by Philippe Bruyerre (review).

Reviewed by: La Puissance du vent: Des moulins à vent aux éoliennes modernes [The power of the wind: From windmills to modern wind turbines] by Philippe Bruyerre Elisa Grandi (bio) La Puissance du vent: Des moulins à vent aux éoliennes modernes [The power of the wind: From windmills to modern wind turbines] By Philippe Bruyerre. Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Midi, 2021. Pp. 262. Philippe Bruyerre's La Puissance du vent is an important contribution to the history of wind power generators in Europe over the past three hundred years. Resulting from his Ph.D., the book introduces an original interdisciplinary approach to the history of technology by analyzing wind energy in France, Denmark, and Germany. Instead of producing a chronological account of wind generation techniques and applications, the author focuses on four "technical stages" (scènes techniques) in different times and spaces, from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. This focus is at once stimulating and challenging: Stimulating because readers can take full advantage of the theoretical and historiographical framework proposed in the introduction. Bruyerre applies the concept of "dual-use" of technical artifacts (Kroes and Meijers, 2006), whose physical and functional properties should be analyzed in the interaction between technical and socioeconomic dynamics (p. 25). This approach is also challenging because it requires a careful choice of the historical "stages" to create the interaction. It is also crucial to find a common pattern linking the four "microhistories" that make up four of the book's five chapters (p. 197). The book starts by describing the French oil mills around Lille in the 1700s and 1800s, then Danish rural windmills in the early 1800s. Chapter 3 focuses on the experimental wind turbines of the national public company Electricité de France (EDF) in the 1950s and 1960s, and Chapter 4 is devoted to northern Germany's modern wind turbines in the 1990s. As the descriptions of the specific objects are very technical and specialized, the target audience is the academic community rather than the general public. The author presents the common analytical pattern in the final chapter, comparing the four cases by computing two indicators. The first is a quality index, applied to rank the various technical artifacts' performance without considering the context in which they were used; the second adds a "regularity factor" (p. 205), which is, indeed, the sociohistorical context. It measures the availability of the source of energy and its actual use. Quality and regularity indicators are the book's most creative output. Bruyerre, an engineer and entrepreneur in the field of wind turbines in France, combines a rigorous measurement of wind generators' technical performance with the analysis of their long-term socioeconomic demand. The "two histories of wind power" resulting from the application of the two indicators show that wind generators' performance improved over time. Nonetheless, the regularity factor fell in the 1900s once it was connected with the production of electric energy. Oil mills around Lille produced a highly regular "local [End Page 1236] service." Modern wind generators produce a "commodity," electric energy, destined for a "global" market, and, while more performant, they have lost their "territorial roots" (p. 206). This interdisciplinary approach allows novel insights into wind generators' history and engages in fruitful dialogues on energy transition. It also contributes to the recent historiographical debate on the Industrial Revolution, which rejects the narrative of a linear path to modernity. The four chapters follow a similar pattern. They open with a description of the objects and techniques and a deep analysis of the inventors and firms who developed them. The history of Danish windmills in Chapter 2 is an interesting example of the interaction between innovation and territorial use. Far from the prototype of a modern wind generator, their decentralized technology resisted the adoption of more and more centralized energy networks, showing that twentieth century electrification was a complex and nonlinear dynamic. The second aspect common to every chapter is analyzing the socioeconomic context of each "technical stage." Including all the historical details in the few pages devoted to each case's historical context is not an easy task, and the various analyses can appear too synthetic. However, the author provides all the useful elements to integrate the...

HL-100 Outcomes of Patients With Hodgkin Lymphoma During a Period of Drug Shortage in Lebanon: A Single-Center Experience

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) represents two-thirds of all lymphomas diagnosed in Lebanon. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the unprecedented financial crisis, shortages of oncology drugs are now common in Lebanon. The shortage of conventional agents has created remarkable challenges for both HL patients and health care providers. We lack studies that document the outcome of HL in Lebanon during this period. To determine the outcome of HL patients treated in Lebanon during the period of drug shortages. This retrospective study included 52 HL patients diagnosed between October 2019 and December 2021 at Hôtel Dieu de France Hospital in Lebanon. Patients had classical or nodular lymphocyte-predominant subtypes. The treatment patterns, frequency of incomplete protocols, missing agents, and response to first-line treatment were analyzed. A total of 52 patients were reviewed with a median age of 35 years (range, 15-85 years); 52% were male. In this study, 65% of patients had B symptoms at diagnosis, 70% had no comorbidities, 64% had an advanced stage, 60% had bulky disease, and 90% had low- to intermediate-risk disease according to the International Prognostic Score. The nodular sclerosing subtype was the most common histological subtype (77%). The ABVD regimen was offered to 85% of patients and radiotherapy was offered to 10%. Eleven patients (22%) did not receive the full treatment per protocol due to drug shortage: 8 patients (15%), 2 patients (4%), and 1 patient (2%) had missing bleomycin, dacarbazine, and vinblastine, respectively. Of these patients, 6 (54%) received treatment without the missing agent, 4 (36%) imported the medication from an external source at their own expense, and 1 (9%) was switched to another protocol. Among 11 patients who did not receive proper therapy, the rates of complete response, partial response, stable disease, and progressive disease were 70%, 15%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. In this single-institution study from Lebanon, the outcomes of patients with HL treated during an unprecedented crisis and drugs shortage were comparable to those of previous reports. This emphasizes the resilience of the Lebanese population and adaptability despite hard conditions.

Tragedy and Juridical Forms

Foucault returned to the text of Sophocles’s Oedipus Tyrannos at various critical junctures in his thought. This article homes in on the place of that tragedy in the passage from the analytic of knowledge-power to the problematization of government by truth that took place around 1980, namely in Foucault’s Collège de France lectures. Particular attention is placed on the delineation of the political meaning of “alethurgy,” a neologism through which Foucault sought to thematize the significance of practices concerned with the manifestation of truth for the exercise of political power. By drawing on historical and anthropological studies of Greek “pre-law,” Foucault was able to explore the juridical dimensions of the liturgy of truth, especially in the transition from the Homeric centrality of the agon to the emergence of the forensic inquiry with its reliance on the extraction of (slave) testimony. The reading of tragedy here doubles as a nuanced critique of the juridical production of truth, one with important connections to Foucault’s contemporaneous political efforts to support practices of legal defense that rejected the demand that the crimi nalized subject reveal himself in an “auto-alethurgy.”

Аналіз умов виникнення та змагальної діяльності лижних марафонів Visma Ski Classics

The article highlights the historical aspects of the formation, features and prerequisites for the emergence of new disciplines in ski racing on the example of the Visma Ski Classics. Purpose of the Research is to analyze the reasons for the emergence and features of the competitive activity of Visma Ski Classics. Stuff and Methods of the Research. Achieving the goal was ensured by using a number of general scientific research methods. In particular, the analysis and synthesis of theoretical data was chosen because they allowed to describe a relatively wide range of issues in a more diverse way. The information relating to various aspects of the preconditions for the emergence of Visma Ski Classics has been taken into account. Results of the Research. Based on a detailed analysis of scientific and methodological sources and available information on the Internet, it was established that Visma Ski Marathon was based on the stages of the Tour de Ski multi-day skiing competition. The basis for which, in its turn, were multi-day cycling competitions, namely Tour de France. This is a positive component in the development and popularization of ski racing, because it, like most winter sports, is a conservative sport. The modern world requires dynamic changes; so many commercial starts began to appear. One of them is a series of Visma Ski Classics. The article features 12-season history of the marathons, the peculiarities of rules and regulations and highlights the events of the last season, namely the weather conditions, Covid pandemic and the war in Ukraine and how it affected the course of the competitions. Findings. On the whole, authors view Visma Ski Classics marathons as a positive trend in the development of cross-country skiing as they enable wide range of people to enjoy this kind of sport.