Datura Plants Research Articles

Effect of plant growth regulator, gibberellic acid( GA3) and antibiotic, pencillin in the multiplication of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)

This experiment was conducted in Biology Department, Science College, University of Al- Anbar in 2018 season, to test the inhibition activity of gibberillic acid and antibiotic, pencillin against tomato mosaic virus.Two compounds were used to investigate resistance induction in tomato plants against the tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). In this study 50 ppm and 100 ppm of gibberillic acid and pencillin respectively were used to identify the activity in the inhibition of virus replicating or inducing the resistance in tomato plants against this virus. The results showed that the concentration 100 ppm of gibberillic acid is the best in the inhibition ratio ( in the experiment of mixture tomato mosaic virus inoculum and gibberillic acid or pencillin). It gave inhibition ratio 67.44 % (lesions number, 0.8133 lesion.cm-2), while the concentration 50 ppm gave inhibition ratio 54.92 % ( lesions number 1.126 lesion.cm-2), Moreover, the concentration 100 ppm of pencillin gave inhibition ratio 79 % ( lesions number, 0.580 lesion.cm-2) in comparison with the concentration 50 ppm which gave 74 % ( lesions number 0.712 lesion.cm-2).The results also showed, when treating tomato plants with the concentration 100 ppm of gibberillic acid by spray on plant, gave inhibition ratio 56.44 % compared with the concentration 50 ppm which give inhibition ratio 33.85 %. Also, the pencillin treatment gave better activity in the concentration 100 ppm which give inhibition ratio 70.494 % , while the concentration 50 ppm gave inhibition ratio 20.038 %.Based on the results of the experiment of immersion tomato roots with gibberellic acid at the concentration 100 ppm was the best, giving inhibition ratio 52.03 % while the 50 ppm of gibberellic acid gave inhibition ratio 26.89 %. Furthermore, when treating the tomato plant with pencillin the resistance against virus was higher at the concentration 100 ppm than at the concentration 50 ppm, which resulted in the inhibition ratios 63.60 % , 41.59 % respectively.The experiment of immersion Datura roots with gibberellic acid and pencillin showed no differences between the concentration 50 ppm of gibberellic acid and control. However, the 100 ppm of gibberellic acid gave inhibition ratio 53.76 %. This experiment did not identify any differences between the antibiotic pencillin concentrations, where the concentration 100 ppm of pencillin gave the highest resistance in plant against the virus with the lowest local lesions on Datura plant (inhibition ratio, 66.267% ) compared with the concentration 50 ppm which gave inhibition ratio, 21.881% and control.

An immunocompromised and polymedicated patient presenting a confusional syndrome

We present the case of a 52-year-old patient, 108 kg, admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) of New Caledonia Hospital Center in August 2018 for confusional syndrome and major agitation requiring the establishment of an important chemical restraint. In terms of medical history, the patient, a bricklayer with chronic cough in a context of diffuse interstitial pneumonitis related to chronic cement inhalation treated with long-term oxygen therapy and an association of micophenolate mofetil and prednisone, presented a month earlier a respiratory decompensation of infectious origin. On the morning of his new admission, he was perfectly fine. Then, he progressively presented coughing fits as well as neurological disorders. Medical examination in ED found tachycardia with heart rate = 92, confusional state associated with non-reactive bilateral mydriasis, language disorder, obsession and severe agitation, no fever. A mucocutaneous dryness was also noted. Blood and CSF biological investigations, cerebral CT with injection performed under midazolam sedation, revealed no abnormality. Patient was transferred to ICU for further sedation in front of persistent agitation, despite cyamemazine, haloperidol and clorazepate administrations. EEG found well-organised activity without seizure or paroxysm. From the interview with the family, it finally emerged that, if the patient did not consume any intoxicant, he was treated in addition to his immunosuppressive treatment with Lercanidipine, Esomeprazole, Allopurinol and Amitryptiline. Furthermore, he has been self-medicating for a week by plant decoctions for an episode of ichthyosarcotoxism of the ciguatera type. In front of the characteristic symptomatology of an anticholinergic syndrome, a poisoning by plants of the genus Datura or Brugmensia was considered. Blood and urine samples were taken 4 h after the appearance of the disorders for toxicological analysis using LC-UV-DAD (Acquity ® Waters ® system) and LC-MS/MS (Alliance ® and QuatroMicro ® Waters ® system). LC-UV-DAD urine analysis showed the presence of scopolamine and signed an acute intoxication by a probable tropical datura. Quantification, performed a posteriori by LC-MS/MS, confirmed the intoxication. Atropine concentrations were: undetected and 6.2 ng/mL in blood and urine, respectively; scopolamine concentrations were: 1.6 ng/mL and 643 ng/mL in blood and urine, respectively. Taking into account an elimination half-life of scopolamine between 1 h and 3 h, these concentrations are compatible with the clinical signs observed. It is likely that the patient has mistaken the leaves of “octopus bush” ( Heliotropium foertherianum , Boraginaceae ), a reputed traditional medicine plant to treat ciguatera fish poisoning, with leaves of a Brugmensia spp ( Solanaceae ). Given the heavy medical history of this patient, the questioning of his entourage has been crucial in the rapid orientation of the investigations in search of poisoning by plant and, taking into account the toxidrome presented in a tropical context, to look more specifically for the presence of scopolamine in the patient's urine. Subsequently, evolution was gradually favourable with normal neurological examination and hospital discharge at day 7.

In Vitro Callus Induction and Regeneration of Medicinal Plant Datura innoxia

The present study indicate the possibility of the development of callus from stem cut, leaf and root explants and regeneration of Datura plant (Datura innoxia) on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA) and 1-Naphthaleneacetic (NAA). Sterilized explants were inoculated and incubated in culture shade under different conditions (light and dark). Data analysis showed that maximum percentage (83%) of calli were induced from stem cut explants on MS media supplemented with NAA and BA at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/l respectively under dark condition. Maximum fresh and dry weight was found 395.63 mg and 35.64 mg respectively with supplementation of 0.5 mg/l NAA and 1 mg/l BA. Stem cut derived calli were transfer to MS regeneration medium supplementing different concentrations of plant regulators (PGRs) under different conditions. Maximum regeneration (78%) was found on MS media supplementing 1 mg/l of BA and 1 mg/l off NAA under dark condition. The attempt for callus induction from the explants (stem, leaf, root) using MS media with supplementation of different combinations of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), BA and NAA, Kinetin (kin) under both light and dark conditions were carried out but no significant results were found.

Using RAPD markers for genetic analysis in Three Species of Datura in Iraq

The study amis to develop the evidence genetic of active substances for several kinds of the Datura plant (Datura sp.), So it was procedure steps to isolated the Genomic DNA from leaf of Datura specis it is (Datura metel, Datura innoxia and Datura stramonium).(
 Has been used 51 primers in the experiments of the RAPD markers, but did not show 17 primers including any amplified band while showed in genomic in Datura plants, and 34 primers show results Differentiated locations where all the primers gave a differentiated binds Polymorphic band These results have been invested to study genetic variability among the species involved in study.

Datura and Brugmansia plants related antimuscarinic toxicity: an analysis of poisoning cases reported to the Taiwan poison control center

Introduction: Datura and Brugmansia plants, especially Datura species, have been used for their hallucinogenic effects in the United States and Europe; whereas Datura plants have been used as a traditional medicine in many Asian countries. This study was conducted to better understand the pattern and outcome of Datura/Brugmansia plant related poisoning in Taiwan.Methods: This is a retrospective case series study of all cases with Datura/Brugmansia exposure reported to the Taiwan Poison Control Center between 1986 and 2015. Data for patients with relevant poisoning were reviewed and abstracted. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify potential predictors of the severity of poisoning; bivariate analysis was employed to assess the effectiveness of physostigmine in the treatment of Datura/Brugmansia poisoning.Results: A total of 203 cases involving 114 Datura exposures and 89 Brugmansia suaveolens exposures were eligible for analysis. Using Datura/Brugmansia for a medicinal purpose by the patients without consulting Chinese medicine practitioners was the most common reason of poisoning (81.2%); whereas only 2% of the patients were poisoned after medicinal use associated with the prescription from Chinese medicine practitioners. None of the 203 patients had used Datura/Brugmansia plant for recreational purpose. Most frequently observed clinical effect was mydriasis (53.2%), followed by confusion (40%), tachycardia (35.5%), dry mouth (35.5%), dizziness (34%), dry skin (32.5%), and delirium (31%). Seventy-three cases (36%) had severe effects; none of them died. Misidentification of the plants and ingestion of plant parts other than flowers were positively associated with the severity of poisoning. Forty patients (19.7%) received physostigmine therapy and patients receiving physostigmine had an earlier resolution of central nervous system toxicity than those who did not.Conclusions: Medicinal use without consulting Chinese medicine practitioners is the main reason for Datura/Brugmansia poisoning in Taiwan. Consumption of parts other than flowers and misidentification of the plants predicted the severity of poisoning in this study. Patients who received physostigmine appear to have earlier improvement in the central nervous system effects. No adverse events were reported from physostigmine administration.

Biosynthesis of novel phytochemicals in tobacco plant infected with tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV)

The main purpose of this work was to study the effect of TMV infection on physiology of active gradient photochemicals and protein expression in infected tobacco plants. Impact of Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV) on active gradient photochemicals quantitative and qualitative was evaluated in Nicotiana tobaccum cv. white burly. First, the TMV samples were isolated from single local lesions of infected leaves of N. glutinosa. Then, the N. tobaccum cv. white burly plants were inoculated with TMV. The infected plants showed severe systemic mosaic symptoms and reduction of leave size. We used Datura metel as a diagnostic tool-plant (indicator) for mosaic virus because of its vast exhibitory ability to show the symptoms incited by viruses. It was confirmed that these symptoms were due to the effect of TMV virus, comparing with Datura plant (as control). Analysis of TMV infected leaves by GC-mass detected biosynthesis of novel photochemicals (2-cyclopenten-1-one, Furfural, Indene, Pyrrole, Benzonitrile, Guaiacol and Oxime, methoxy-phenyl) that could not be detected in healthy plants. Furthermore, a 56.17% decreased in nicotine content was observed in infected plants compared with healthy ones. Also, increase of soluble protein contents was observed in infected leaves in response to TMV infection, compared with healthy ones. Alterations in protein patterns were observed in N. tabaccum leaves in response to TMV infection using SDS PAGE. Several secondary bioactive compounds were also found to hold important functions in infected plants. For example, flavonoids could protect against free radicals generated during photosynthesis. Terpenoids may attract pollinators or seed dispersers, or inhibit competing plants. Alkaloids usually ward-off herbivore animals or insect attacks (phytoalexins).

THE EFFECTS OF THE ALKALOID SCOPOLAMINE ON THE PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOR OF TWO CATERPILLAR SPECIES.

Plants have evolved many defenses against insect herbivores, including numerous chemicals that can reduce herbivore growth, performance, and fitness. One group of chemicals, the tropane alkaloids, is commonly found in the nightshade family (Solanaceae) and has been thought to reduce performance and fitness in insects. We examined the effects of the tropane alkaloid scopolamine, the alkaloid constituent of Datura wrightii, which is the most frequent host plant for the abundant and widespread insect herbivore Manduca sexta in the southwestern United States. We exposed caterpillars of two different species to scopolamine: M. sexta, which has a shared evolutionary history with Datura and other solanceous plants, and Galleria mellonella, which does not. We showed that the addition of ecologically-realistic levels of scopolamine to both the diet and the hemolymph of these two caterpillar species (M. sexta and G. mellonella) had no effect on the growth of either species. We also showed that M. sexta has no behavioral preference for or against scopolamine incorporated into an artificial diet. These results are contrary to other work showing marked differences in performance for other insect species when exposed to scopolamine, and provide evidence that scopolamine might not provide the broad-spectrum herbivore resistance typically attributed to it. It also helps to clarify the coevolutionary relationship between M. sexta and one of its main host plants, as well as the physiological mechanism of resistance against scopolamine.

Identification of Datura Species Involved in a Food-Poisoning Case Using LC-MS/MS and DNA Barcording.

A food-poisoning case due to eating the roots of Datura occurred in Kawasaki City, Japan in 2014. The Datura plant was mistakenly collected instead of burdock in a domestic garden. The roots of these plants are quite similar to each other. We presumed that the specimen was the root of Datura, but it was difficult to classify it only from the morphology. Using LC-MS/MS, we detected atropine and scopolamine from the remaining plant specimen. Therefore, we applied the DNA barcoding method. The results showed that the specimen was classified into Solanaceae family, but not Asteraceae family. Thus, the specimen was confirmed to be Datura species based on both chemical and genetic analyses.

Datura poisoning, clinical and laboratory findings. Report of five cases

Introduction. Plants of Datura species contain belladonna alkaloids that can cause central and peripheral anticholinergic effects. Abuse of Datura plants for their hallucinogenic effects is growing among adolescents and young adults. Datura poisoning has caused a diagnostic challenge in medical emergency wards. In this article we report 5 cases of Datura toxicity at Clinical Toxicology Emergency of Baharloo Hospital, Tehran, Iran during Summer-Fall 2015, and discuss their clinical presentations and laboratory findings. Cases Description. All 5 cases with Datura toxicity were young males and had intentionally used the plants. Mean duration of hospitalization was 3.2 days. ree cases were multiple drug abusers. Mydriasis, tachycardia, tachypnea and ushing alongside with psychotic-like signs and symptoms were observed in all cases. Elevation of liver enzymes was present in three of cases but without clinical signi cance. Raised LDH or CPK in four patients were without myoglubinuria and evidence of rhabdomyolysis and these biomarkers returned to normal by supportive care. All patients discharged with complete recovery and there was no need to ICU admission. Discussion. With the absence of routine laboratory screening tests for alkaloids and complex and confusing presentations of Datura intoxication, diagnosis of such cases is difficult. Physicians' clinical suspicion and su cient knowledge plays the mainstay role in appropriate and timely diagnosis and management of cases with Datura toxicity. Since regulatory legislation wouldn't be successful in halting the availability of natural plants, the best strategy to prevent Datura abuse is informing people about the adverse e ects of these plants. Key Words: datura stramonium, poisoning, abuse, anticholinergic, laboratory ndings, liver function tests, rhabdomyolysis. Language: en

Isolation and characterization of three new PGPR and their effects on the growth of Arabidopsis and Datura plants

ABSTRACTThis study characterizes three bacterial strains isolated from plant rhizospheres and evaluates their performance as plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Pseudomonas plecoglossicida strain Pp20 was isolated from the rhizosphere of a date palm in Bechar (Algerian Sahara), Bacillus spec. strain Bt04 isolated from the rhizosphere of pear in Ghardaia (Algerian Sahara) and Lysinibacillus fusiformis strain Lf89 was isolated from the rhizosphere of tomato in Ain Defla (northern Algeria). Their effects on plant growth and development were analyzed in different in vitro cultures: an Arabidopsis thaliana plate assay and two hydroponic systems for Datura stramonium and Datura tatula. Our results show that all strains significantly improve plant growth of the plant species tested and some strains produce a shift in the C/N ratio in A. thaliana. Inoculation had no effect on alkaloid production per gram leaf dry weight in D. stramonium, but specific plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria interactions may alter the alkaloid composition in the shoot.

Inhibition of Tomato Mosaic Virus replication in tomato plant Lycopersicon esculentum by Trichoderma harzianum mill fungi and its supernatant which filteration with chlorophorm.

The study was conducted to know the effect of crud filtrate of T. harzianum and its supernatant which screened with chlorophorm in replication of Tomato mosaic virus in tomato plant Lycopersicon esculentum and relied Datura stramonium plants as indicator plant to determind the number of local lesion, the results showed the positive effect of protein sediments in reduce the number of local lesion in Datura plants which which gave 3.145 lession/ cm2 while supernatant gave 5.236 lession/ cm2 and phosphate buffer treatment gave 7.176 lession/ cm2 .The results showed that the treatment of sidements proteins from supernatant which filtrate with chlorophorm reduced the number of local lesion with rate 5.295 lession/ cm2 compared with two control treatment ( water, potato media) which gave 8.212, 8.333 lession/ cm2 respectivly, while the crud filtrate treatment gave rate 5.012 lession/ cm2 , that mean, the treatment of crud filtrate succese to reduce the number of lesion and reduced the virus replication comparison with protein extract. Also, boiling the crud filtrate and protein extract led to losing the activity of both treatments, because the protein substances lost there inhibition activity when they exposed to high heat degree.The concentration 10-1 for crud filtrate and its filtrate screening with chlorophorm gave the grate effect in inhibition the virus in cm2 then the concentration 10-2 then 10-3 .

Plant seed species identification from chemical fingerprints: a high-throughput application of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry.

Plant species identification based on the morphological features of plant parts is a well-established science in botany. However, species identification from seeds has largely been unexplored, despite the fact that the seeds contain all of the genetic information that distinguishes one plant from another. Using seeds of genus Datura plants, we show here that the mass spectrum-derived chemical fingerprints for seeds of the same species are similar. On the other hand, seeds from different species within the same genus display distinct chemical signatures, even though they may contain similar characteristic biomarkers. The intraspecies chemical signature similarities on the one hand, and interspecies fingerprint differences on the other, can be processed by multivariate statistical analysis methods to enable rapid species-level identification and differentiation. The chemical fingerprints can be acquired rapidly and in a high-throughput manner by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) analysis of the seeds in their native form, without use of a solvent extract. Importantly, knowledge of the identity of the detected molecules is not required for species level identification. However, confirmation of the presence within the seeds of various characteristic tropane and other alkaloids, including atropine, scopolamine, scopoline, tropine, tropinone, and tyramine, was accomplished by comparison of the in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation patterns of authentic standards, to the fragmentation patterns observed in the seeds when analyzed under similar in-source CID conditions. The advantages, applications, and implications of the chemometric processing of DART-MS derived seed chemical signatures for species level identification and differentiation are discussed.

Effect of exogenous putrescine on growth, photosynthesis and alkaloid compounds of Datura (Datura stramonium L.) in response to salinity stress under hydroponic conditions

Nowadays, cultivation of medicinal plants in the greenhouse and use of appropriate strategies to improve the response to environmental stresses has been under consideration. In this research, effect of exogenous putrescine on resistance of Datura stramonium plant to salinity stress was evaluated through studying growth parameters, amount of chlorophyll a, b, soluble carbohydrates and alkaloid compounds in roots and shoots of this plant. Seeds of Datura plant were grown in a mixture of soil and sand. After 35 days, the plants were transferred to Hoagland solution. Different concentrations of NaCl (0, 20, 40 and 60 mM) and putrescine (0.01 and 0.05 mM) were added to Hoagland solution, depending on the treatment type, in the form of 10 independent and combined treatments, based on randomized complete blocks design. After 15 days, shoots and roots of treated plants were evaluated. Results showed that with increasing salt concentration, the shoot length, fresh and dry weight of roots and chlorophyll a, b content were decreased. On the other hand, dry and fresh weight of shoots, chlorophyll a, b, soluble carbohydrates and alkaloid compounds were significantly increased with putrescine application in the treatments which contained salt. This research confirmed the positive role of exogenous putrescine in improving the growth, chlorophyll pigments, soluble carbohydrates and alkaloid compounds of Datura medicinal plant in saline conditions.

Morphometric Analysis of Datura Plant to Understand Variation and Similarities among Four Major Species

Datura, well known for its poisonous and hallucinogenic properties has great importance in . Seeds and leaves are used for treating various ailments. Four commonly occurring Datura species were considered for morphometric analyis to supplement precise variability in statistical terms to taxonomy. For each quantitatiave trait an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test is conducted to test whether the means of three or more groups are the same. Turkey-Kramer test of individual charecteristics provided support to species wise grouping that indicate significant differncences among populations. Among fifteen traits measured, at least 13 traits vary between any two species. Cluster analysis reveals that D. metel and D. innoxia has related origin, D. stramonium and D. ferox forms separate group.

Toxic compounds in honey

There is a wealth of information about the nutritional and medicinal properties of honey. However, honey may contain compounds that may lead to toxicity. A compound not naturally present in honey, named 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), may be formed during the heating or preservation processes of honey. HMF has gained much interest, as it is commonly detected in honey samples, especially samples that have been stored for a long time. HMF is a compound that may be mutagenic, carcinogenic and cytotoxic. It has also been reported that honey can be contaminated with heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium. Honey produced from the nectar of Rhododendron ponticum contains alkaloids that can be poisonous to humans, while honey collected from Andromeda flowers contains grayanotoxins, which can cause paralysis of limbs in humans and eventually leads to death. In addition, Melicope ternata and Coriaria arborea from New Zealand produce toxic honey that can be fatal. There are reports that honey is not safe to be consumed when it is collected from Datura plants (from Mexico and Hungary), belladonna flowers and Hyoscamus niger plants (from Hungary), Serjania lethalis (from Brazil), Gelsemium sempervirens (from the American Southwest), Kalmia latifolia, Tripetalia paniculata and Ledum palustre. Although the symptoms of poisoning due to honey consumption may differ depending on the source of toxins, most common symptoms generally include dizziness, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, headache, palpitations or even death. It has been suggested that honey should not be considered a completely safe food.

A diagnostic challenge

Dilated pupil is a diagnostic challenge encountered by neurologists and ophthalmologists. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current data and guidelines concerning dilated pupils. The majority of recent reports on dilated pupils are indicative of several medical conditions that require evaluation. The topical synthetic parasympatholytic agents; local contamination of antihistamines with their antimuscarinic effects; atropine, scopolamine, and tropane alkaloids in all species of Datura plants may produce mydriasis. The causes of pupillary dilatation can be unilateral, bilateral, and transient. The clinical approach to dilated pupils requires stepwise evaluation, and based on the findings, unnecessary and costly procedures can be avoided.

Complementation between two tospoviruses facilitates the systemic movement of a plant virus silencing suppressor in an otherwise restrictive host.

BackgroundNew viruses pathogenic to plants continue to emerge due to mutation, recombination, or reassortment among genomic segments among individual viruses. Tospoviruses cause significant economic damage to a wide range of crops in many parts of the world. The genetic or molecular basis of the continued emergence of new tospoviruses and new hosts is not well understood though it is generally accepted that reassortment and/or genetic complementation among the three genomic segments of individual viruses could be contributing to this variability since plants infected with more than one tospovirus are not uncommon in nature.Methodology/Principal FindingsTwo distinct and economically important tospoviruses, Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), were investigated for inter-virus interactions at the molecular level in dually-infected plants. Datura (Datura stramonium) is a permissive host for TSWV, while it restricts the movement of IYSV to inoculated leaves. In plants infected with both viruses, however, TSWV facilitated the selective movement of the viral gene silencing suppressor (NSs) gene of IYSV to the younger, uninoculated leaves. The small RNA expression profiles of IYSV and TSWV in single- and dually-infected datura plants showed that systemic leaves of dually-infected plants had reduced levels of TSWV N gene-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). No TSWV NSs-specific siRNAs were detected either in the inoculated or systemic leaves of dually-infected datura plants indicating a more efficient suppression of host silencing machinery in the presence of NSs from both viruses as compared to the presence of only TSWV NSs.Conclusion/SignificanceOur study identifies a new role for the viral gene silencing suppressor in potentially modulating the biology and host range of viruses and underscores the importance of virally-coded suppressors of gene silencing in virus infection of plants. This is the first experimental evidence of functional complementation between two distinct tospoviruses in the Bunyaviridae family.

Green agriculture cultivation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) with foliar applied plant leaf extract and soil applied panchgavya

The effect of soil applied panchgavya and foliar applied plant leaf extracts on the biochemical properties, yield and yield attributes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was examined in a field trial at CAZRI, Regional Research Station, Jaisalmer during kharif 2006 and 2007 under irrigated conditions. Successive increase in panchgavya levels from 0 to 3.0 l/m2 led to significant increase in dry matter, chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity, yield and yield attributes of groundnut. Soil application of panchgavya at 3.0 l/m2 recorded 85, 93 and 90% higher pod, haulm and biological yield compared to control. Foliar application of neem (Azadirachta indica), datura (Datura metel) and tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) plant leaf extracts in combination with Panchgavya in 1: 1 ratio at 35 and 55 days after sowing recorded significantly higher content of chlorophyll, plant dry matter, yield attributes and pod yields compared to water sprayed control. Foliar application of datura + panchgavya recorded 22 and 21% higher pod and biological yields compared to water sprayed control.

Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite as a plant gene delivery vector trans-activated by taxonomically diverse geminiviruses

Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) replicates in tobacco, tomato and datura plants in the presence of the helper viruses tomato leaf curl virus-Australia, Iranian isolates of tomato yellow leaf curl virus, tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus, and beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV). Infectious recombinant CLCuMB constructs were made in which segments of either the CaMV 35S or the petunia ChsA promoter replaced the CLCuMB βC1 ORF, and these were designated pBinβΔC1-35S and pBinβΔC1-ChsA, respectively. Inoculation of tobacco plants containing a functional 35S-GUS transgene with pBinβΔC1-35S, and normal petunia plants with pBinβΔC1-ChsA, in the presence of helper viruses resulted in silencing of GUS and ChsA activities in transgenic tobacco and non-transgenic petunia plants, respectively. Replication of CLCuMB with different geminiviruses, especially BSCTV, a curtovirus with a broad host range, makes it a valuable gene delivery vector to the large number of host plant species of geminiviruses that support CLCuMB.

CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE MEIOSIS BEHAVIOUR DIVISION OF (DATURA, ERUCA AND CARDUUS) PLANTS IN HABANIA LAKE OF ANBAR

During the study of the behavior of meiosis in 5 anthers in each species of (Datura inoxia(Solanaceae),Eruca sativa(Cruciferae)andCarduus pycnocephalus(Compositae) around the area of Habania leak, Datura plant revealed a moderate number of cells between (107 – 433)for the 3 stages prophase,TelophaseI and TelophaseII. and the maximum number of cells was (1096) in one of anthers. Eruca plant showed an imparity in number with in three stages, with minimum number of 3 cells and maximum of (2965)cells. But Carduus gave lower number of cells varied between (6-134) . The clear difference in cells number for each of the three stages within one species, due to the incompleat developmet of different anthers. The percentage of (total mean number) of Datura was 18.91 %, Eruca 79.65 % and Carduus 2.8%. The Carduus revealed was the lowest product of cells, following by Datura, but Eruca had the highest production of pollen cells, which confirm more activity and high resistant. More over, an aberration cases in chromosome number in the equator of the cells at anaphase meiosis division,was clear in Eruca & Datura.