Pulsed DC Voltage Research Articles

An improved double‐vector model predictive control strategy for four‐switch three‐phase inverter‐fed permanent magnet synchronous motor based on visualisation analysis considering DC voltage pulsation

AbstractTo address the problem of considerable current distortions in traditional single‐vector model predictive control (MPC) method for four‐switch three‐phase inverter (FSTPI)‐fed permanent magnet synchronous motor, a double‐vector MPC scheme has been studied. However, it still lacks a sufficient theoretical foundation, causing doubts about its effectiveness. To perfect this deficiency, a novel visualisation analysis scheme considering DC voltage pulsation is presented to demonstrate the validity of the traditional double‐vector MPC method for FSTPI. The analysis results reveal for the first time that the traditional double‐vector MPC method is not always superior to the single‐vector method as there is no zero voltage vector for FSTPI. So, a new virtual voltage vector is defined to compensate the deteriorated control performance caused by the absence of zero voltage vectors, based on which an improved double‐vector MPC method is further put forward to reduce the current ripples. Then, the presented visualisation analysis is adopted to demonstrate the validity of the improved MPC strategy under pulsating DC voltage conditions. Finally, a new voltage sector division technology is further put forward to simplify the implementation steps of the presented method. Contrastive experimental studies demonstrate the availability of the improved MPC strategy.

Fabrication of plasmonic probes for reproducible nanospectroscopic investigation of lipid monolayers – The electrochemical etching with DC-pulsed voltage

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is a label-free analytical technique that characterizes molecular systems, potentially even with a nanometric resolution. In principle, the metallic plasmonic probe is illuminated with a laser beam generating the localized surface plasmons, which induce a strong local electric field enhancement in close proximity to the probe. Such field enhancement improves the Raman scattering cross-section from the sample volume localized near the probe apex. TERS provides a high spatial resolution and a great sensitivity, however, it is rather rarely used due to technical limitations causing unstable enhancement and the relative lack of data reproducibility. Despite many scientific efforts for the fabrication of effective TER probes providing robust TER enhancement still requires further investigations. In this work, we explore new possibilities based on preparation of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) plasmonic probes, since by nature of the tunnelling effect, they potentially could offer a very high spatial resolution in STM guided TERS experiments. Here we compare two methods of STM-TERS probe preparation for effective spectra acquisition. Our results strongly indicate that an application of square pulse voltage upon the etching procedure significantly improves the quality of the TER data over those obtained with a constant voltage one. To demonstrate the efficiency of our probes we present the results of hyperspectral TER mapping of the 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE) monolayer deposited on an ultra-pure and atomically flat gold substrate.

Initial Rotor Position Estimation of SynRM Based on Pulsating Voltage Injection Combined With Finite Position Set Algorithm

Initial rotor position estimation is the basis of stable starting without reverse rotation; also initial position estimation directly affects the maximum starting torque. DC pulse voltage injection is one of the common methods for estimating the initial rotor position, which has low implementation complexity. However, the conventional DC voltage pulse injection methods, which works through injecting three DC voltage pulses, has low accuracy and slow response in estimating initial position. A rotor initial position estimation method based on pulsating voltage injection combined with an iteration algorithm is proposed in this paper. This method works by injecting only one DC voltage pulse to the motor and measuring the peak values of currents and fluxes of the motor; afterwards these values should be applied to an iterative algorithm. The iteration algorithm in the proposed method leads to increment of the accuracy of initial position estimation, and reduction of the number of injected dc pulses in comparison with the conventional methods. The performance of the proposed method is verified experimentally on a synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM). Also, a comparison between the two conventional methods and the proposed method is provided by this SynRM drive experimental setup.

Dual Outputs Switch Mode Power Supply (DOSMPS) Utilizing Forward Converter Topology

Experimental works of dual, 5 volt DC outputs switch mode power supply (DOSMPS) is presented in this paper. To design, construct and evaluate the DOSMPS using forward converter topology are the objectives of this article. In this work, a 556 timer was picked as the pulse width modulator. The 556 timer was picked because it is widely used, cheap and capable of producing stable dual pulse width modulations. Since, this work targeted dual DC outputs, two forward converter circuits were built. However, switching frequencies at two transistors were controlled by only one 556 timer. The complete circuit of the DOSMPS consist of full bridge rectifier, smoothing capacitor, two high frequency transformers and two forward converter circuits. At the first stage of this work, the DOSMPS circuit was designed using Proteus software. Later, the complete DOSMPS circuit was constructed on two breadbroads after all of the electronic components and devices were available. Important parameters such as the input and output voltages and duty cycles were measured using digital oscilloscope and multimeter. Results from these measurements have shown that the designed circuit can convert single-phase 24 Vrms 50 Hz AC voltage input into dual and stable 5±0.1 V DC outputs. Also from this work, it was observed that, pulsed DC voltages with peak value of 2 V and frequency less than 20 kHz are sufficient in controlling the switching frequencies of both BJT transistors. This allows the regulation of the output voltage within the desired range. Analysis carried out after the measurements has shown close correlation between the theoretical and experimental results, where the calculated and measured switching frequencies had only deviated by 1.1%.

Nitrogen Oxidation in a Multi-Pin Plasma System in the Presence and Absence of a Plasma/Liquid Interface

The recent energy crisis revealed that there is a strong need to replace hydrocarbon-fueled industrial nitrogen fixation processes by alternative, more sustainable methods. In light of this, plasma-based nitrogen fixation remains one of the most promising options, considering both theoretical and experimental aspects. Lately, plasma interacting with water has received considerable attention in nitrogen fixation applications as it can trigger a unique gas- and liquid-phase chemistry. Within this context, a critical exploration of plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation with or without water presence is of great interest with an emphasis on energy costs, particularly in plasma reactors which have potential for large-scale industrial application. In this work, the presence of water in a multi-pin plasma system on nitrogen oxidation is experimentally investigated by comparing two pulsed negative DC voltage plasmas in metal–metal and metal–liquid electrode configurations. The plasma setups are designed to create similar plasma properties, including plasma power and discharge regime in both configurations. The system energy cost is calculated, considering nitrogen-containing species generated in gas and liquid phases as measured by a gas analyzer, nitrate sensor, and a colorimetry method. The energy cost profile as a function of specific energy input showed a strong dependency on the plasma operational frequency and the gas flow rate, as a result of different plasma operation regimes and initiated reverse processes. More importantly, the presence of the plasma/liquid interface increased the energy cost up to 14 ± 8%. Overall, the results showed that the presence of water in the reaction zone has a negative impact on the nitrogen fixation process.

Pulsed coaxial drop-on-demand electrohydrodynamic printing

This research demonstrates pulsed electrohydrodynamic drop-on-demand (DoD) printing as a novel technique for synthesizing core–shell microparticles in a controlled manner. In this regard, a multiphase and multiphysics model is presented for coaxial electrohydrodynamic printing. The governing partial differential equations of the model are discretized using the finite element method, and a suitable numerical scheme is adopted to solve the system of discretized equations. The experimental results in the literature are used to validate the numerical model. Utilizing the validated model, the effects of continuous-direct current (DC) voltage and pulsed-DC voltage are examined on the behavior of a compound meniscus (composed of ethylene glycol core and olive oil shell) and the droplet formation process. According to the results obtained, the onset voltage of the compound meniscus is 3330 V, which agrees with the scale analysis. Furthermore, increasing continuous-DC voltage results in longer breakup length, shorter breakup time, faster droplet velocity, and shorter jetting start time. In addition, increasing pulsed-DC voltage duration leads to an increase in the breakup length and droplet velocity. Most importantly, it is possible to control the inertia of the coaxial spindle by controlling the pulsed-DC voltage magnitude and duration to ensure that a core–shell droplet separates from the meniscus in every pulse with the shortest breakup length and the minimum satellite droplets possible. It is generally recommended to keep the pulse duration and amplitude low enough to prevent the long breakup length and irregularities in the printed pattern; however, they must be sufficiently large to sustain the micro-dripping mode.

Asymmetrical ignition of radio frequency discharge in atmospheric pressure cascade glow discharges

A two-dimensional self-consistent fluid model was developed to investigate the ignition of radio frequency (RF) discharge in an atmospheric helium cascade glow discharge. In particular, the model considers the case where a pulsed discharge is excited ahead of the RF discharge by applying pulsed DC voltage and RF voltage to two parallel plate electrodes separately. The spatio-temporal distribution of electron, ion, electric field, and mean electron energy demonstrate that the electron and ion localize in the vicinity of RF electrode with the extinguishment of pulsed discharge, whereas a sheath region formed above the pulsed electrode due to the space charge. It explains the experimental findings of asymmetric ignition of RF discharge in the interelectrode gap. With the migration of ion towards the pulsed electrode, the RF discharge achieves the stable operation. Furthermore, the migration time of ion from the RF electrode to pulsed electrode is estimated to be 3.0 μs, which is consistent with the calculated migration time of ions across the discharge gap.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДИНАМІЧНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК СИСТЕМ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ІЗ ОДНОСТОРОННЬОЮ ТА ДВОСТОРОННЬОЮ ШИРОТНО-ІМПУЛЬСНИМИ МОДУЛЯЦІЯМИ

The purpose of the article is: to determine the dynamic properties of automatic control systems of the pulse DC voltage converter with one-way and two-way modulations by studying the influence of the form of the reference signal on dy-namic processes in the systems of automatic control of the output coordinate of the converter with widely used propor-tional (P), integral (I) and proportionally - by integral (PI) regulators. The novelty of the proposed work lies in the de-termination of the influence of one-sided and two-sided pulse width modulation on the stability and conditions of the process of the finite duration of the automatic control system of the pulse converter of constant voltage. The dynamic characteristics of the system are investigated using impulse models of the pulse DC voltage converter and the use of the Z-transformation mathematical apparatus and simulation modeling. Analytical dependencies were obtained: stability conditions for proportional, integral and proportional-integral regulators; conditions of the process of finite duration of finite duration in a system with an aperiodic link in the load circuit; oscillograms of transition processes that confirm the theoretical results. The practical value lies in the fact that the results obtained in the work provide, during the de-velopment of an automatic regulation system with given parameters, the possibility of optimal selection of the type of pulse-width modulation. References 17, figures 15.

Triboelectric Nanogenerator-Based Near-Field Electrospinning System for Optimizing PVDF Fibers with High Piezoelectric Performance

Electrospinning is an effective method to prepare polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric fibers with a high-percentage β phase. However, as an energy conversion material for micro- and nanoscale diameters, PVDF fibers have not been widely used due to their disordered arrangement prepared by traditional electrospinning. Here, we designed a near-field electro-spinning (NFES) system driven by a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to prepare PVDF fibers. The effects of five important parameters (PVDF concentration, needle inner diameter, TENG pulse DC voltage (TPD-voltage), flow rate, and drum speed) on the β phase fraction of PVDF fiber were optimized one by one. The results showed that the electrospun PVDF fibers had uniform diameter and controllable parallel arrangement. The β phase content of the optimized PVDF fiber reached 91.87 ± 0.61%. For the bending test of a single PVDF fiber piezoelectric device, when the strain is 0.098%, the electric energy of the single PVDF fiber device of NFES reaches 7.74 pJ and the energy conversion efficiency reaches 13.5%, which is comparable to the fibers prepared by the commercial power-driven NFES system. In 0.5 Hz, the best matching load resistance of a PVDF single fiber device is 10.6 MΩ, the voltage is 6.1 mV, and the maximum power is 3.52 pW. Considering that TENG can harvest micromechanical energy in the low frequency environment, the application scenario of the NFES system can be extended to the wild or remote mountainous areas without traditional high-voltage power supply. Therefore, the electrospun PVDF fibers in this system will have potential applications in high-precision 3D fabrication, self-powered sensors, and flexible wearable electronic products.

ОБРАТНОХОДОВОЙ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬ С БЫСТРОДЕЙСТВУЮЩЕЙ СХЕМОЙ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The relevance The converter with reverse power transmission (with locked power transistors) is one of the most popular topologies of DC voltage pulse converters. The topology of the reverse-pass converter is unique in terms of the effective interconnection of electromagnetic processes in it. The undoubted advantage of the converter is its extreme simplicity and cheapness, the scope of its widespread use is limited to devices of low and medium power, both standard and non-standard applications. However, some properties of the converter make it possible to effectively solve complex problems of building powerful converter devices. In general, the development and research of reverse-flow converters is an urgent task in improving the devices of modern conversion technology. Aim of research Simulation of a reverse-flow converter with a high-speed dual-circuit current and voltage control system. Research methods The research methods of pulsed power electronic devices, methods of studying digital devices on CMOS structures (metal-oxide-semiconductor) are used in the work. The computer simulation was performed in the Electronics Workbench software environment. Results Methods of constructing a high-speed control system for a reverse-flow converter based on the use of two current and voltage control circuits are proposed. Due to the proposed methods, the speed and stability of the converter increases, protection against short circuit and excess voltage at the output of the converter is provided. The results and conclusions are confirmed by modeling.

Расчет оптимальных параметров систем управления нелинейными динамическими процессами импульсных преобразователей напряжения

A technique for choosing the optimal control system parameters for DC voltage converters is proposed, based on the joint application of the theory of linear automatic control systems and the theory of nonlinear dynamic systems. A small-signal structural dynamic model of an open loop of an automatic control system based on a direct step-up voltage converter with a control system for nonlinear dynamic processes based on a delayed feedback method is considered. Applying this model makes it possible to carry out a scientifically substantiated choice of the control system parameters for nonlinear dynamic processes using the methods of linear automatic control system theory. Bode diagrams of an open loop system are calculated without additional control of nonlinear dynamic processes and with additional control. The efficiency of using control systems for nonlinear dynamic processes is shown, which allows eliminating undesirable dynamic modes without additional parametric synthesis of the controller and, consequently, without reducing the system performance as a whole. In addition, applying these methods allows adjusting the controller parameters to increase the system performance without switching the system to undesirable dynamic modes. The results obtained can be applied at the stage of designing wide-class DC voltage pulse converters

Nanosecond pulsed plasma discharge for remediation of simulated wastewater containing thiazine and azo dyes as model pollutants

Plasmas generated over and under the surface of water have immense scope for wastewater remediation due to in situ generation of redox-rich species. Remediation of simulated wastewater using underwater plasma discharge is reported in this paper. During the plasma discharge, an increase in energy coupling from source to discharge channel was noted with an increase in the applied pulsed DC voltage from 5 to 9kV. Higher energy coupling resulted in elevation of gas temperature and electron temperature. Concentrations of hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide, estimated spectrochemically in effluent water, also increased with the applied voltage. On the other hand, ozone concentration showed a decreasing trend with increasing applied voltage and the peak ozone density was obtained at the lower end of the applied voltage, i.e., at 5kV. With higher energy dissipation, a pronounced discharge and, hence, greater emission intensities of ultraviolet radiation, atomic oxygen, and atomic hydrogen were observed in discharge spectra. The oxidative-reductive stress produced by underwater discharge resulted in a degradation efficiency of 75.5% for methylene blue solution (thiazine dye) corresponding to energy yields of 3.55g/kWh. Similarly, the degradation efficiency of 81.4% for methyl orange solution (azo dye) with an energy yield of 4.73g/kWh was achieved with this discharge. From the considerations of collision theory, activation energies of 67.17kJ/mol for methylene blue and 75.32kJ/mol for methyl orange degradation were estimated for the plasma discharge. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized to further reveal the possible effects of plasma therapy on different bonds of the dyes. Additionally, gas chromatography mass spectrometry analyses were used to suggest the possible degradation pathways of the two dyes. Instant dye degradation in flowing samples was compared with contemporary dye degradation results listed in literature to show the effectiveness of the used technique.

Statistics of vacuum electrical breakdown clustering and the induction of follow-up breakdowns

Understanding the underlying physics of vacuum electrical breakdown is of relevance for the development of technologies where breakdown is of significance, either as an intended part of device operation or as a cause of failure. One prominent contemporary case of the latter is high-gradient linear accelerators, where structures must be able to operate with both high surface electric fields and low breakdown rates. Temporal clustering of breakdowns has for long been observed in accelerating structures. In this work, the statistics of breakdown clustering were studied using data collected by a system applying DC voltage pulses over parallel disk electrodes in a vacuum chamber. It was found that the obtained distributions of cluster sizes can be explained by postulating that every breakdown induces a number of follow-up breakdowns that are Poisson-distributed with λ < 1. It was also found that the primary breakdown rate, i.e., the breakdown rate after discounting follow-up breakdowns, fluctuates over time but has no discernible correlation with cluster size. Considered together, these results provide empirical support for the interpretation that primary and follow-up breakdowns are categorically different kinds of events with different underlying causes and mechanisms. Furthermore, they support the interpretation that there is an actual causal relationship between the breakdowns in a cluster rather than them simply being concurrent events with a common underlying cause.

The Study on Weibull Failure Models for Oil Gap–Paper Insulation Under Pulsating DC Voltage with Temperature

The Study on Weibull Failure Models for Oil Gap–Paper Insulation Under Pulsating DC Voltage with Temperature

ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR AUTOMATED RESEARCH OF DC VOLTAGE CONVERTERS OF MODULAR STRUCTURE

Context. DC voltage converters (DCV) are part of modern power supply systems (PSS) and power supply ensuring the operation of electronic and radio devices, telecommunication systems and communication and to a large extent determine their power consumption, reliability, time of readiness for operation, weight, size and cost indicators. Even though there are a large number of different software packages used in engineering practice for the study and design of radio engineering devices, such computer-aided design (CAD) systems and virtual computer simulation of electronic circuits have some limitations that do not allow to quickly carry out the entire complex of studies of DCV required for the analysis of electrical processes in various operating modes.
 Objective. In this section, the goal is to select the most suitable methods and algorithms that allow the development of software necessary for solving the problems of research and analysis of electrical processes for select energy parameters of the DCV of a modular structure in a separate power channel (PWC).
 Method. The paper proposes a method that consists in using mathematical models describing electrical processes in DC voltage converters and creating, on the basis of the developed calculation algorithms, specialized software for the automated study of electrical processes in the DCV of a modular structure using a computer.
 Results. The paper discusses the main methods of automated research of radio engineering devices, which can be used to analyze the electrical processes of pulsed DC voltage converters of a modular structure. Algorithms of calculation are given and, as an example, some results of automated research obtained using this method.
 Conclusions. The analysis of the known methods of automated research of DC voltage converters of modular structure is carried out. Their advantages and disadvantages are given. It is shown that the most suitable method is based on the use of mathematical models describing electrical processes in DC voltage converters of this type. On the basis of the mathematical models presented in the second section of the work, algorithms and specialized software have been developed that allow them to be widely used in the automated research and design of modular-structured DC voltage converters.

Behaviors and Mechanism of Electrical Breakdown in Short Vacuum Gaps Under Pulsed DC Voltage

A topology consisting of a mechanical bypass switch and a power semiconductor switch (IGBT and IEGT) in parallel is widely used in high-voltage flexible dc transmission converter and static var generator (SVG). The mechanical switch will close quickly when the power semiconductor switch fails, which will cut off the failure device to protect the whole converter valve. Therefore, the mechanical contacts of the bypass switch need to close fast (within 3 ms) without contact bounce, which could only be achieved if the gap between the two contacts is extremely short (approximately 1 mm). Vacuum interrupter (VI) is most suitable for this application due to its advantages, such as compact size, high safety, environmental friendliness, long service life, and hardly oxidized contacts. In this article, a vacuum test rig is built, and the electrical breakdown behaviors of the short vacuum gaps under continuous and pulsed dc voltages are studied. It is confirmed that breakdown voltage under pulsed dc voltage is much lower than that under continuous dc voltage owing to the free and weakly bound microparticles on the contact surfaces. Finally, a new model describing the breakdown mechanism is proposed to explain the behaviors revealed in the experimental test.

Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Utilizing Flyback Converter Topology: Simulation and Experiment

This paper presents simulation and experimental works of a single, 5 volt DC output switch mode power supply (SMPS). The main objective of this work is to design, build and evaluate the SMPS using flyback converter topology. In this work, a 555 timer was chosen as the pulse width modulator. The 555 timer was chosen because it is easily available, cheap and has the capability to produce stable pulse width modulation. The complete circuit of the SMPS consist of full bridge rectifier, smoothing capacitor, pulse width modulator, high frequency transformer and flyback converter. The complete SMPS circuit was firstly designed and simulated using Proteus software. After obtaining acceptable results from the simulation process, the hardware part of the project, soon follows. Next, the SMPS circuit was constructed on a breadbroad. Testing and measurements of important parameters such as the input and output voltages and duty cycle were carried out using digital oscilloscope and multi meter. Both simulation and experimental results have shown that the designed circuit can convert single 24 Vrms 50 Hz AC voltage input into a stable single 5±0.15 V DC outputs. This work also has shown that pulsed DC voltage with peak value of 3.8 V and frequency lower than 4 kHz is adequate in controlling the switching frequency of a MOSFET transistor, thus regulating the output voltage within the desired range. Further analysis also shows close correlation between the simulation and experimental results.

Measuring Hot-Spot Interaction Length in Single-Strip SNSPD

Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPD) functionality is based on the local suppression of the superconducting order parameter upon photon absorption, causing a change in resistance which can be detected as a DC voltage pulse. Finding the size and the profile of the superconducting order parameter suppression area (the so-called “hot-spot”) experimentally is a challenging task. Here, we report the results of a quantum detector tomography on micron-length SNSPDs. The high internal detection efficiency of our SNSPDs allowed us to extract single and double photon efficiencies from the count rate vs radiation power dependence and extract hot-spot interaction length. We investigated a series of SNSPD samples made of NbN films with different sheet resistance and a MoSi film, with various widths of the stripe. The experimental results confirmed that regardless of the material or the film resistance, the hot-spot interaction length coincides with the strip width which is a promising feature for making a 2-photon counter with high fidelity.

Ultra-high-rate deposition of diamond-like carbon films using Ar/C2H2 plasma jet CVD in combination with substrate-stage discharge

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films with excellent mechanical properties are used as functional surface protective films for cutting tools. The deposition rate of DLC films using conventional plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods is several hundred nm min−1. This study applied a negative DC pulsed voltage to a substrate stage irradiated with an Ar/C2H2 mixed plasma jet. The effect of the voltage applied to the stage on the fabricated DLC films was investigated based on the thicknesses and characteristics of the films. DLC films were formed on Si substrates using an Ar/C2H2 plasma jet CVD system. Ar plasma was ejected from a circular nozzle, and C2H2 gas was supplied as a carbon source gas from the center of the circular nozzle. DLC films with a nanoindentation hardness of 17 GPa were obtained by applying −500 V to the stage with a deposition rate of 2140 nm min−1.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS IN ELECTROMECHANICAL DEVICES

Electromechanical devices, control systems convert alternating current of one frequency into alternating current of another frequency, and are also used to control the speed and torque of alternating current motors by changing the frequency and supply voltage. Modern electromechanical devices are used in various industries to ensure continuous process control. The main elements of the control system of electromechanical devices are the power unit and the control device. In most cases, electromechanical systems occupy a central place in technical systems. Their main defining function is the conversion of electrical energy into controlled mechanical energy, i.e. they provide the ability to control the parameters (speed, acceleration, angular or linear displacement, power, torque, etc.) of the mechanical movement of control objects. Usually this function is carried out automatically. The use of various machines, mechanisms and installations in industry, science, everyday life facilitates human activities, increases productivity and quality, improves safety and comfort level. At present, the development and production of various electromechanical installations and elements that perform the same function, but differ in the principle of operation, design, control method and other features, are underway. On the basis of electromechanical systems for working with sensors, converters that convert their parameters into frequency in information-measuring systems have found wide application. The advantages of such converters include: resistance to interference, relatively simple application and circuit structure, manufacturability. The development of informa¬tion-measuring systems is characterized by the widespread use of measuring transducers that convert various physical quantities into electrical signals. As part of the information-measuring system, sen¬sors are marked as the first link and its metrological characteristics are determined. The deve¬lopment of modern transistors and thyristor converters is associated with the analysis of volumetric cal¬cu¬lations and research, new control algorithms and new schemes. Currently, such work is usually based on the mathematical modeling of equipment. In many cases, individual nodes of systems are modeled, as far as possible, equipment models are also built. Such models make it possible to analyze elec¬tro¬mag¬netic, electromechanical and thermal processes of numerous interconnected connections and as¬sumptions of elements. Most of the nodes of control systems, according to certain laws, perform the functions of converting and generating electrical signals of the information level. In order to increase the efficiency and reduce the weight and size indicators of the control system, they are aimed at reducing the power of the signals converted and produced on their part. The scheme for generating control pulses primarily depends on the type of control device and its static and dynamic features. Pulse shapers are one of the most widely used components of various electro-mechanical equipment, which are necessary for connecting installations, generating a logic level voltage from active sensors and detecting pulses. Changing the voltage value by the consumer through a pulse converter is called pulse regulation. By means of a non-contact key of the pulse converter, a source of direct or alternating voltage is perio¬dically connected to the load. As a result, voltage pulses are formed at the converter output. Voltage regulation at the load can be carried out by changing the output pulse parameters: duration tu or period T. The most widely used among the regulation methods are: transverse impulse (tu=var, T=const); frequency pulse (tu=const, T=var) and time pulse (tu=var, T=var) . In this case, the relative conduc¬tion time of the control valve is regulated, which leads to a smooth change in the average or effective voltage value. According to a number of features, one can note the classification of pulse converters: in relation to the input and output voltage (step-down, step-up, arbitrary voltage change); by type of key element (in thyristors, field-effect transistors, bipolar transistors). A choke, a capacitor and a battery can serve as an integrating element. Depending on the mode of operation: PWM controllers, relay controllers or on/off controllers. Pulse converters are also divided into reversible and non-rever¬sible. Irreversible converters convert smoothly changing input voltage into pulses of constant ampli¬tude and polarity, but of different duration. Reversing converters convert the input voltage into an alternating voltage (for various half-cycles of duration) or a constant amplitude into a pulsed voltage (for various durations and polarities). In a pulse voltage regulator, the regulating element operates in the key mode. This mode of operation helps to reduce energy losses, improve the weight and overall dimensions. Pulse DC voltage converters have found wide application as a stabilizer, regulator, power source for excitation windings of DC motors, electrical machines and mechanisms. Equipped with modern microprocessor technology, electromechanical converters contribute to the implementation of a wide variety of object control algorithms. Their application allows increasing the level of system automation, implementing energy saving technologies, applying new techno-logies, increasing equipment reliability and service life. Keywords: electromechanical device, electromechanical device, control system, pulse, relay, sensor, power section, power sources, frequency, power supply, output voltage.