Days After Germination Research Articles

INTERFERENCE OF SOIL COMPACTION ON DICLOSULAM RESIDUAL

O residual do herbicida no solo pode ser influenciado por diversos fatores incluindo a compactação do solo. O objetivo foi avaliar a influência dos níveis de compactação do solo na seletividade do herbicida diclosulam para a soja e efeito carryover no milho semeado em sucessão. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos em esquema fatorial 3x3, o fator A compactação (0, 10 e 20%) e o fator B as doses do herbicida diclosulam (0; 25.2 e 50.4 g i.a. ha-1) aplicado em pré-emergência. Após 90 dias da semeadura da soja, foi realizada coleta das plantas, abertura das colunas e semeados milho e pepino. Foram realizadas na soja as análises: fluorescência da clorofila a, massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e conteúdo de NPK das folhas aos 90 dias após a germinação (DAG). Para milho: fluorescência da clorofila a aos 15, 30 e 45 DAG. Para milho e pepino: estatura de plantas, comprimento das raízes, MSPA e massa seca da raiz aos 45DAG. A quantificação do resíduo do diclosulam por LC-MS/MS foi realizada aos 94 dias após aplicação do herbicida. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA (p ≤ 0,05) e comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. A soja em ambos os solos, não apresentou diferença nos parâmetros de crescimento e conteúdo de NPK, porém houve prejuízo nos parâmetros fotossintéticos. Não houve carryover causado a cultura do milho, independente da compactação do solo. Houve redução das plantas de pepino sendo agravado em solos compactados. Não foi detectado resíduo do diclosulam nos solos avaliados por LC-MS/MS.

LEACHING AND CARRYOVER FOR SAFRINHA CORN OF THE HERBICIDES IMAZAPYR + IMAZAPIC IN SOIL UNDER DIFFERENT WATER CONDITIONS

ABSTRACT Soil moisture can alter the transport and permanence of pre-emergent herbicides. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of water availability in the soil on the leaching of a commercial mixture of the herbicides imazapyr + imazapic, as well as the carryover effect of this herbicide in corn planted in succession to soybean. The experiment was carried out in leaching columns in a randomized block design with 4 replications. A 3x3x2 factorial scheme was used, with factor A being the irrigation (130%, 100% and 70% of field capacity (CC)), factor B the doses of the commercial mixture of the herbicides imazapyr + imazapic (0.00+ 0.00; 52.5 + 17.5 and 105 + 35 g ha-1) and factor C at soil depth (0-0.3 m and 0.3-0.6 m). Soybean sowing was performed at the top of the columns and immediately after herbicide mixture was applied. After 120 days the columns were opened, generating two sections, where corn (Zea mays) and the other watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) were sown as a bioindicator of herbicide residue. The fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll a at 15 and 30 days after germination (DAG) and shoot dry matter accumulation at 30 DAG were evaluated. There was greater retention of the herbicide imazapyr + imazapic at a depth of 0-0.3m at 70% CC condition and leaching at a depth of 0.3-0.6m at 130% CC condition, with a reduction in the mass accumulation of watermelon plants. The herbicide has a carryover potential for corn cultivation in soils maintained at 70% CC.

Laterals take it better \u2013 Emerging and young lateral roots survive lethal salinity longer than the primary root in Arabidopsis

Plant responses to salinity have been extensively studied over the last decades. Despite the vast accumulated knowledge, the ways Arabidopsis lateral roots (LR) cope with lethal salinity has not been fully resolved. Here we compared the primary root (PR) and the LR responses during events leading to lethal salinity (NaCl 200 mM) in Arabidopsis. We found that the PR and young LR responded differently to lethal salinity: While the PR died, emerging and young LR’s remained strikingly viable. Moreover, “age acquired salt tolerance” (AAST) was observed in the PR. During the 2 days after germination (DAG) the PR was highly sensitive, but at 8 DAG there was a significant increase in the PR cell survival. Nevertheless, the young LR exhibited an opposite pattern and completely lost its salinity tolerance, as it elongated beyond 400 µm. Examination of several cell death signatures investigated in the young LR showed no signs of an active programmed cell death (PCD) during lethal salinity. However, Autophagic PCD (A-PCD) but not apoptosis-like PCD (AL-PCD) was found to be activated in the PR during the high salinity conditions. We further found that salinity induced NADPH oxidase activated ROS, which were more highly distributed in the young LR compared to the PR, is required for the improved viability of the LR during lethal salinity conditions. Our data demonstrated a position-dependent resistance of Arabidopsis young LR to high salinity. This response can lead to identification of novel salt stress coping mechanisms needed by agriculture during the soil salinization challenge.

Evaluation of ecotoxicity of contaminated water for validation of phytoremediation time

Phytoremediation has been used as an alternative for removal of heavy metals in aquatic environments, but plant residence time and toxicity reduction need to be studied. Ecotoxicological bioassays and root anatomic studies were conducted in order to validate the phytoremediation of Echinochloa crus-galli L. at three different ages. The experiment was conducted using E. crus-galli seeds with processing factorial experimental design (2x3) and four replicates. Cadmium presence and absence (0.8 and 0 mg L-1) at three times (20, 30, and 45 days after germination). Cd levels were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy on both aerial parts and roots. A bioassay was performed testing both acute and chronic effects using microcrustacean Daphnia similis with the purpose of evaluating phytoremediation efficiency. Regardless of biomass, E. crus-galli L. can be used for 16 to 19 days for 45 days after germination (DAG), tolerating the phytotoxicity of this metal. The residual solution after phytoremediation had chronic effect on D. similis, indicating that the time taken was not sufficient to reduce the toxicity of the solution. Thus, ecotoxicological essays are important tools in evaluating the efficiency of this type of process. While E. crus-galli L. is a valuable tool in Cd phytoremediation programs, exposure time must be higher than 19 days to reduce concentrations of this metal in the water to conform to the CONAMA 357/2005 e 430/2011 standards.

A hypersensitive response-like reaction is involved in hybrid weakness in F1 plants of the cross Capsicum annuum × Capsicum chinense.

Hybrid weakness in Capsicum is characterized by the termination of leaf differentiation after the development of several leaves. F1 plants in some crosses between Capsicum annuum and Capsicum chinense show weakness; this phenomenon has not been investigated in detail since first reported. In the present study, we characterized morphologically and physiologically hybrid weakness in Capsicum. F1 plants did not show weaker growth than their parents 20 days after germination (DAG), but at 40 DAG, the hybrid weakness phenotype was evidenced by almost complete arrest of new leaf formation, delayed increase in plant height, and reduced upper internode length. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) of F1 plants exhibited delayed development and an abnormal structure characterized by a flat shape and the presence of fuzzy cell layers on the surface. These abnormal SAMs of F1 plants may lead to dwarfism. Dead cells and accumulation of H2O2 were visually detected in leaves of F1 plants, and cell death was considered to be programmed, as it was accompanied by internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA. The expression of immunity marker genes PR1 and PR2 was upregulated in leaves of F1 plants. These results suggest that a hypersensitive response-like reaction is involved in Capsicum hybrid weakness.

Effect of Silicon under Water Deficit on Antioxidant Enzymes Activities at Different Phenological Stages in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application of silicon (Si) at different stages of growth in wheat. Foliar treatment of silicon was given on 15th and 30th days after germination (DAG) and the plants were subjected to water deficit stress at booting, flowering and grain filling stages. The greater decline for relative water content (RWC) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was observed in drought (Dr) as compared to Si + Dr treatment. Si + Dr treatment resulted in the lowest rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) from booting to grain filling stage. With the progression of plant age the peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activity declined. The water deficit stress induced greater increase in POX and APX activity in tolerant variety. Si + Dr treatment was able to counter the decline caused in CAT activity due to the implication of water deficit stress. Overall, the silicon treatment reduced the oxidative stress.

Carotenoid Accumulation and Distinct Transcript Profiling of Structural Genes Involved in Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Celery

Carotenoids, a diverse group of pigments, participate in various biological processes in plants and contribute to an important quality trait for many plants. Celery is an important leafy vegetable crop, and the leaf is the main edible organ. However, the molecular mechanism of carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in celery has yet to be characterized. Here, two celery varieties with obviously different appearances, ‘Liuhe yellow heart celery’ and ‘Ventura’, were selected to study the carotenoid accumulation and distinct transcript profiling of structural genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. The contents of lutein, β-carotene, and α-carotene of leaf blades and petioles of celery were determined by UPLC at 30, 45, and 60 days after germination (DAG). In the two celery varieties, the highest lutein content was 14.56 mg/g DW (dry weight) in leaf blades of ‘Ventura’ at 45 DAG. The lowest lutein content was 1.56 mg/g DW in petioles of ‘Liuhe yellow heart celery’ at 60 DAG. The highest β-carotene content was 0.42 mg/g DW in leaf blades of ‘Ventura’ at 45 DAG. The lowest β-carotene content was 0.07 mg/g DW in petioles of ‘Liuhe yellow heart celery’ at 45 DAG. Lutein and β-carotene contents in leaf blades were higher than that in petioles. The contents of lutein and β-carotene in ‘Ventura’ were higher than that in ‘Liuhe yellow heart celery’. The relative expression levels of structural genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis were also detected. The contents of lutein and β-carotene were correlated with the transcription level of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. The relative expression of AgPSY1 and AgLCYE in ‘Ventura’ was significantly higher than that in ‘Liuhe yellow heart celery’ at three growth stages. The content of α-carotene could not detected in leaves of the two celery cultivars. These results provide potential insights into carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in celery during growth and development.

Involvement of Root Hair during <i>Rhizobial</i> Invasion in Cultivated Peanut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i> L.)

Peanut root invasion by Bradyrhizobia is through a crack entry, which is different from many other legumes applying an infection thread entry in root hair. Understanding the role of root hair in the crack entry of Bradyrhizobia invasion of peanut root and subsequent peanut nodulation would facilitate improvement of biological nitrogen fixation in cultivated peanut. The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of root hair in Bradyrhizobial invasion of peanut. Seedling roots of a nodulating peanut cultivar were observed for root hair emergence, its life span, and nodule formation at the base of the lateral roots with and without rhizobia inoculation for 14 days after germination (DAG). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to observe rhizobia accumulation at lateral roots at 24 hours after inoculation (HAI) before the emergence of root hair. Root hair emerged at 7 DAG with or without rhizobia inoculation. Two variations of rosette hair (RoH) were observed, the transient-thin RoH had life span of 3 days after root hair emergence and the thick and densely distributed RoH type stayed till the time of nodule emergence (9 days after inoculation). The lateral root devoid of root hair at the top 2 cm region was found to produce nodules. The SEM observation of seedling roots at 24 HAI showed that Bradyrhizobia invaded the roots at epidermis, protoplasm of cortical cell, and cortical cells of the main root near the newly emerged lateral root in the absence of RoH. The observations validated that root hair is not required in the Bradyrhizobia invasion of peanut root in the crack entry mode. Results from this study provided important morphological information for the hypothesis of close relationship between RoH and peanut nodulation for further genetic study of crack entry mechanism and signaling pathway of symbiosis between Bradyrhizobia and peanut.

Use of Ethylenediurea (EDU) in identifying indicator cultivars of Indian clover against ambient ozone

Three clover (Trifolium alexandrium L.) cultivars (Bundel, Wardan and JHB-146) were assessed for their responses to ambient ozone (O3) with respect to growth, physiological and biochemical parameters at two rural sites (R1 and R2) using ethylenediurea (EDU). EDU solution (300ppm) was applied as soil drench, 10 days after germination (DAG) at an interval of 10 days up to 80 DAG. The average O3 concentrations were 52.76 and 60.86 ppb at R1 and R2 sites, respectively during the experimental period. Ambient O3 induced visible symptoms in all the cultivars at both the sites, with more at R2 site having high ambient O3 levels. Visible injury was observed first in non-EDU treated plants of Wardan at R2 site. Wardan also showed maximum reduction in leaf injury under EDU treatment at both the sites with more at R2. Under EDU treatment, better adaptation to ambient O3 at initial age of observation and higher acquisition of resources at later ages of observation at both the sites led to better physiological and biochemical adaptations in Wardan. Bundel retained more biomass in shoot as is reflected with higher shoot/root ratio and thus focused more on repair and defense. Shoot/root ratio of JHB-146 did not respond to EDU treatment and thus showed insignificant variations except at initial age of observation at R1 site. This study clearly suggests that Wardan and Bundel are sensitive to ambient O3 and can be used as bioindicator species in areas having higher O3 levels using EDU as a research tool.

Evaluation of time and dose of imazethapyr in controllingweeds of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

A field experiment was conducted during the post rainy (rabi) seasons of 2012-13 and 2013-14 at Agricultural Research Station, Gulbarga (Karnataka) to evaluate the time and dosage of imazethapyr in chickpea. The experiment was laid out with 12 weed-control treatments, viz. imazethapyr at 3 application rates (15, 20 and 30 g/ha) sprayed at 10 and 20 and 30 days after germination (DAG), pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + one hand weeding at 25-30 DAS, weed free check and weedy check. Among the treatments, weed free check recorded significantly higher seed yield (1287 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 29080/ha) and B:C ratio (2.30) and minimum weed dry weight and higher WCE (100%) followed by pre emergence application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + one hand weeding at 25-30 DAS. Among the different doses and time of application of imazethapyr, application of imazethapyr 30 g/ha at 10 DAG resulted in 57.9% higher grain yield (1098 kg/ha), lower weed dry matter (6.88 g/0.5 m2) and higher WCE (75.33%) over unweeded control and other treatments. Imazethapyr 30 g/ha at 10 DAS also recorded the highest net returns (Rs.22780/ha) and B: C ratio (2.08), which was closely followed by imazethapyr 20 g/ha sprayed at 10 DAG, 20 DAG and imazethapyr 30 g/ha at 30 DAG.

The Time of Flooding Occurrence is Critical for Yield Production in Rice and Vary in a Genotype-Dependent Manner

Flash floods occur in rainfed lowland and flood-prone areas and have a profound incidence on crop yield, which is tightly linked to worldwide food insecurity. The most flooding-threatened crop is rice. Under this condition, rice undergoes anoxic and post-anoxic shock that affects its growth, development capacity and ultimately causes an important grain yield loss. Therefore, the introduction of submergence-tolerant varieties in a flood-prone area was proposed as a preventive solution to limit these effects. Such a solution presents room for improvement and would benefit from a post-submergence management to ensure a better rice yield, yet remains to be defined. In this study, we assessed the effect of flooding on growth and yield of different rice varieties submerged at a different time of their developmental stage. We compared three rice varieties, namely Prachinburi 2 (PCR2), Kao Samer 1 (KSM1) and Neang Guang 5 (NG5), for their tolerance to 14 days of 50 cm depth submergence at 30, 60 and 90 Days After Germination (DAG). At 30 DAG, the recovery ability of KSM1 was restricted, showing decreased shoot dry mass and grain yield, whereas photo assimilate transport of PCR2 and NG5 was altered, resulting in high leaf nitrogen (N) concentration but low grain yield. Our data revealed that rice varieties were more tolerant to submergence at 60 and 90 DAG. In opposition to KSM1 and NG5 grain yield, PCR2 showed rapid recovery with a marked increase of shoot dry mass and grain yield. Taken together, our result indicates that de-submergence at late developmental stage promotes rice recovery and yield of tolerant variety. Gene discovery work is required to identify molecular players and pathways that are involved in submergence stress recovery in rice.

Regulatory cis-elements on citrus peel-specific expressed gene, CuCRTISO-like, promoter respond to hormones and abiotic stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis

We identified a peel-specific expressed gene in Citrus unshiu fruits by differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, which showed a homology with carotenoid isomerase-like genes identified from other plants and, therefore, designated as CuCRTISO-like. Here we determined the promoter sequence of CuCRTISO-like and analyzed histochemical GUS activity using transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring CuCRTISO-like promoter-GUS gene constructs (pCRTL-Prom1~pCRTL-Prom5 lines). The promoter activity of CuCRTISO-like was detected in the cotyledon at 5 and 10 days after germination (DAG), young leaf, and anther, but not in the cotyledon at 15 DAG and mature leaf. Several cis-acting elements involved in hormones and abiotic stresses are located on the CuCRTISO-like promoter. Salicylic acid and ethylene treatments induced the GUS activity in the pCRTL-prom1 and pCRTL-Prom4 line, respectively. Treatment of drought and wounding stress induced the GUS activity in the pCRTL-Prom4 and pCRTL-Prom3 line, respectively. Heat stress treatment induced GUS activity more strongly as the promoter length decreased except for no GUS activity in the pCRTL-Prom5 line. The CuCRTISO-like expression during fruit maturation of C. unshiu showed a peel-specific expression pattern. Our results suggest that CuCRTISO-like promoter activity is regulated in a developmental and organ-specific manner, and responds to hormones and abiotic stresses.

Humic acid differentially improves nitrate kinetics under low- and high-affinity systems and alters the expression of plasma membrane H+-ATPases and nitrate transporters in rice

Humic acids (HAs) have a major effect on nutrient uptake, metabolism, growth and development in plants. Here, we evaluated the effect of HA pretreatment applied with a nutrient solution on the uptake kinetics of nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3−) and the metabolism of nitrogen (N) in rice under conditions of high and low NO3− supply. In addition, the kinetic parameters of NO3− uptake, N metabolites, and nitrate transporters (NRTs) and the plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase gene expression were examined. The plants were grown in a growth chamber with modified Hoagland and Arnon solution until 21 days after germination (DAG), and they were then transferred to a solution without N for 48 h and then to another solution without N and with and without the addition of HAs for another 48 h. After this period of N deprivation, the plants received new nutrient solutions containing 0.2 and 2.0 mM N-NO3−. Treatment of rice plants with HA promoted the induction of the genes OsNRT2.1-2.2/OsNAR2.1 and some isoforms PM H+-ATPase in roots. The application of HAs differentially modified the parameters of the uptake kinetics of NO3− under both concentrations. When grown with 0.2 mM NO3−, the plants pretreated with HA had lower Km and Cmin values as well as a higher Vmax/Km ratio. When grown with 2 mM NO3−, the plants pretreated with HA had a higher Vmax value, a greater root and shoot mass, and a lower root/shoot ratio. The N fractions were also altered by pretreatment with HA, and a greater accumulation of NO3− and N-amino was observed in the roots and shoots, respectively, of plants pretreated with HA. The results suggest that pretreatment with HA modifies root morphology and gene expression of PM H+-ATPases and NO3− transporters, resulting in a greater efficiency of NO3− acquisition by high- and low-affinity systems.

Impact of zinc on micronutrient content in root in different wheat cultivars

Summary For the experiment, four different wheat varieties were selected of which two were Zn-efficient (GW190 and LOK-1) and two Zn-inefficient (GW399 and GW-403) varieties having three levels viz., 0, 10 and 20 mg Zn kg -1 through zinc sulphate (21% Zn) with standard NPK fertilization. The cultivars were grown in pots (6, 7 and 10 kg capacity) upto three stages viz., 20, 50 days after germination (DAG) and upto maturity. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) and treatments were repeated thrice for all three stages. The varietal trend of root Zn content was observed in order as; GW399>GW403>GW190>LOK-1. The root Fe content was observed in order as LOK-1>GW190> GW399>GW403. The Mn content was observed as in order GW403>LOK-1> GW399>GW190. The varietal trend for root content Cu was found as in order GW190>GW403>LOK-1>GW399.

Efficacy of various insecticidal spray schedules against insect pests of soybean

Two sprays were given in the soybean, of which first spray was given against whiteflies, semilooper and girdle beetle at 35 days after germination (DAG) and second spray was given at 55 DAG against gram pod borer and tobacco caterpillar. The significant maximum reduction in white fly population was recorded in case of thiamethoxam 25 WG at 3 and 5 days after spray (DAS) during the years 2012 and 2013, respectively. It was followed by imidacloprid 200 SL, while the significant highest reduction in the larval population of semilooper and girdle beetle was recorded in case of profenophos 50 EC at 3 and 5 (DAS) during the years 2012 and 2013, respectively. It was followed by triazophos 40 EC and dimethoate 30 EC against semilooper and girdle beetle, respectively. In the second spray, indoxacarb 14.5 EC @ 345 ml/ha caused significantly maximum reduction of gram pod borer and tobacco caterpillar larvae at 3 and 5 DAS during the years 2012 and 2013, respectively. Similar trends were also observed at 7 DAS during both the years. The insecticidal spray schedule comprising first spray of triazophos 40 EC @ 1.25 l/ha at 35 DAG followed by second spray of flubendiamide 480 SC @ 100 ml/ha at 55 DAG provided the highest mean seed yield of 1925 kg/ha. The maximum net profit of Rs. 15, 008/ha was obtained in case of spray schedule comprising first spray of triazophos 40 EC @ 1.25 l/ha at 35 DAG followed by second spray of flubendiamide 480 SC @ 100 g/ha at 55 DAG with the maximum cost: benefit ratio of 1: 8.52. The minimum net profit of Rs. 3, 698/ha was obtained in first spray of monocrotophos 36 SL followed by second spray of triazophos 40 EC with the minimum cost: benefit ratio of 1: 3.32.

CODAMIN AND BRASSINOLIDE ON BEAN PLANTIS

The effects of correctives of aminoacid deficiency, Codamin-BR, Codamin B-Mo, Codamin-150, and the plant regulator Brassinolide, applied on bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. IAC-Carioca Tybata) growing in pots, were evaluated. The products were sprayed on leaves three times, 15, 30 and 45 days after germination (DAG). The analyzed variables were plant height, foliar dry matter, number of pods, pod dry matter, number of grains and grain dry matter. In the first assessment, Brassinolide increased plant height and afterwards this compound and Codamin B-Mo reduced this parameter. Foliar dry matter was increased by Codamin-150 and BR. Codamin-BR promoted increases in the number of grains; Codamin-150 and B-Mo also increased grain dry matter.

Rhizosphere Nitrification and Nitrogen Nutrition of Rice Plants as Affected by Water Management

Redox status shapes the biogeochemistry and dominant biogeochemical processes in soil environment. Nitrification is a microbiologically mediated transformation affected by the oxygen availability in soil. Nitrification rate often determines the agronomic N use efficiency (NUE) since it affect the pool size of plant available N forms (NH 4 + ) and NO 3 - ) in soil. A mesocosm experiment was conducted using three rice varieties (PI312777, IR55423 and IR80508) to test the effect of soil water status on plant characters and nitrification in the rhizosphere. Two irrigation treatments as aerobic cultivation (AC) and continuously flooded condition (CF) were imposed. Plants were grown until 50 days after germination (DAG). At harvest, leaf nitrate reductase activity, physiological nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), air-filled pore-space of roots, and biomass accumulation were determined. Also potential nitrification rate in the rhizosphere, soil moisture, pH, and NH 4 + and NO 3 - contents at three soil depths were determined. Biomass production was nearly 50% lower under AC than under CF. Rooting depth and rhizosphere nitrification were significantly higher under AC than CF. Rice variety and water management affected the activity of nitrifies in the rice soils. Measured soil properties and plant traits correlated significantly (p Tropical Agricultural Research Vol. 24(1): 1-11 (2012) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tar.v24i1.7984

Evaluation of Chlorophyll Content, Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds in the Seedlings of Rice-type Tartary Buckwheat

Rice type tartary buckwheat is used as a substitute for rice in many Asian countries due to its easy dehulling character. The objective of the present study was to determine the chlorophyll, total polyphenol (TP), total flavonoid (TF), antioxidant activity and to quantify the bioactive compounds rutin, quercetin and chlorogenic acid in the seedlings of rice-type tartary buckwheat (RTTB). Young seedlings exhibited higher antioxidant (DPPH radical inhibition) activity in dose dependent manner. TP and TF content were highest (3017.46 ± 201.84 ㎍ TAE /100 ㎎ dw and 1916.0 ± 102.95 ㎍ QE / 100 ㎎ dw respectively) in 3 days after germination (DAG) seedlings compare to 6 and 9 DAG. The contents of rutin and quercetin increased with growing stage of seedlings. However, the chlorogenic acid decreased with increasing growth. Overall, RTTB seedlings can be regarded as a strong source of phenolics and have high possibility for food and nutraceutical application due to their efficient antioxidant properties, higher chlorophyll and phytochemical content.

PRODUCTION OF PEPPER SEEDLINGS USING SUBSTRATES CONTAINING COMBINATIONS BASED COMMERCIAL SUBSTRATE (PEAT FÉRTIL®), EXPANDED VERMICULITE AND COCONUT FIBER

For growing vegetables, seedling production is one of the most important stages of the process, and the use of suitable substrates as physical, chemical and biological characteristics for occur the formation of a quality seedling is necessary. In the context of information exposed the present study aimed to evaluate the production of pepper seedlings, using substrates of different mixtures of combinations (commercial substrate (Peat fertile ® ), expanded vermiculite and coconut fiber). To perform the experiment was carried sowing pepper cultivar All Big ® in polystyrene trays (Styrofoam ® ) 200 cells, filled with five treatments, combinations (C): 1 C1 (Peat fertile ® (60%), vermiculite (20%) and coconut fiber (20%)); 2 C2 (Peat fertile ® (60%) and vermiculite (40%)); 3 C3 (Peat fertile ® (60%) and coconut fiber (40%)); 4- C4 ((Peat fertile ® (40%), vermiculite (30%) and coconut fiber (30%)); and 5- C5 (Peat fertile ® (100%) at 42 days after germination (DAG ) seedlings, we assessed treatments for parameters: At 42 days after germination (DAG) of the seedlings was evaluated treatments for parameters: seedlings height (AM), stem diameter (DC), length of the root system (CR) and number of true leaves (NF). It was found that for the variable diameters and number of true leaves of the seedlings did not differ from the treatments, while for the variables plant height and root length, the combinations C1 (Peat fertile ® (60%) vermiculite expanded (20%) and coconut fiber (20%)) and C4 ((Peat fertile ® (40%), vermiculite (30%) and coconut fiber (30%)), provided the best and C5 treatment (Peat fertile ® (100%) the worst results.

Effect of Increasing Concentration of Inorganic Phosphate (Pi) and Pyrophosphate (PPi) on Growth and Phosphatases of Germinating Chickpea Seeds

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings growing on different concentrations of inorganic phosphate and pyrophosphate in agar based MS-medium were studied for their growth and activities of phosphatases in cotyledon, shoots and roots. Growth of seedlings was affected with both Inorganic Phosphate (Pi) and Pyrophosphate (PPi). Germination was completely inhibited beyond 100 mM monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) and 20 mM sodium pyrophosphate. Specific activities of acid phosphatases of cotyledons, shoots and roots decreased under high Pi-supply however alkaline phosphatases were not affected. Addition of PPi increased specific activities of acid phosphatases of roots and shoots at 3 days after germination (DAG) stage, but decreased at later stages of seedling growth. There was an appearance of PPi-specific acid phosphatase in roots under PPi-supply.