dBm Receiver Sensitivity Research Articles

Wheel‐based 5G fronthaul/backhaul hybrid MDM‐NGPON/FSO system under Gamma‐Gamma turbulence and weather effects

SummaryThis work presents the bidirectional and symmetric 40 Gbps wheel architecture comprising 16 channels‐based bidirectional hybrid next generation passive optical network with free space optics (NGPON/FSO) system using mode division multiplexing (MDM) scheme. The system incorporates a low‐cost high bandwidth and integrated time and wavelength division multiplexing with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (TWDM‐OFDM) for data transmission over mixed fiber‐FSO links to various end users at donut modes 0 and 1. This system enhances the fifth generation (5G)‐based networks reliability, survivability, and flexibility, especially in rural places where the core fiber link may be damaged/destroyed under diverse turbulent and weather conditions. The obtained results depict the faithful multimode fiber range of 100 km with fixed FSO range of 100 m at −17 dBm receiver sensitivity and low power penalty of 0.2 dB at 10−9 bit error rate. Maximum FSO range of 2800 m under weak‐to‐strong Gamma‐Gamma turbulence and the effect of fog, rain, snow, and snow with rain can be obtained successfully with fixed 50 km fiber length. Also, the proposed wheel architecture provides superior performance over hybrid ring‐mesh architecture with high split ratio of 1:64. Moreover, the system can sustain up to 70 remote nodes at symmetric 10 Gbps throughput providing high gain, high optical signal‐to‐noise ratio, and low noise figure. The comparative literature work also reveals that the proposed architecture offers high bandwidth, security, long‐reach, and cost‐effectiveness in 5G fronthaul/backhaul networks.

An Ingestible Pill With CMOS Fluorescence Sensor Array, Bi-Directional Wireless Interface and Packaged Optics for in-Vivo Bio-Molecular Sensing.

The article presents for the first time a pill-based ingestible electronics with CMOS integrated multiplexed fluorescence bio-molecular sensor arrays, bi-directional wireless communication and packaged optics in a FDA-approved capsule for in-vivo bio-molecular sensing. The silicon chip integrates both the sensor array, and the ultra-low-power (ULP) wireless system that allows offloading sensor computing to an external base station that can reconfigure the sensor measurement time, and its dynamic range, allowing optimized high sensitivity measurement under low power consumption. The integrated receiver achieves -59 dBm receiver sensitivity dissipating 121 µW of power. The integrated transmitter operates in a dual mode FSK/OOK delivering -15 dBm of power. The 15-pixel fluorescence sensor array follows an electronic-optic co-design methodology and integrates the nano-optical filters with integrated sub-wavelength metal layers that achieves high extinction ratio (39 dB), thereby eliminating the need for bulky external optical filters. The chip integrates photo-detection circuitry and on-chip 10-bit digitation, and achieves measured sensitivity of 1.6 attomoles of fluorescence labels on surface, and between 100 pM to 1 nM of target DNA detection limit per pixel. The complete package includes a CMOS fluorescent sensor chip with integrated filter, a prototyped UV LED and optical waveguide, functionalized bioslip, off-chip power management and Tx/Rx antenna that fits in a standard FDA approved capsule size 000.

53 GBd PAM-4 fully-integrated silicon photonics transmitter with a hybrid flip-chip bonded laser

We present a fully-integrated single-lane 53 GBd PAM-4 silicon photonics (SiPh) transmitter (Tx) with a flip-chip bonded laser diode (LD). The LD is butt-coupled to a Si edge coupler including a SiO2 suspended spot-size converter. The coupled power exceeds 10 dBm with a 1 dB allowable misalignment of 2.3 µm. The RF and eye performances of the Tx are evaluated. Extinction ratio >5 dB is obtained at 3.5 Vppd voltage swing. Aided by silicon capacitors, the Tx decouples parasitic inductances leading to remarkable improvements in the eye openings and transmitter dispersion eye closure quaternary by 1.16 dB. By implementing the fully-integrated Tx with driver packaging, we successfully demonstrate 106 Gb/s real-time operation satisfying KP4-FEC threshold at -5 dBm receiver sensitivity.

A 0.85mm2 BLE Transceiver Using an On-Chip Harmonic-Suppressed RFIO Circuitry With T/R Switch

This article presents a small-area Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) transceiver (TRX) for short-range Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications in 65-nm CMOS. An integrated Radio-Frequency Input-Output (RFIO) circuitry embedded with transmitter/receiver (TX/RX) switch function and on-chip impedance matching is proposed. A hybrid-loop TRX structure based on a wide-bandwidth fractional-N digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) is implemented to achieve the maximum power reduction. A -94dBm receiver sensitivity is achieved with 2.3mW receiver power consumption, while a RF receiving bypass route integration enhances the input power tolerance. The BLE transceiver delivers -6dBm output power while consuming 2.6mW and delivers 0dBm output power while achieving 18.5% maximum TX efficiency. Thanks to the RFIO with harmonic suppression, -56dBc of 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> -order harmonic distortion (HD2) and -48dBc of 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> -order harmonic distortion (HD3) suppression are achieved with 0.85mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> on-chip area. This transceiver satisfied the BLE radio specification without the need for external filters and with low-power consumption, which enables minimum size and long life-time modules.

L-Band Quantum-dash Self-Injection Locked Multiwavelength Laser Source for Future WDM Access Networks

We propose and demonstrate a compact, cost-effective, multiwavelength laser source employing self-injection locking scheme on InAs/InP quantum-dash (Qdash) laser diode. The device is shown to exhibit Fabry–Perot modes or subcarriers selectivity of 1 to 16 between ∼1600–1610 nm, with corresponding mode power (side mode suppression ratio) variation of ∼10 (∼38) to ∼−2.5 (∼22) dBm (dB), and able to extend beyond 1610 nm, thereby encompassing >30 optical carriers. Then, we utilized a single self-locked optical carrier at 1609.6 nm to successfully transmit 128 Gb/s dual-polarization quadrature phase shift keying signal over 20 km single mode fiber with ∼−16 dBm receiver sensitivity. To stem the viability of unifying the transceivers and addressing the requirements of next generation access networks, we propose self-seeded Qdash laser based wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network, capable of reaching a data capacity of 2.0 Tb/s ( ${\rm{16\,\times \,128\, Gb/ s}}$ ) in L-band.

Evaluation of skew-planar antenna for UAV communication at 2.4 GHz band

Skew-planar antenna is suitable for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) since it has circular polarization (avoiding polarization-mismatched), omnidirectional radiation pattern (low pointing loss) thus comply with maneuver angles of UAV, and also small size. Investigation with electromagnetic simulations shows that tilt angle and coaxial length are the most sensitive parameters. Modified design with 55° tilt angle (original design: 45°) and 100 mm coaxial length (original: 60 mm) potentially provides wider bandwidth (400 MHz vs. 290 MHz), better impedance-matched (|S11|: -47.1 dB vs. -13.6 dB), and better gain (1.98 dBi vs 1.61 dBi). The antenna is predicted capable to support service distance of 3 km in 2.4 GHz band if used with communication module with 18 dBm transmit power and -100 dBm receiver sensitivity. Therefore, the modified antenna is suitable to be applied in UAV.

Evaluation of Skew-planar Antenna for UAV Communication at 2.4 GHz Band

Skew-planar antenna is suitable for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) since it has circular polarization (avoiding polarization-mismatched), omnidirectional radiation pattern (low pointing loss) thus comply with maneuver angles of UAV, and also small size. Investigation with electromagnetic simulations shows that tilt angle and coaxial length are the most sensitive parameters. Modified design with 55° tilt angle (original design: 45°) and 100 mm coaxial length (original: 60 mm) potentially provides wider bandwidth (400 MHz vs. 290 MHz), better impedance-matched (|S 11 |: -47.1 dB vs. -13.6 dB), and better gain (1.98 dBi vs 1.61 dBi). The antenna is predicted capable to support service distance of 3 km in 2.4 GHz band if used with communication module with 18 dBm transmit power and -100 dBm receiver sensitivity. Therefore, the modified antenna is suitable to be applied in UAV.

Cost-effective coherent ONU transceiver based on single directly modulated laser.

A cost-effective structure is proposed for the optical network unit (ONU) transceivers in coherent ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (UDWDM-PON), which is based on a single directly modulated laser (DML). This is the first time that a DML is used as both optical transmitter in upstream and local oscillator (LO) for coherent detection in downstream. The impact of extinction ratio (ER) of signal from DML is investigated and optimized by adapting the driving amplitude and bias of DML. Each UDWDM grid accommodates a pair of bi-directional signal, where heterodyne detection is used due to the Rayleigh backscattering (RB) from the bi-directional transmission. The impact of frequency offset (FO) between upstream and downstream signal is also investigated. Finally, 2.5-Gb/s bi-directional transmission of OOK signal over 60-km SSMF is experimentally demonstrated within the 12.5-GHz grid, achieving about -43 and -45.5 dBm receiver sensitivity in the downstream and upstream, respectively.

Real-Time Bidirectional Coherent Nyquist UDWDM-PON Coexisting With Multiple Deployed Systems in Field-Trial

We experimentally characterize a bidirectional 2.5 Gb/s UDWDM-PON system based on Nyquist shaped DQPSK with digital signal processing in real time. The optical distribution network power budget of this system is evaluated and in coexistence of UDWDM channels with upstream TWDM-PON and RF video overlay signals, a set of optimum parameters and their impact on the network operation is driven. Additionally, we report the first field-trial of bidirectional coherent Nyquist UDWDM-PON using commercial real-time FPGA-based transceivers, coexisting with the deployed GPON, RF video overlay, and NG-PON2 technologies. A −44.5 dBm receiver sensitivity is achieved for 64 × 2.5 Gb/s DQPSK downstream channels and a 17 dB tolerance in dynamic power range of upstream channels is performed.

A fully integrated 2.4‐GHz CMOS RF transceiver for low‐rate wireless sensor networks

AbstractThis article describes a low‐power and low‐cost fully integrated 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 RF transceiver for low‐rate wireless sensor networks. The RF transceiver adopts the single‐IF direct‐conversion architecture. For the high linearity, the RF receiver front end utilizes the current mirror amplifier as well as the transconductance linearization technique. The single‐IF I/Q modulation transmitter is integrated with the current‐mode analog baseband circuit and up‐mixer using the current mirror amplifier. The frequency synthesizer based on an integer‐N PLL topology offering 1.92 GHz differential and 0.48 GHz quadrature LO signals is also integrated on the RF transceiver. The fully integrated transceiver is fabricated in a 0.18‐μm CMOS technology and its die size is 3.7 mm × 3.6 mm including ESD I/O pads. It achieves the −94 dBm receiver sensitivity, 8 dB receiver chain noise figure, and maximum transmitter output power of 1 dBm while drawing power consumption of 31 mW in the receive mode and 42 mW in the transmit mode with the 1.8 V supply. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1481–1487, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24349

Delivery of &gt;1 Gb/s (digital video, data, and audio) downstream in passband above the 155-Mb/s baseband services on a FTTx full service access network

For low-cost passive optical access networks (PON), we have studied the downstream delivery of an additional >1 Gb/s in the passband above the 155-Mb/s baseband signal. Both signals are transmitted on the same fiber using a single transmitter and a single receiver within the power budgets of ITU-T G983. The passband approach offers a graceful upgrade of a 155-Mb/s baseband system, and is compatible with baseband only optical network unit (ONU). We multiplexed a 155.52-Mb/s baseband signal with QPSK modulated passband>1.2 Gb/s of broadcast DSS digital video channels in the 270-1450-MHz range through a diplexer with minimal degradation. For a passband test-signal, we used an additional 8-Mb/s QPSK modulated 860-MHz carrier. An optical to electrical (O/E) receiver using a p-i-n diode satisfies the need for class B operation as defined in ITU-T G983 (-30 dBm receiver sensitivity) for a 10/sup -10/ bit-error rate. However, an APD based receiver satisfies the power budget needs of ITU-T G983 with /spl sim/5.5 dBo margin for class C operation (-33-dBm receiver sensitivity) for both baseband and passband signals.

Delivery of digital video and other multimedia services (&amp;lt;1 Gb/s bandwidth) in passband above the 155 Mb/s baseband services on a FTTx full service access network

For low cost passive optical access networks (PON), we have studied the downstream delivery of an additional >1 Gb/s in the passband above the 155 Mb/s baseband services. Both signals are transmitted on the same fiber using a single transmitter and a single receiver within the power budgets of ITU-T G983. Although our study has used broadcast DSS digital video services for the passband that delivers about 1.2 Gb/s, the passband bandwidth can be used for any broadcast or switched multimedia services, i.e., digital video, data, and audio. For switched services, the baseband upstream will be the return path. Furthermore, the passband can be used to provide a dedicated bandwidth to any subscriber. The passband approach offers a graceful upgrade of a 155 Mb/s baseband system, and is compatible with baseband only optical network unit (ONU). We multiplexed a 155.52 Mb/s baseband signal with quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulated passband digital video channels in the 270-1450 MHz range with minimal degradation. We used an additional 860 MHz carrier modulated with 8 Mb/s using QPSK as a passband test-signal. An optical-to-electrical (O/E) receiver using a PIN diode satisfies the need for class B operation as defined in ITU-T G983 (-28 dBm receiver sensitivity for a 10/sup -10/ bit error rate) with /spl sim/1.5 dBo/sup 1/ margin if we consider the proposed technique as an upgrade of the baseband 155 Mb/s to 622 Mb/s. Otherwise it only meets the specifications of class B (-30 dBm receiver sensitivity). However, an APD based receiver satisfies the power budget needs of ITU-T G983 class C operation (-33 dBm receiver sensitivity) with /spl sim/5.5 dBo margin for both baseband and passband with forward error correction (7/8 convolution and (96,110) Reed-Solomon coding). The available optical power margin with an APD receiver may be large enough that it can also allow use of 16-QAM in place of QPSK in class C mode or 64 QAM in class B mode.

Low power HFET down converter MMIC's for wireless communication applications

An ultra low power GaAs HFET (heterojunction FET) amplifier/mixer MMIC was designed and characterized for portable communication applications in the 900 MHz band. A completely monolithic LNA (80 mil/spl times/42 mil) achieved 10 dB gain, 2.5 dB NF and -4 dBm input IP3 at an operating current of 0.5 mA @ 1.0 V. Receiver sensitivity of a front-end circuit consisting of the LNA and a dual gate FET mixer was characterized using the 12 dB SINAD method. The IC achieved -117 dBm receiver sensitivity in the 900 MHz cellular band. The total power consumption of this miniature down converter was about 2 mW. The HFET down converter IC achieved the same receiver sensitivity as a MESFET down converter at 1/5th of the power. The extremely low power dissipation, high third order intercept point, high level of integration, and very good RF performance of this monolithic IC make it an ideal candidate for wireless applications.

Pattern independent 2.5 Gbit/s AMI-CPFSK transmission with -44 dBm receiver sensitivity

Pattern independent 2.5 Gbit/s CPFSK transmission with a sensitivity of -44.4 dBm has been achieved using alternate mark inversion (AMI) encoded data for direct current modulation of semiconductor lasers with nonideal FM response. The same receiver architecture can be used for AMI and NRZ data.

Hybrid Er-doped fibre amplifiers at 980–1480 nm for long distance optical communications

The design and performance evaluation of two hybrid erbium doped fibre amplifiers (HEDFAs), pumped simultaneously by 980 and 1480 nm diode pump lasers, are reported. Among other features, these HEDFAs exhibit a flat gain spectrum (+17 dBm output saturated power) with a 1 dB bandwidth in excess of 35 nm which make them attractive as power boosters. Subsequently, we demonstrate the use of one of these HEDFA structures as an efficient power (post) amplifier module in a 300 km point to point transmission system experiment at 622 Mbit/s, with a −43 dBm receiver sensitivity at a bit error rate of 10−13.

Rayleigh scattering influence on performance of 10 Gb/s optical receiver with Er-doped optical fiber preamplifier

The achievement of -30.8 dBm (630 photon/bit) receiver sensitivity at 10 Gb/s, with an Er/sup 3+/-doped optical fiber preamplifier, is discussed. This is an 8.3-dB sensitivity improvement over the avalanche-photodiode/FET receiver. Power penalties caused by a noise increase due to Rayleigh backscattering by the transmission optical fiber have been evaluated. Approximately -30-dB Rayleigh scattering from a 20-km optical fiber resulted in a 3.5-dB power penalty for a 25-dB-gain optical amplifier.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

High sensitivity, high gain, long wavelength OEIC receiver with monolithically integrated three-stage preamplifier

A GaAs-on-InP long wavelength OEIC receiver, with a monolithically integrated three-stage preamplifier, was designed using SPICE and fabricated. The three-stage OEIC receiver exhibited excellent performances, such as −32.5 dBm receiver sensitivity and 85 dBΩ transimpedance at 600 Mbit/s. These results indicate the feasibility of integrating large scale electronic circuits, which are considered as the OEIC merits, caused by using both GaAs-on-InP heterostructures and SPICE.

Optimum system design for CPFSK heterodyne delay demodulation system with DFB LDs

An optimum system configuration for an optical continuous-phase frequency-shift-keying (CPFSK) heterodyne delay demodulation system with distributed feedback laser diodes (DFB LDs) is discussed. The optimum modulation index was determined by evaluating the LD phase noise effect and the IF noise effect. The IF noise effect was investigated in detail, considering the noise conversion effect through delay demodulation. In the case of 10-MHz IF beat spectral width, the modulation index m=1.5 is optimum for a 1.2-Gb/s system. With this optimum modulation index, a 204-km long-span transmission experiment, with -41.5 dBm receiver sensitivity, has been successfully performed. The feasibility of using stand-alone DFB LDs for a high-sensitivity CPFSK delay demodulation system has been confirmed through this experiment. >

Multichannel FSK transmission experiment at 565 Mbit/s using tunable three-electrode DFB laserss

The first four-channel 565 Mbit/s FSK transmission experiment at 1.53 μm is reported based on tunable three-electrode DFB lasers. −44 dBm receiver sensitivity and 5.5 GHz minimum channel spacing have been measured for 10−9 bit error rate.

Optical FSK transmission with pattern-independent 119 photoelectrons/bit receiver sensitivity and endless polarisation control

Demonstrates 140 Mbit/s FSK transmission with a -56.7 dBm receiver sensitivity. The system features endless polarisation control and Manchester coding at the transmitter to overcome the nonuniform FM response of the DFB-laser in conjunction with a highly efficient subcarrier demodulation scheme in the receiver.