Child Day Care Research Articles

Voice User Interface-Based Artificial Intelligence enables Child Daycare Assistance System Framework

Daycare is a child-care alternative that permits guardians to drop off their kids during the day for care, management, and learning. Significantly, kids who participate in early child-care programs will be more beneficial and more fruitful in school. Child-care educators can share assets, thoughts and even get together in a nearby play area. Each parent has an alternate thought of what they need for their kids. There are various sorts of child-care offerings, Private child-care chains: An organization normally runs these as establishments, Private or independent nurseries: These are controlled by people or a group of people, home-based child-care: In India, this is a typical type of child-care, most of the time run by homemakers, Daycares connected to schools: Certain schools may decide to set up child-care appended to their school, Workplace childcares: Companies now and again have nearby child-care for youngsters. Several companies offer onsite child care support for their employees. Few organizations are Google, Johnson and Johnson, Boeing, Nike, Procter, Gamble, etc. Parents have the main concern that they want to know how their child is doing while they are away. Are their child's needs being met? Are they being heard when sharing important details about their child's care? Can they reach the facility at any time, and can staff reach parents regardless of where they are during the day? A central communication hub can help parents communicate important information such as dietary restrictions or special drop-off or pick-up instructions to address all these above concerns. Also, touch-free devices that would allow teachers to communicate hands-free, leaving them to focus on their most important task caring for children, require the hour. In this paper, a framework of voice user interface-based AI enables child daycare assistance system has been proposed that reviewed by baby sitters and parents.

Implementation of language development for children in daycare

Language development activities in daycare are essential because they can increase children's vocabulary. This study aims to determine how the process of implementing children's language development activities in daycare centres. This study uses the qualitative method. The data were collected by observing the language development of children aged 2-4 years at the Twin Course Daycare and interviewing six caregivers there. The study results showed that the implementation of language development in the Twin Course daycare centre was carried out well. It can be seen from how the teacher applies it in daily activities by reading stories, playing games that can stimulate children's language, listening to the radio, dancing, and responding to children. Therefore, research related to the effective implementation of the language development program can be studied further.

Effect of Access to Workplace Supports for Breastfeeding Among Formally Employed Mothers in Kenya

ObjectivesWe evaluated the availability of workplace breastfeeding (BF) supports, and the associations between these supports and BF practices among formally employed mothers in Kenya – where many women work in horticulture farms and legislation requiring workplace BF supports is being implemented. We hypothesized that the availability of supports would be associated with a higher prevalence and greater odds of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). MethodsWe conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys among formally employed mothers at 1–4 days, 6 weeks, 14 weeks, and 36 weeks (to estimate 24 weeks) postpartum at 3 health facilities in Naivasha from Sept. 2018 to Oct. 2019, 13 months after the 2017 Kenyan Health Act, which requires workplace BF support, was passed. We evaluated the associations of workplace BF supports with EBF practices using tests of proportions and adjusted logistic regression. ResultsAmong formally employed mothers (n = 564), reported workplace supports included on-site housing (16.8%), on-site daycare (9.4%), and private lactation spaces (2.8%). Mothers who used workplace on-site childcare were more likely to practice EBF than mothers who used community- or home-based childcare at both 6 weeks (95.7% versus 82.4%, p = 0.030) and 14 weeks (60.6% versus 22.2%, p < 0.001; [aOR (95% CI) = 5.11 (2.3, 11.7)]. Likewise, mothers who visited daycares at or near workplaces were more likely to practice EBF (70.0%) compared to those who did not visit a daycare (34.7%, p = 0.005) at 14-weeks. Among all mothers, 84.6% with access to workplace private lactation spaces practiced EBF, compared to 55.6% without such spaces, p = 0.037. Mothers who live in on-site housing were twice as likely [aOR (95% CI) = 2.06 (1.25, 3.41)] to practice EBF compared to those without access to on-site housing. ConclusionsFormally employed mothers in Kenya who used on-site childcare, lived in on-site housing, and had access to private workplace lactation rooms are more likely to practice EBF than mothers who lack these supports, while the use of community-based childcare in this context is associated with a lower prevalence of EBF. As the Kenya Health Act is implemented, provision of these supports and strategies to help women visit their children in daycare can enable EBF among employed mothers. Funding SourcesNIH Fogarty International Center.

Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Among School and Daycare Children: Baseline Results From a Cohort Study in Montreal, Canada

Background: Montreal was one of the highest COVID-19 burdened cities in Canada during the first and second waves of the pandemic. We estimated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in children and teenagers in four neighbourhoods of Montreal, Canada.Methods: All children attending selected schools and daycares within the four neighbourhoods were invited to participate in the study. Study participation included an online questionnaire that parents completed, followed by at-home dried blood spot (DBS) collection. Serological results were analyzed using a research-based ELISA assay. Statistical analyses included multivariable logistic regression models to calculate average marginal effects and robust standard errors to account for clustering by school or daycare. Several different sociodemographic differences were examined between the seronegative and seropositive children.Findings: There were 30 daycares, 22 primary schools, and 11 secondary schools that participated in the study with 1,632 participants having provided a DBS sample that was of sufficient quality for the serological analysis. The average seroprevalence was 5·8% (95%CI 4·6 to 7·0) but increased over time from 3·2% (95% CI 0·7 to 5·8) in October-November 2020 to 8.4% (95% CI 4·4 to 12·4) in March-April 2021. The children of visible minority parents were nearly twice as likely to be seropositive as children of non-visible minority parents (1·93, 95%CI 1·11 to 2·75). Interpretation: Our results provide a benchmark of the seroprevalence status in Canadian children and provide further evidence of COVID-19 inequities. It will be important to continue monitoring the serological status of children, particularly in the context of new COVID-19 variants of concern and in the absence of mass vaccination campaigns targeting young children.Funding Information: Public Health Agency of Canada through the COVID-19 Immunity Task Force.Declaration of Interests: All authors declare no competing interests.Ethics Approval Statement: All participants provided informed consent for the survey and ethics approval was received from the research ethics boards of the Université de Montréal and the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine.

The socio-economic determinants of COVID-19: A spatial analysis of German county level data

The study explores the association of socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related variables at the regional level with COVID-19 related cases and deaths in Germany during the so-called first wave through mid-June 2020. Multivariate spatial models include the 401 counties in Germany to account for regional interrelations and possible spillover effects. The case and death numbers are, for example, significantly positively associated with early cases from the beginning of the epidemic, the average age, the population density and the share of people employed in elderly care. By contrast, they are significantly negatively associated with the share of schoolchildren and children in day care as well as physician density. In addition, significant spillover effects on the case numbers of neighbouring regions were identified for certain variables, with a different sign than the overall effects, giving rise to further future analyses of the regional mechanisms of action of COVID-19 infection. The results complement the knowledge about COVID-19 infection beyond the clinical risk factors discussed so far by a socio-economic perspective at the ecological level.

Multiple Languages and the process of the Teacher Formation in Early Childhood Education

The formation of the Early Childhood Education teacher is a recurring theme in many studies, showing the concern for the quality of the activities carried out with early childhood children. In pedagogy courses, in which future teachers are qualified, there is a concern with training strategies for the appropriation of multiple languages, a theme also studied due to proposals related to Childhood Pedagogy. This research aims to investigate and analyze how teachers of the pedagogy course of a private university in the city of São Paulo, in their educational practices, consider the multiple languages ​​in the formation of teachers of early childhood education. A qualitative approach was chosen. to carry out the research, and as a methodological procedure, we have interviewed ten teachers from the pedagogy course and thirteen students from the sixth semester. The theoretical background adopted is based on the conceptions of children and early childhood education from the perspective of multiple languages. The results showed that teachers use different strategies when working with multiple languages in their disciplines. Nevertheless, such practices or strategies are aimed much more at preschool children than at daycare children.

Dual Roles of Working Women in the Formal Sector (Case Study on Female Workers Who Leave Children at Day Care "Paradise Baby" South Jakarta)

This study discusses "Dual Roles of Women Workers in the Formal Sector (Case Study on Female Workers Who Leave Children in Day Care "Paradise Baby" South Jakarta)". The aims of this study are (1) to see the role of working women in the formal sector in their families, (2) to find out the problem of the dual role of working mothers, (3) how to overcome the problem of the dual role of working mothers. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research method, so that it will get descriptive data in the form of words and behavior in depth. The research subjects are women who have multiple roles and work in the formal sector. Collecting data using the method of observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. This research was analyzed using Functional Structural Theory. The results of this study indicate: (1) Working women in carrying out their role at home, namely in raising children by entrusting their children to Day Care, in this case Day Care acts as a substitute family when working women are busy working. Then women workers in carrying out their roles in the formal sector, namely by following the applicable regulations in the workplace and continuing to work according to their demands and professions, (2) The problem faced by the dual role of working mothers is the lack of time for family and society, (3) In overcoming The problem of the dual role of working mothers is that husbands help with housework which can ease the burden on women.

Association between home motor affordances and motor skills in daycare and non-daycare attending children

ABSTRACT The present study examined the association between home motor affordances and motor skill development in daycare and non-daycare attending children. The sample consisted of 247 families with children aged 18–42-months. Homes were assessed using the Persian translation of the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Self-Report (AHEMD), and motor skills were evaluated with the Test of Gross Motor Development – 2 (TGMD-2). Results indicated that the daycare group revealed higher AHEMD scores in Inside Space, Fine- and Gross-Motor Toys, whereas the non-daycare children obtained high scores in Variety of Stimulation. There was also a significant relationship between the two groups for motor skills. The level of affordances in the home and motor skill development were higher for the daycare group. In summary, compared to children that did not attend daycare, the homes of children that attended daycare were provided more motor affordances, opportunities, and advantages with the potential to improve motor development.

Day care as a strategy for drowning prevention in children under 6 years of age in low- and middle-income countries.

Drowning is responsible for an estimated 320,000 deaths a year, and over 90% of drowning mortality occurs in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs), with peak drowning rates among children aged 1 to 4 years. In this age group, mortality due to drowning is particularly common in rural settings and about 75% of drowning accidents happen in natural bodies of water close to the home. Providing adequate child supervision can protectchildren from drowning, and organized formal day care programs could offer a way to achieve this. Primary objective • To assess the effects of day care programs for children under 6 years of age on drowning-related mortality or morbidity, or on total drowning accidents (fatal and non-fatal), in LMICs, compared to no day care programs or other drowning prevention interventions Secondary objectives • To assess the effects of day care programs in LMICs for children under 6 years of age on unsafe water exposure • To assess safety within these programs (e.g. transmission of infection within day care, physical or sexual abuse of children within day care) • To assess the incidence of unintentional injury within these programs • To describe the cost-effectiveness of such programs, in relation to averted drowning-related mortality or morbidity SEARCH METHODS: On November 23, 2019, and for an update on August 18, 2020, we searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, CENTRAL, ERIC, and CINAHL, as well as two trial registries. On December 16, 2019, and for an update on February 9, 2021, we searched 12 other resources, including websites of organizations that develop programs targeted to children. We included randomized, quasi-randomized, and non-randomized controlled studies (with explicitly listed specific study design features) that implemented formal day care programs as a single program or combined with additional out-of-day care components (such as educational activities aimed at preventing injury or drowning or early childhood development activities) for children of preschool age (below 6 years of age) in LMICs for comparison with no such programs or with other drowning prevention interventions. Studies had to report at least one outcome related to drowning or injury prevention for the children enrolled. Two review authors independently performed study selection and data extraction, as well as risk of bias and GRADE assessment. Two non-randomized observational studies, conducted in rural Bangladesh, involving a total of 252,631 participants, met the inclusion criteria for this review. One of these studies compared a formal day care program combined with parent education, playpens provided to parents, and community-based activities as additional out-of-day care components versus no such program. Overall we assessed this study to be at moderate risk of bias (moderate risk of bias due to confounding, low risk of bias for other domains). This study showed that implementation of a formal day care program combined with parent education, provision of playpens to parents, and community-based activities, in a rural area with a high drowning incidence, likely reduces the risk of death from drowning over the study period of 4 years and 8 months compared to no day care program (hazard ratio 0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06 to 0.58; 1 study, 136,577 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Drowning morbidity (non-fatal drowning resulting in complications), total drowning (fatal and non-fatal), unsafe water exposure, and program safety (e.g. transmission of infection within day care, physical or sexual abuse of children within day care) were not reported, nor was the incidence of other unintentional injuries. Cost-effectiveness was reported as 812 USD (95% CI 589 to 1777) per disability-adjusted life-year averted as a consequence of drowning (moderate-certainty evidence). The second study compared day care programs with or without playpens provided to parents as an additional component versus only playpens provided to parents as an alternative drowning prevention intervention. Overall we assessed the study to be at critical risk of bias because we judged bias due to confounding to be at critical risk. As the certainty of evidence was very low, we are uncertain about the effects on drowning mortality rate of implementing a day care program compared to providing playpens (rate ratio 0.25, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.41; 1 study; 76,575 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Likewise, we are uncertain about the effects of a day care program with playpens provided as an additional component versus playpens provided alone (rate ratio 0.06, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.12; 1 study, 45,460 participants; very low-certainty evidence). The other outcomes of interest - drowning morbidity, total drowning, unsafe water exposure, program safety, incidence of other unintentional injuries, and cost-effectiveness - were not reported. This review provides evidence suggesting that a day care program with additional out-of-day care components such as community-based education, parent education, and playpens provided to parents likely reduces the drowning mortality risk in regions with a high burden of drowning compared to no intervention.

Comment on “An Assessment of Abenomics from the Labor Market Perspective”

Kawaguchi et al. (2021) use data from the Labour Force Survey of Japan to examine the changes in employment rates from 2000 to the present. They show that Japan's employment rate has risen by 1.1 percentage points from 2000 to 2019, despite the continued population aging. According to their decomposition results, had the participation behavior stayed constant at the 2000 level, the employment rate would have decreased by 5.2 percentage points in 2019. Kawaguchi et al. demonstrate that the primary contributors to this rise were females aged 25–64. Their reserach further shows that: (i) most of the rise in female participation is a shift from out-of-the-labor-force to employment, not so much from unemployment to employment; (ii) there was increased participation of women in the health care and social welfare sector; (iii) the large rise in female employment rates is not explained by various family policies (such as expanded child daycare or the public provision of elderly care); and (iv) the share of temporary employment did not increase during Abenomics. Kawaguchi et al. also examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment rates, and conclude that the fall in employment was modest. As Kawaguchi et al. show, Japan has faced a gradual shrinkage of its labor supply, which poses a labor shortage pressure. According to Japan's population census and its predictions (Statistics Bureau of Japan, 2020), the number of people aged 15 or over was 108 million in 2000, 111 million in 2013, and 111 million in 2019. Therefore, the total number of those aged 15 or over has not decreased much from 2000 to the present, because of increased longevity. In contrast, the number of people aged 15–64 was 86.4 million in 2000, 79.0 million in 2013, and 75.0 million in 2019. During the time of this supply pressure, the overall employment rates (the denominator of which is the population aged 15 or over) did not fall, thanks to the significant increase in female participation rates. During the period of Abenomics, the baby boomers have retired, so supply pressure had been present. Baby boomers were in their early 50s in 2000; they were in their mid-60s at the start of Abenomics; and they reached around 70 in 2019. Even with the demand shock due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Japanese labor market did not become so weak, possibly because of the underlying supply pressure. I have two major comments. The first is about the nature of women's participation behavior. In the decomposition, the fact that female participation has risen over time could represent two different behaviors. First, later cohorts of women may participate more in the labor market in the same age range than did earlier cohorts. If later cohorts of women are less likely to quit the labor market upon marriage or childbirth than earlier cohorts, that would increase age-specific participation rates over time. Second, the same rise could happen if more women who were out of the labor force start working (re-enter the labor market) as they age. These two behaviors result in the same age-specific rise in female participation rates. Yet, in terms of individual behaviors, they mean different things. Section 2.4 of Kawaguchi et al. reports the transition from out-of-the-labor-force to employment increased among those aged 15–34 from 2013 to 2020. In contrast, the same transition was unchanged for those aged 35–54. This pattern might suggest that the re-entry to the labor market has increased after 2013. However, the increase for those aged 15–34 could come from other channels. For instance, if more students take part-time jobs than before, the inflow to employment increases. My second comment is about the long-term trend versus the impact of Abenomics. The rise in female participation is a long-term phenomenon that started before 1980. In Kawaguchi et al.'s figure 4, the rise in employment rates of females aged 25–44 seems to have been following the long-term trend, rather than any structural change taking place after 2013. In contrast, the rise in employment of females aged 45–64 seems to have accelerated after 2013, during the period of Abenomics. The reasons why we see these differences across age groups, and what their implications are, may be worth further investigation. If Kawaguchi et al. wish to assess Abenomics' impact, then perhaps the long-term trend (that is, the changes that would have happened without Abenomics) should be separated out.

Foods provided to children in family day care: an observational study.

To assess the quality and quantity of foods and beverages provided to children aged 0-5 years in family day care and identify structural and sociodemographic factors associated with the nutritional quality of food provided. A cross-sectional study measured the food and beverages provided to children using weighed food records. The number of serves from different food groups was calculated according to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating, and a healthy food provision index score was created. Associations between structural and sociodemographic factors and healthy food provision index scores were analysed using linear mixed models. Family day care services in two large geographic areas in New South Wales, Australia. One hundred and four children in thirty-three family day care services. During attendance at childcare, most children met recommended servings of fruit but not dairy, vegetables, lean meat and meat alternatives and wholegrains. Discretionary foods exceeded recommendations. Children's age, socio-economic status and the type of main meal provided were significantly associated with the healthy food provision index score. Foods provided to children in family day care are aligned with dietary recommendations for fruit but not vegetables, dairy, lean meat and meat alternatives, wholegrains or discretionary foods. Interventions to promote healthy eating are needed to support families and educators to improve the nutritional quality of food provided to children.

Norovirus vaccination cost effective in children in daycare

Norovirus vaccination cost effective in children in daycare

Cost-effectiveness of pediatric norovirus vaccination in daycare settings

ObjectiveNoroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in the United States and outbreaks frequently occur in daycare settings. Results of norovirus vaccine trials have been promising, however there are open questions as to whether vaccination of daycare children would be cost-effective. We investigated the incremental cost-effectiveness of a hypothetical norovirus vaccination for children in daycare settings compared to no vaccination. MethodsWe conducted a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis using a disease transmission model of children attending daycare. Vaccination with a 90% coverage rate in addition to the observed standard of care (exclusion of symptomatic children from daycare) was compared to the observed standard of care. The main outcomes measures were infections and deaths averted, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Cost-effectiveness was analyzed from a societal perspective, including medical costs to children as well as productivity losses of parents, over a two-year time horizon. Data sources included outbreak surveillance data and published literature. ResultsA 50% efficacious norovirus vaccine averts 571.83 norovirus cases and 0.003 norovirus-related deaths per 10,000 children compared to the observed standard of care. A $200 norovirus vaccine that is 50% efficacious has a net cost increase of $178.10 per child and 0.025 more QALYs, resulting in an ICER of $7,028/QALY. Based on the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, we estimated that a $200 vaccination with 50% efficacy was 94.0% likely to be cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay of $100,000/QALY threshold and 95.3% likely at a $150,000/QALY threshold. ConclusionDue to the large disease burden associated with norovirus, it is likely that vaccinating children in daycares could be cost-effective, even with modest vaccine efficacy and a high per-child cost of vaccination. Norovirus vaccination of children in daycare has a cost-effectiveness ratio similar to other commonly recommended childhood vaccines.

When young children grieve: Supporting daycare children following bereavement-A parent's perspective.

Thirteen parents who lost the mother or father to their child were interviewed, using semi-structured interviews. Participants reflect on their young children's (3-6) grief, support needs, and what they learned from this trying time. The event scarred all participants. While some moved on, others were still struggling years after. The study uncovers difficulties associated with informing a young child, with a limfited understanding of illness and loss, in a life-situation where parents themselves are clinging to hope. While support is available from daycare, it can be better organised and structured. Proactive support that assists the child through illness and death relieves the parental care burden.

Physical Activity of Serbian Children in Daycare.

Background: Monitoring of physical activity within the educational institution is of great importance, primarily because of the orientation and content implemented in the daycare. This research aimed to examine the number of steps children took during their stay in daycare with regards to age, gender and the frequency of going out. Methods: The research was conducted in four daycares in the urban environment of Novi Sad (Republic of Serbia), where 231 children, aged 5 to 7, were monitored (129 boys and 102 girls). Data on the number of steps were obtained using the pedometers. Results: The result of the univariate analysis of the variance test confirmed a statistically significant difference in the number of steps in relation to the age of children (p = 0.04). Boys were more active than girls in both age groups (p = 0.001). Children who were going to the daycare yard three to five times a week took drastically more steps than children who went up to twice a week (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The results of the current study show that age, gender, and time spent outdoors are significant determinants of physical activity in preschool age. Therefore, interventions regarding physical activity should be made during early childhood in order to promote health and prevent disease.

Racismo e infância: intersecções de raça, classe social, gênero e idade na creche

Chega a segunda edição o livro que é resultado da pesquisa de doutorado de Flávio Santiago, tendo como tema a análise de como as interseções entre raça, gênero, classe social e idade perpassam a infância das crianças negras e não negras pequenininhas na creche. Nesta resenha são apresentados de forma comentada os capítulos do livro, enfocando os conceitos pesquisados, finalizando com a sugestão de novos aportes para pesquisas futuras.

Maternal, neonatal and socio-economic factors associated with intellectual development among children from a coal mining region in Brazil.

Coal is the most aggressive energy sources in the environment. Several adverse outcomes on children's health exposure to coal pollutants have been reported. Pollutants from coal power plants adversely affect the intellectual development and capacity. The present study aimed to evaluate the intellectual development and associated factors among children living a city under the direct influence (DI) and six neighboring municipalities under the indirect influence (II) of coal mining activity in the largest coal reserve of Brazil. A structured questionnaire was completed by the child's guardian, and Raven's Progressive Color Matrices were administered to each child to assess intellectual development. A total of 778 children participated. In general, no significant difference was observed between the two cities. The DI city had better socioeconomic conditions than the II municipalities according to family income (< 0.001). The prevalence of children who were intellectually below average or with intellectual disabilities was 22.9%, and there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between municipalities. In both unadjusted and adjusted analyses, intellectual development was associated with maternal age, marital situation and maternal education level, birth weight, breast feeding, frequent children's daycare, paternal participation in children's care and child growth. Living in the DI area was not associated with intellectual disability. The results suggest that socioeconomic conditions and maternal and neonatal outcomes are more important than environmental factors for intellectual development of children living in a coal mining area.

Perspective of counselling in social services: the case of Republic of North Macedonia

This paper provides an overview of the need of counselling in social services in the Republic of North Macedonia. Specifically, the research aims at assessing any important differences in the size of the particular counselling need across settlement type (rural/urban) and regions. The following basic social services are considered: counselling for working age inactive poor, debt counselling and day care for children and elderly. The main source of information is the SILC survey of 2016, which provides data on a large representative sample of Macedonian households. Based on the findings the paper presents some recommendations related to the government services implying to improvements of the current social services provided. In other words, the government should promote: 1) less formal types of institutions to provide childcare; 2) the expansion of early childhood development centres that offer parental advice as well as part-time childcare.

Perspective of counselling in social services: the case of Republic of North Macedonia

This paper provides an overview of the need of counselling in social services in the Republic of North Macedonia. Specifically, the research aims at assessing any important differences in the size of the particular counselling need across settlement type (rural/urban) and regions. The following basic social services are considered: counselling for working age inactive poor, debt counselling and day care for children and elderly. The main source of information is the SILC survey of 2016, which provides data on a large representative sample of Macedonian households. Based on the findings the paper presents some recommendations related to the government services implying to improvements of the current social services provided. In other words, the government should promote: 1) less formal types of institutions to provide childcare; 2) the expansion of early childhood development centres that offer parental advice as well as part-time childcare.

The Effects of Child Daycare Center Teacher's Communications Skills on Group Cohesiveness, Empathy, and Communications Satisfaction : Centered on Difference between Daycare Centers

The Effects of Child Daycare Center Teacher's Communications Skills on Group Cohesiveness, Empathy, and Communications Satisfaction : Centered on Difference between Daycare Centers