David's Head Research Articles

A Crisis of Peace: George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution by David Head

Reviewed by: A Crisis of Peace: George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution by David Head Michael S. McGurty (bio) A Crisis of Peace: George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution By David Head. New York: Pegasus Books, 2019. 400 pages, 6" x 9". $28.95 cloth, $18.99 ebook. The impetus for the two anonymous letters, written in the Continental Army winter encampment at New Windsor, New York, in March 1783, inciting the Newburgh Conspiracy, continues to confound historians trying to dissect the crisis. The "fellow-soldier, whose interest and affection bind him strongly to you—whose past sufferings have been as great, and whose future fortunes may be as desperate as yours," urged his officer corps colleagues, in those fiery missives distributed in camp, to stop prostrating themselves before the Continental Congress and start to demand that the national legislators find the money for their back pay and subsistence and to fund the officer pension promised earlier in the conflict. Always at the bottom of the priority list of the nation's creditors, the army was determined to realize its due, and its anger might have been exploited by nationalists in their scheme to vest the national government with the power to tax. David Head in his A Crisis of Peace George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution offers a compelling story of the people associated with the incident and the dispassionate response by the commander-in-chief. Written by Major John Armstrong, a twenty-four-year-old aide to Major General Horatio Gates and son of Pennsylvania militia Major General John Armstrong, Head argues that his able pen captured the wrath of a small group of midlevel officers frustrated by the army leadership's weak attempts to petition Congress. While talking tough, the general officers hesitated to take a stronger stance, and these firebrands sought to force them into one. Unwilling to challenge civilian authority, Washington remained aloof, until the actions of the conspiring officers forced him to obliquely advocate for redress of the army's grievances. Head illuminates the characters closely associated with this event and, finding little evidence, dismisses most of the figures' involvement in any conspiracy. Considering the very nature of plots, however, participants are not normally inclined to reveal their participation, especially in ones that failed. If anything, they try to minimize any involvement and discount any accusations about their machinations. Following the money, he details the fiscal irresponsibility behind nearly all of America's problems. The major source of operational funds was the appropriations from the French government. Despite substantially overspending French loans, U.S. representatives in Paris had the gall to still solicit further [End Page 217] financial assistance, knowing that Louis XVI, having already invested so much, would not want to see the young republic founder. Raising substantial revenue in the country was prevented by Congress having no authority to tax. A 5 percent national tax on imports, the Impost, proposed in 1781, was blocked by Rhode Island, and when Virginia repealed its assent, at the end of 1782, it was a dead letter. The states received requisitions annually for their share of the cost of operating the national government, but the responses were disappointing. Every governor and legislature pled poverty. With people at the time, and in any age for that matter, susceptible to conspiracy theories, David Head challenges the assumption made at the time and by subsequent historians that nationalists in the Continental Congress and its administrative bodies were actually pulling the strings. Chief among the believers in the Philadelphia origins of the intrigue, Washington was incredulous that the officers and men of the army "are to be made use of as mere Puppets to establish Continental funds." Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris, his assistant, the transplanted New Yorker Gouverneur Morris, and New York Congressional delegate Alexander Hamilton are generally considered the chief architects of the Newburgh Conspiracy. The Morrises' well-known advocacy for uniting the lobbying power of both the public and private creditors to force the states to either fully remit the annual allocations made on them for the operation of...

A Crisis of Peace: George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution by David Head

A Crisis of Peace: George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution by David Head

Smugglers, Pirates, and Patriots: Free Trade in the Age of Revolution by Tyson Reeder

Reviewed by: Smugglers, Pirates, and Patriots: Free Trade in the Age of Revolution by Tyson Reeder Edward P. Pompeian (bio) Smugglers, Pirates, and Patriots: Free Trade in the Age of Revolution. By Tyson Reeder. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019. Pp. 368. Cloth, $45.00.) This carefully researched, multi-local study analyzes the politics, ideology, and diplomacy of free trade during the Age of Revolutions by highlighting the fundamentally commercial nature of U.S. relations with the Luso–Atlantic world. With a comparative approach that entangles the [End Page 557] history of the United States with the Portuguese Empire, Smugglers, Pirates, and Patriots offers another window into the political and economic development of the United States. Its citizens saw free trade and republicanism as a lever to pry open Iberian American markets and to oppose monarchy and empire. Notwithstanding a minority of unruly republican insurgents in Pernambuco, the peoples of the Luso–Atlantic overwhelmingly did not share the North Americans' beliefs. Reeder's thesis is that U.S. free traders were repeatedly disappointed as liberal economic and commercial reforms in the Luso–Atlantic world bolstered the imperial status quo under a crown and scepter. Their hopes for a Brazilian republican bonanza were dashed when neither republicanism nor free trade arose and British merchants retained dominance over the region's commerce after independence in 1822. In the process, Brazilians undermined U.S. Americans' vision for a hemisphere of independent free-trade republics, and slavery became their only commonality. In the United States, the ideology of free trade and republicanism was the victim of the nation's political leaders who chose to safeguard the country's international reputation rather than to help secure South Americans' freedom. Smugglers, Pirates, and Patriots illustrates why the long-eighteenth-century perspective is crucial to understanding the early United States republic. The American Revolution and the creation of the United States gave birth to what Reeder calls a "new paradigm" or "syllogism that equated independence from Europe with republicanism, republicanism with free trade, and free trade with prosperity" (5). This paradigm was born from the Atlantic empires' reliance on trade networks that required inter-imperial trade and triggered contraband in defiance of strict mercantilist policy. He suggests that the paradigm took hold in British North America in the 1760s and 1770s largely because the British Empire refused to implement liberal reforms, unlike the Portuguese who linked "trade liberalization with imperial cohesion rather than fragmentation" (58). Reeder argues that the commercial disputes of the British imperial crisis were intimately tied to Anglo Americans' participation in Luso–Atlantic trade. And yet the American Revolution had the unforeseen consequence of severing the once extensive legal and illicit commercial relations British North Americans had enjoyed particularly with the Wine Islands under Anglo–Portuguese treaties. From the 1780s through the early 1820s, U.S. officials were stymied repeatedly in their efforts to [End Page 558] negotiate a trade deal with Portugal. In the meantime, Portuguese imperial regulations vacillated between bans and permissions for U.S. shipping which "reinforced the developing notion that European monarchies made poor trade partners" (86). As the free-trade ideology became the foundation of the new republican paradigm, U.S. commerce shifted to Brazil. Reeder broadens analysis of early United States international relations by considering the divergent perspectives of disobedient merchants, unruly privateers, and rogue consuls alongside diplomats and government officials. He posits that a deeply conflictive relationship existed between free traders and the state. Whether they were Anglo Americans or Brazilians, republican citizens or monarchical subjects, the free traders appearing in this book did not share an ideology, but they all desired access to foreign markets free of government regulation and prohibitive policies. The final chapters make the strongest case for this argument by focusing on familiar privateers, studied most recently by David Head and Caitlin Fitz, and obscure self-serving zealots who were temporarily appointed U.S. consuls before being removed for abusing their office and undermining U.S. foreign policy. Reeder seems to favor these and other free-trade "dissidents who challenged state authority" (2) because of their anti-state variant of liberty and commerce. There are dogged inconsistencies in this conflict-based interpretation that...

Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic by David Head, and: Privateering: Patriots and Profits in the War of 1812 by Faye M. Kert

Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic by David Head, and: Privateering: Patriots and Profits in the War of 1812 by Faye M. Kert

Contested Allegiances: Becoming American in the Age of Sail

Contested AllegiancesBecoming American in the Age of Sail Kathryn Mudgett (bio) Citizen Sailors: Becoming American in the Age of Revolution nathan perl-rosenthal Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2015 372pp. Pirate Nests and the Rise of the British Empire, 1570–1740 mark g. hanna Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015 448pp. Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic david head Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2015 201pp. To Swear like a Sailor: Maritime Culture in America, 1750–1850 paul a. gilje New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016 390pp. When Frederick Douglass, escaping from slavery by train in 1838, is accosted by the conductor to produce his “free papers,” Douglass does one better, presenting the sailor’s protection papers of a friend and declaring, “I have a paper with the American eagle on it, that will carry me round the world” (199). Douglass feels further insulated from detection by the “sailor style” of his clothing (red shirt, tarpaulin hat, black cravat loose at the neck), the “sailor’s talk” of which he is capable, and his intimate knowledge of ships “from stem to stern, and from keelson to cross-trees” (198). However much Douglass can immerse himself in the culture of the merchant [End Page 461] seaman, though, the conductor’s response to the borrowed document is “a critical moment in the drama” (198). But the seaman’s protection has an immediate effect on the official, who merely glances at it, implicitly acknowledging the normality of a black sailor possessing documentation of his free status. Douglass’s charade would have been detected easily upon even a perfunctory examination of the physical description of the man identified in the protection papers, someone “much darker than” (198) the runaway slave. The plausibility of Douglass “playing the sailor” (198) forestalls the conductor’s scrutiny of the document. This episode in Douglass’s escape to freedom illustrates in microcosm the ramifications of the cultural, political, and legal status of the American sailor as a valued member of society possessing benefits of federal citizenship shared by neither common white nor black landsmen in the early Republic and antebellum period. While some domestic port authorities and American consuls in foreign ports had provided protections to seamen earlier, the federal government in 1796 recognized the value of the merchant seaman to the nation by enacting legislation to protect him, as an American citizen, from the maritime predations of other nations by impressment or detention. An Act for the Relief and Protection of American Seamen (1796) established the right of any mariner who was a US citizen to obtain a seaman’s protection certificate as proof of his allegiance to the nation. This proof of citizenship was issued only “at the request” of the seaman, making the documentation process a volitional act whereby the seaman asserted his nationality and fidelity to the United States. Upon payment of twenty-five cents, the seaman received a document listing his name, age, and height, together with a description of “said seaman as particularly as may be,” and certification that he was a citizen of the United States of America. A sailor guarded his protection certificate closely; it was “an act of supreme trust,” Douglass noted (198), for a freeman of color to lend his protection to a slave temporarily to facilitate his escape from bondage. The physical certificate protecting the seaman was itself an unassuming printed form (sometimes decorated with a symbolic eagle), with the district custom collector’s name and location included, and blanks for inserting the certificate number, name, age, height, and physical description of the sailor, together with a space for the collector’s attestation and an official seal. Guarded closely by its possessor, the certificate, as noted, was confirmation [End Page 462] of the individual seaman’s declaration of loyalty to the United States and his intention to be recognized as an American. In a larger context, the protection certificate was the physical manifestation of the position of the American sailor in the vanguard of the debate over who could choose to hold the protected status of American citizen. In the congressional debates preceding enactment...

Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic by David Head

Reviewed by: Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic by David Head Kylie A. Hulbert (bio) Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic. By David Head. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2015. Pp. xiii, 201. $64.95 cloth; $32.50 paper) Numerous histories of conflicts at sea cast privateers in secondary roles, supporting the efforts of organized navies and fleets. At times, privateers are ignored altogether. David Head reverses this trend; in Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic, he brings privateers to the forefront by examining their role in Spanish America’s fight to gain independence from Spain in the early nineteenth century. The book focuses on privateers in the context of a broader Atlantic world. Head contends that the geopolitics of the time—that is, “four interlocking developments … the Napoleonic Wars, the Spanish American Wars of Independence, the War of 1812, and the United States’ pursuit of neutrality between France and Britain and between Spain and her colonies”—created a unique set of legal circumstances that enabled privateers to ply their trade with particular effectiveness [End Page 92] on the water (p. 6). By examining the ins and outs of privateering, the actors and governments involved, and the effects of these enterprises, Head posits that privateers played a critical role in the history of the Atlantic and the early republic. Privateers of the Americas coalesces around four main ports of privateer operations: New Orleans, Baltimore, Galveston, and Amelia Island. After providing a narrative context of Spanish American efforts toward independence in chapter one, Head devotes the next three chapters to these four locations. New Orleans, in particular, was a “smugglers’ paradise” due to its location between Spanish holdings (p. 43). Head utilizes the Laffite brothers, Jean and Pierre, to highlight how privateers in the bayou exploited legal loopholes, such as the distress exemption, to justify and continue their operations. Head postulates that the laws of various nations at the time, supported and shaped by the aforementioned geopolitics, created an environment ripe for privateering and smuggling. Although the Laffites often ignored or overlooked the law, privateers in Baltimore used international law to their advantage, Head argues. The distinction ultimately underscores how the location of privateer ventures determined how they operated and how they sold and smuggled their cargoes. Galveston and Amelia Island are paired together in chapter four as they fell outside of U.S. territory. Filibusters played a central role in those areas, Head maintains, because they could grant privateer commissions and establish prize courts. The final chapter of Head’s study examines the motivations of men involved in privateering, such as money and power, Spanish American independence, and personal aspirations. Head’s main source material comes from the case files of the U.S. federal courts. But, although Head provides a colorful depiction of the actions of privateers, he never explains the court procedure for cases involving privateers or how these particular cases came to the federal courts. Readers would have benefited from an analysis of this process as well as an explanation of how Head chose particular pieces of evidence and prioritized certain case records above others. Sailors’ [End Page 93] depositions are cited as evidence of these mariners’ motivations, for example, but the quotations seem cherry-picked; no full deposition is ever given. Privateers operating during this era were also different from those who fought in earlier conflicts, such as the American Revolution, when admiralty courts were a necessary aspect of privateering ventures. Smuggling played a much larger role in the lives of these particular privateers. Thus, a chronological comparison would have served well to distinguish the men of this era from their predecessors. Overall, David Head provides an in-depth look at Spanish American privateering, highlighting the crucial role of four main ports, and the multi-talented—and multi-motivated—men who served on board privateers. As such, Privateers of the Americas is a well-crafted study of American-based privateer operations on behalf of Spanish America during the early 1800s. Kylie A. Hulbert KYLIE A. HULBERT is an assistant...

Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic by David Head

Reviewed by: Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republicby David Head Mariana L. R. Dantas Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic. By David Head. Early American Places. (Athens, Ga., and London: University of Georgia Press, 2015. Pp. xviii, 201. Paper, $24.95, ISBN 978-0-8203-4864-3; cloth, $64.95, ISBN 978-0-8203-4400-3.) Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republicreveals the fascinating commercial, ideological, [End Page 917]political, and personal links between various North American, Caribbean, South American, and European historical actors along the waters and ports of the nineteenth-century Atlantic world. Working with nearly 350 federal court cases—as well as shipping news, diplomatic correspondence, and other sources—David Head skillfully weaves together the adventures and misadventures of these seamen, merchants, investors, and statesmen to uncover the complex geopolitical backdrop against which U.S. privateering for the Spanish Americas occurred. Head is mostly concerned with explaining how privateering worked, how the United States government responded to it, and what broader historical context facilitated or discouraged privateering. His answers to these questions emerge from the stories of men like James Chaytor, a Baltimore-based brig captain who renounced his American citizenship and was naturalized in Buenos Aires in order to legally accept a commission to attack Spanish vessels and capture Spanish goods. In the process of serving the greater goal of Spanish American independence, Chaytor also hoped to recover the investment he had made in the commodities he had taken to but failed to sell in Buenos Aires. Head introduces us as well to brothers Pierre and Jean Laffite, French nationals who ran an impressive smuggling scheme in Louisiana, in and around New Orleans. Mediating transactions between privateers eager to sell captured prizes and merchant-buyers eager to profit from the local trade in smuggled goods and slaves, the Laffites built an influential clientele who protected them from legal prosecution and ensured the longevity of their activities. We also learn about Thomas Taylor, a Delaware native turned citizen of Buenos Aires, who recruited privateers in Baltimore to cross the Atlantic and attack Spanish vessels on behalf of his adopted government. Along with other like-minded agents, he mobilized some wealthy and prominent Baltimore investors who helped make privateering for Spanish America an everyday business in that city. Finally, we meet men like Louis-Michel Aury, a French privateer, and Gregor MacGregor, a Scotsman who had served in the Venezuelan army. Both Aury and MacGregor ambitiously attempted to create independently governed havens for privateers in Galveston and on Amelia Island, respectively, vesting themselves with the political authority to issue their own privateering commissions. Through these individual stories, Head teases out the historical context that made privateering attractive and somewhat tolerated: the wars of independence in the Spanish American colonies; U.S. commitment to neutrality during territorial negotiations with Spain after the Louisiana Purchase; and the United States’ cautious sympathy for Spanish American independence at a time when some American citizens expressed enthusiastic support for it. Privateers of the Americasoffers a rich account of how the imperial and national struggle for sovereignty and territorial control intersected with individual pursuits of glory, wealth, and freedom of action to shape the early-nineteenth-century Atlantic world. Moreover, Head effectively challenges a scholarship that has interpreted American diplomatic and political history of the early nineteenth century as the onset of the age of manifest destiny. Instead, he situates events of this period firmly within an Atlantic world context, demonstrating that the comings and goings of the men who transited the Atlantic space during the early republic—and not plans of westward [End Page 918]expansion—were foremost in the minds of American statesmen negotiating U.S. international relationships. Head, therefore, reminds us that the Atlantic world, as a framework through which to interpret human action and political developments in the past, can be as relevant to writing the history of the young nations of the Americas as it has proved to be to the scholarship on early modern European empires. Mariana L...

Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic by David Head

Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic by David Head

If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy—From the Revolution to the War of 1812 , and: Commodore Abraham Whipple of the Continental Navy: Privateer, Patriot, Pioneer (review)

Reviewed by: If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy—From the Revolution to the War of 1812, and: Commodore Abraham Whipple of the Continental Navy: Privateer, Patriot, Pioneer David Head (bio) Keywords U.S. Naval history, Revolutionary War Navy, Commodore Abraham Whipple If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy—From the Revolution to the War of 1812. By George C. Daughan. (New York: Basic Books, 2008. Pp. 521. Cloth, $30.00.) Commodore Abraham Whipple of the Continental Navy: Privateer, Patriot, Pioneer. By Sheldon S. Cohen. (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2010. Pp. 232. Cloth, $69.95.) The military history of the American Revolution has been largely land-based, and for good reason: The Continental Navy underperformed its potential, despite the sacrifices and heroism of individuals. In their very different works, George C. Daughan and Sheldon S. Cohen seek a fresh appraisal of the early American Navy. Daughan has produced a broad, synthetic survey of the attempts to build a navy during the War of Independence as well as the new national government's efforts to create a navy appropriate for the new nation. Cohen, meanwhile, focuses on one captain, Abraham Whipple, and his services at sea in the revolutionary era. Taken together, Daughan and Cohen use naval affairs to offer glimpses of the origins, progress, and effects of the American Revolution. Daughan organizes his work around the fundamental naval policy debate of the day: Should America build a large, British-style force capable of blue-water cruising and confronting enemies abroad? Or should it build a small navy capable of guerilla-style attacks on a larger force and designed to operate close to home? According to Daughan, the nation's leaders consistently chose the wrong option, giving America a large navy [End Page 318] when it should have had a small one and a small navy when it needed a large one. When the Continental Congress created a navy, it imitated Britain. The position had its logic. The Royal Navy was the world's most powerful. Thus, the Continental Congress did as the British did: It created separate chains of command for the army and navy; committed to building thirteen frigates and ships of the line; dispatched naval vessels on prestige missions, such as transporting diplomats to Europe; and assigned the navy to raid British commerce. Each of these choices proved costly. Army and navy commanders failed to coordinate. Building thirteen large new vessels was more expensive than anticipated (of course) and simply added to the competition for scarce war materials. John Adams may have enjoyed the dignity of arriving in France aboard a national vessel, but a merchantman would have delivered him just as well. Privateers could have handled commerce raiding. Worst of all, the most talented commanders and the most powerful vessels were often far from the most critical battles. For example, during the Battle of Yorktown, John Paul Jones was in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, not fighting but waiting. He was sent there to take command of the 74-gun America, a vessel that had been under construction since 1776. Jones never did command the vessel. By the time it was finished, the war was over and the government gave her to France. Daughan builds a convincing case that a navy of row galleys, whaleboats, and gun boats could have performed much better. In fact, early in the war, before Royal Navy admiration took hold, swarms of small boats made effective raids on British vessels. These boats allowed the colonists to take advantage of their local knowledge: They could hide in creeks, strike at the enemy, and escape into the shallows. This was precisely the strategy British commanders feared most, but the Continental Congress wanted a large navy. Overall, Daughan offers a strong explanation for the poor performance of the Continental Navy and issues an important challenge for policymakers today: Fight the war you are faced with by using the strategy it demands. Moving into the early republic, Daughan frames the large navy-small navy debate against the formation of parties and the foreign affairs challenges of the Napoleonic Wars. Here he navigates seas well known to early republic scholars. Federalists advocated for a...

CULTIVATING A CRITICAL ATTITUDE IN PASTORAL THEOLOGY: A RESPONSE TO DAVID HOGUE

(2010). CULTIVATING A CRITICAL ATTITUDE IN PASTORAL THEOLOGY: A RESPONSE TO DAVID HOGUE. Journal of Pastoral Theology: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 56-63.

Surgeon James Inderwick (d. 1815) and United States Brig Argus in the War of 1812–14

In June 1813, during the War of 1812-1814 with America, the US Brig Argus embarked from New York with orders to raid British coastal commerce, causing panic in the British and Irish shipping trade. On the morning of 14 August, HM Brig Pelican engaged Argus off St David's Head. After a fierce battle, Argus surrendered. Her surgeon was James Inderwick whose journal tells of his work as a surgeon in the US Navy.

A lighting coordinate database for 3D art objects

Artists making three-dimensional art objects have an idea in their minds about how to illuminate their creations. For museums and galleries to illuminate these objects successfully according to the ideas of the artist, the types of light sources and their locations must be known. To fulfil this requirement, we propose a lighting coordinate database (LCD) to establish the coordinates of light sources. We describe two possible methods of obtaining data for this database: a computer software method and a hardware method. The head of Michelangelo's David is used to test the applicability of the two methods. In the software method, the scanned image of David's head is illuminated on the computer screen and data for the location of light sources are created. In the hardware method, a second set of data is created by illuminating a scale model of David using light emitting diodes (LED).

Attending to the fact – staying with dying. By Hilary Elfick and David Head London: Jessica Kingsley, 2004 ISBN 1 84310 247 1

Spirituality and Health InternationalVolume 6, Issue 3 p. 193-193 Book Review Attending to the fact – staying with dying. By Hilary Elfick and David Head London: Jessica Kingsley, 2004 ISBN 1 84310 247 1 Babs Allton, Babs Allton Nurse Specialist Gynaecology OncologySearch for more papers by this author Babs Allton, Babs Allton Nurse Specialist Gynaecology OncologySearch for more papers by this author First published: 10 January 2006 https://doi.org/10.1002/shi.10AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume6, Issue3September 2005Pages 193-193 RelatedInformation

A Prehistoric Field System and Related Monuments on St David's Head and Cam Llidi, Pembrokeshire

This short paper describes the remains of prehistoric settlements, chambered tombs, a promontory fort, a prehistoric defensive wall, a rectilinear field system, and other field systems on marginal land at St David's Head. Antiquarians and archaeologists have known of these remains for over two centuries, but it is only through modern surveying techniques and aerial photography that their true nature can be appreciated. The defensive wall and associated rectilinear field system could have originated from the 2nd millennium BC through to the 1st millennium BC. Other field systems and settlements are likely to be of later prehistoric or Romano-British origin. Elements of the field systems have influenced and are preserved in the modern ‘Pembrokeshire’ landscape which borders the headland.

Anthropogenic radionuclides in tide-washed pastures bordering the Irish Sea coast of England and Wales

The activity concentrations of 137Cs,238 Pu, 239,240Pu and 241Am were measured in root mat and vegetation samples collected from tide washed pastures in 17 estuaries spanning the eastern seaboard of the Irish Sea, extending from the Solway in north-west England to St. David's Head in south Wales. Some of these estuaries had been investigated in previous surveys, but this study is unique in that it covered a wide geographic range using the same sampling and analytical methodology and within a comparatively short time scale. This allows for a valid comparison within the data set of the contamination levels at the different areas. Spatial distributions of the radionuclides were consistent with transport of radionuclides discharged to the Irish Sea from the Sellafield Nuclear Reprocessing Plant, with the highest activities occurring in the Esk estuary (closest to Sellafield) and lowest at the Welsh sites. Measurable activity concentrations of238 Pu and 239,240Pu were found in root mat samples from the Solway estuary to as far south as the Gwyrfai in Wales and showed an average238 Pu/239,240Pu ratio of 0.2, consistent with Sellafield-derived Pu. The ratios of137 Cs/241Am increased with distance from the source, with values of 1:1 in estuaries near Sellafield to ratios between 2 and 5 in estuaries further south and in excess of 10:1 in Wales. This is probably due to the more rapid movement of dissolved137 Cs in Irish Sea waters compared with the actinides. In contrast, 241Am and 239,240Pu behave similarly with consistent ratios of between 2:1 and 3:1, as both are associated with particulates. Dose assessment calculations suggest that external exposure would be a maximum of 530 µSv at the most contaminated spot at the Esk estuary. Relatively lower doses arise from the ingestion of animal products (along the soil-vegetation-grazing animal pathway) due to the low availability of sediment-associated radionuclides for gut transfer. The dose assessment calculations highlight the importance of using the appropriate transfer parameters that take into account this low bioavailability.

Transport‐induced interannual variability of carbon monoxide determined using a chemistry and transport model

Transport‐induced interannual variability of carbon monoxide (CO) is studied during 1989–1993 using the Goddard chemistry and transport model (GCTM) driven by assimilated data. Seasonal changes in the latitudinal distribution of CO near the surface and at 500 hPa are captured by the model. The annual cycle of CO is reasonably well simulated at sites of widely varying character. Day to day fluctuations in CO due to synoptic waves are reproduced accurately at remote North Atlantic locations. By fixing the location and magnitude of chemical sources and sinks, the importance of transport‐induced variability is investigated at CO‐monitoring sites. Transport‐induced variability can explain 1991–1993 decreases in CO at Mace Head, Ireland, and St. David's Head, Bermuda, as well as 1991–1993 increases in CO at Key Biscayne, Florida. Transport‐induced variability does not explain decreases in CO at southern hemisphere locations. The model calculation explains 80–90% of interannual variability in seasonal CO residuals at Mace Head, St. David's Head, and Key Biscayne and at least 50% of variability in detrended seasonal residuals at Ascension Island and Guam. Upper tropospheric interannual variability during October is less than 8% in the GCTM. Exceptions occur off the western coast of South America, where mixing ratios are sensitive to the strength of an upper tropospheric high, and just north of Madagascar, where concentrations are influenced by the strength of offshore flow from Africa.

ONWARD, BUSINESS SOLDIERS: TOP BRITISH AND GERMAN MANAGERS AND THE LANGUAGE OF WARFARE

German Life and LettersVolume 47, Issue 3 p. 349-366 ONWARD, BUSINESS SOLDIERS: TOP BRITISH AND GERMAN MANAGERS AND THE LANGUAGE OF WARFARE DAVID HEAD, DAVID HEADSearch for more papers by this author DAVID HEAD, DAVID HEADSearch for more papers by this author First published: July 1994 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0483.1994.tb01544.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume47, Issue3July 1994Pages 349-366 RelatedInformation

Petrogenesis of the St David's Head Layered Intrusion, Wales: a complex history of multiple magma injection andin situcrystallisation

AbstractThe St David's Head Intrusion, exposed in North Pembrokeshire, is a tholeiitic sill up to 570 m thick, comprising principally mafic gabbros, which are in part layered. Layering varies from the centimetre to the metre scale. A range of gabbroic compositions is present, defining seven major petrological types, which are cut by thin silicic (aplitic) veins.Log–log plots of incompatible elements from the various lithological units indicate that all of the rocks in the intrusion are petrogenetically linked, although a variety of processes has been operative. Roach (1969) considered the quartz gabbros and dolerites, which form an envelope around the other units, to relate most closely to the parental composition. However, the least evolved compositions in the intrusion are from the xenolithic laminated olivine gabbros, although these mafic compositions are due primarily to the presence of abundant, mafic, cognate xenoliths. These xenoliths are thought to relate to an earlier episode of crystal accumulation in a high-level magma chamber. The various laminated gabbros reflect crystal accumulationin situafter magma emplacement, leading in certain layers to extreme enrichments in Fe, Ti, and V, related to high modal proportions of cumulus ilmenite. Furtherin situcrystallisation led to differentiation of the residual liquid, producing more silicic gabbros with well-developed granophyric textures, the granophyre reflecting the silicic residuum. Extreme differentiation, possibly combined with expulsion of silicic residual liquid during crystal accumulation and compaction, resulted in the cross-cutting aplite veins.Three different types of layering are present in the intrusion. Firstly, preferred orientation of tabular minerals in the laminated gabbro units is thought to result from discrete sedimentation episodes from a convecting magma chamber. Secondly, macrorhythmic modal layering up to 1 m thick consists of an alternation of relatively ilmenite-rich and ilmenite-poor layers in the laminated gabbro units, although the reason for the modal variation is not certain. Thirdly, a centimetre-scale felsic–mafic microrhythmic layering is present in the envelope quartz gabbros and dolerites, which is similar to the inch-scale layering in the Stillwater Igneous Complex. This layering is thought to relate to metasomatic reaction in the gabbro in the presence of water at a late magmatic stage. Overall, these various lithological units themselves define a large-scale layering in the intrusion.Combined, the petrological and geochemical data suggest that the St David's Head Intrusion was not emplaced in a single event. Rather, a series of magma pulses, of contrasting compositions but petrogenetically linked, was intruded. Some of the chemical variations now seen existed prior to emplacement, indicating the former presence of high-level crustal magma chambers, while other variations developed as a result ofin situcrystallisation processes and related chemical differentiation.

Ordovician bimodal volcanism in SW Wales: geochemical evidence for petrogenesis of the silicic rocks

Rhyolitic lavas, pyroclastic, and high-level intrusive rocks form an important component of a bimodal tholeiitic basalt-rhyolite association of early Ordovician (Llanvirn) age exposed in North Pembrokeshire, on Ramsey Island, in the Fishguard area, and on Mynydd Preseli. In the same region, a 400 m thick tholeiitic layered differentiated sill, the St David's Head intrusion, considered to be co-genetic with this association, comprises a series of units ranging from basic (olivine + orthopyroxene-bearing gabbros) through intermediate (granophyric gabbro) to acidic (aplite) compositions. Consideration of the major and trace element concentrations in these various intrusive units suggests that they are related largely through a crystal fractionation process. The principal fractionating phases were clinopyroxene and plagioclase feldspar, with olivine and orthopyroxene in the more mafic compositions, substantial Fe-Ti oxide and minor apatite in the intermediate compositions, and minor apatite and titanite in the most evolved compositions. A comparison between the composition of a typical aplite from the St David's Head intrusion and compositions of the various silicic rocks from the bimodal suites in North Pembrokeshire suggests these latter rocks have also been derived from a more basic tholeiitic magma via crystal fractionation. Potential parental magmas are the various basaltic lavas and related doleritic intrusions of the Fishguard Volcanic Complex. However, certain silicic lavas and intrusions from the Porth Maen Melyn area appear not to have been derived from a tholeiitic parental magma, but rather have a calc-alkaline type chemistry, similar to older lavas of the Trefgarn Volcanic Group exposed a short distance to the south of Fishguard. These findings support the contention that large volume silicic units in bimodal associations can be derived by crystal fractionation, despite the obvious geochemical discontinuity, and the apparently anomalous volume relationships commonly present.

The St. David's-Head ‘Rock-Series’, Pembrokeshire

1. I ntroduction . In a former paper, communicated to this Society, I gave a general description of the St. David's-Head intrusions. On that occasion I expressed the opinion that this area would repay a more detailed investigation, and I have since made a systematic examination of these rocks, both in the field and in the laboratory, confining my attention to the two large parallel intrusions forming the St. David's-Head and Carn-Llidi masses respectively. With the exception of the general account given in my former paper, these rocks do not appear to have been previously described in any detail. Several distinct types of rock occur in these masses, and it is the purpose of this paper to discuss their differences with the object of examining the problem of their origin. Briefly, the main point to be determined is whether these are to be regarded as an igneous complex, or whether they constitute a ‘rock-series,’ derived from a common magma by some process of differentiation. The two intrusions take the form of vertical sills intruded between almost perpendicular shales of Arenig age. They are composed of at least four types of rock, which, although closely allied, present marked mineralogical differences, often easily distinguishable in the field. There is a dark, basic variety, typically seen in parts of Cam Llidi, Carn Llidi Bechan, Carn Hen, and occasionally at Pen Lledwen and in parts of the St. David's-Head mass. This melanocratic type is moderately coarse in grain. It stands in conspicuous contrast to a leucocratic