Database Server Research Articles

SQLI Attack: An Approach using ML and Hybrid Techniques

Abstract: Web-based systems are significantly at risk from SQL Injection Attacks (SQLIA), particularly in industries that handle sensitive data, like finance and healthcare. During these attacks, hostile actors insert false SQL queries into the database server of a web application in an effort to steal sensitive data. The use of classifiers and techniques like end-to-end deep learning and expanding the Aho-Corasick algorithm to detect SQLIA attacks have been covered in the literature. These researches have shed light on identifying and minimizing SQLIA, but the problem still exists. To detect and prevent SQLIA, a thorough methodology is suggested that combines static and dynamic studies with machine learning and hybrid tactics. The study compares several machine learning algorithms with hybrid techniques, showcasing the hybrid strategy's higher performance in both training and test sets. This method, which provides a practical means to secure web applications, is put out as a potential remedy for the persistent problem of SQLIA. In result, SQL Injection Attacks continue to be a danger, requiring effective ways for detection and prevention. It is highlighted as a promising solution the potential of machine learning and hybrid solutions, notably the hybrid approach. The study emphasizes how crucial it is to follow recommended procedures for protecting online applications from SQLIA attacks.

Sistem Informasi Administrasi Surat Berbasis Web Pada Kantor Desa Menerapkan Metode Waterfall

A web-based mail administration information system is used to manage the administrative service process for submitting correspondence. The process of submitting correspondence to Rojopolo Village is still done manually using the Microsoft Word application. The obstacle faced by service officers is when they need data reports on letter submissions from residents, because letter data is only in the form of archival paper which carries the risk of losing data, besides that the manual letter submission process takes a long time so that the letter administration service is less effective and efficient. To overcome this problem, a Web-based Mail Administration Information System will be built at the Rojopolo Village Office so that it can improve the performance of the village service department in processing data so that services are more effective and efficient. The system development method uses the waterfall method and system design uses unifield modeling language (UML) diagrams. Based on the results of black box testing, the features built (such as letter submission, letter list, population registration, master data, reports) work 100%. The system was built using the Visual Basic .Net programming language and MSSQL Server database.

Sistem Informasi Penerimaan Karyawan (E-Recruitment) Menggunakan Pendekatan Human Centered Design (HCD)

A Web-Based Employee Recruitment Information System or e-Recruitment can be used as a solution in handling the employee recruitment process in a company. With a web-based employee recruitment information system or e-recruitment, companies can choose the right employees for their company themselves. Apart from that, companies can also process applicant data in a database so that applicant data does not accumulate in the filing cabinet. In this research, the author discusses how to design a web-based employee recruitment information system. The system development methodology used is Human Centered Design. The system was built using the PHP programming language, database server with MySQL. The result to be achieved from this research is that the web-based employee recruitment information system is expected to be able to assist the company's HRD department in the employee recruitment process and make it easier for managers to view employee recruitment reports.

Research on Public Management of Health Examination in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

In the face of the social environment with the rapid development of population aging, ordinary social residents may suffer from chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cerebral thrombosis, coronary heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, respiratory diseases, etc., so regular physical examination for middle-aged and elderly groups and young groups has become an important direction of the CDC's public management. Relying on big data mining technology, C/S (Client Server) architecture, SQL server database and other software development technologies, we will build an information management system for the health examination of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We will strengthen the systematic input and management of personnel registration, examination photography, project sampling, examination results, and review results, effectively improving the public management quality of the health examination of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

WEB Based Geographic Information System For School Maping In Bungo District

The Bungo Regency Government has done several things in realizing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which are the current global focus that are mutually agreed upon, including Indonesia. This is intended to make the data easier to display. Displaying information in web form will make it easier for people to see it. The method in this research is the Waterfall method. In designing maps using Google Maps, the software used in building this application is PHP, HTML, CSS, as a programming language, MySQL as a database server, and Codeigniter. GIS mapping of education in Bungo Regency is a system that provides information to the public about the location of schools in Bungo Regency and their supporting facilities

Campus Management System with ID Card using Face Recognition with LBPH Algorithm

The Face recognition system mentioned is a computer vision and image processing application designed to carry out two primary functions: identifying and verifying a person from an image or a video database. The objective of this research is to provide a more efficient and effective alternative to traditional manual management systems. It can be used in offices, schools, and organizations where security is critical. In the proposed system, initially, all students enrolled in the Academic Year whose information is stored in a database server and released a unique ID Card with their facial image to be a smart campus. The main objective of the proposed system is to automate the time-in, and time-out of students, teachers, staff, and anyone who enters and leaves the campus of the University of Computer Studies, Hinthada (UCSH). This system is implemented with the 405 students in the 2022-2023 Academic Year, 86 permanent staff including the principal whose ID card (Name, Year, Roll No, NRC, Father Name: for students, Name, Rank, Department, NRC, Address: for teachers and staffs). As soon as someone enters the campus of a university, the ID card is scanned, the images of the ID card are captured and the face onthe card will be matched with the faces in the trained dataset to detect by using the Haar cascade classifier, and recognize the face using Local Binary Pattern LBPH algorithm. The proposed system demonstrates strong performance, achieving an accuracy rate of over 90% for everyone entering the campus. It is both effective and efficient, providing a smart solution for identification.

IoT Prototype Measuring Plant Height in Real-Time

Physically, development of plants will experience physical changes, one of which is the height of the plant. Monitoring activities will certainly be effective with the help of technology. The utilization of IoT is a technological breakthrough in that multitasking can be used for monitoring and sharing data simultaneously. So to support growth observation activities, this study aims to implement an IoT-based prototype modeling tool with ultrasonic sensors embedded in the NodeMCU microcontroller which is integrated with the database server. Modeling is used to analyze the workings of measuring plant height, involving case studies of mustard plant growth which are interpreted descriptively based on sensor capture height which is compared with expert-validated original observations. The research method used is quantitative data processing in the form of comparison charts. The data obtained in real-time by accessing the website address is available so that the data records are stored in the database server for as much as 1071 data for 33 days with 5 storage sessions a day. The results of the IoT prototype modeling managed to capture altitude data, with a comparison presentation between the height of the original plant and the sensor capture of 54.7% valid data without any difference. The conclusion from this study, there are still quite a lot of differences in the comparison of the two. This is due to modeling with improper sensor placement, so that it is detected outside the boundaries between predetermined objects.

NEW STUDENT REGISTRATION INFORMATION SYSTEM AT THE WAISUMAR STATE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL MODEL SCHOOL

Registration carried out by the system automatically provides announcements of registration results carried out online. Prospective new students can find out announcements easily using the internet. The implementation of online admissions for new students is considered to have its own advantages and benefits. Apart from being more efficient, online acceptance of new students is more transparent and open. This includes facilitating monitoring both by students or parents and the community as well as by departments and related parties. The method used in this research is a data collection technique where there are observations, interviews and literature studies. This new student admissions information system was built using the PHP programming language and utilizes the MySQL database as the database server. It is hoped that this research can help prospective new students and new student admissions officers in the process of registering new students at the Waisumar State Elementary School.

Wireless Sensor Networks Fault Detection and Identification

We have developed and experimentally tested a set of models for the detection and identification of sensor faults that commonly occur in wireless sensor networks. Considered faults include outlier, spike, variance, high-frequency noise, offset, gain, and drift faults. These faults affect the system operations and can endanger operators, final users, and the general public. The fault detection models are divided into two classes: data-centric models, which only analyze a single data stream, and system-centric models, which consider the overall system. For data-centric models, we use the magnitude, the gradient, and the variance of raw sensor data to model faults. For system-centric models, we introduce variogram-based techniques that allow faults to be detected by comparing readings from multiple sensors that measure related phenomena. For data-centric and system-centric sensor fault detection, we show how a few model parameters affect the sensitivity of wireless sensor network fault models. We present simulation and experimental results that illustrate the fault detection and identification models. The system is intended for health monitoring applications of the NASA Stennis Space Center (SSC) test stands and widely distributed support systems, including pressurized gas lines, propellant delivery systems, and water coolant lines. The testbed consists of Coremicro® reconfigurable embedded smart sensor nodes [29] capable of wireless communication, a network-capable application processor, a wireless base station, the software that supports sensor and actuator health monitoring, a database server, and a smartphone running a health monitoring Android application.

Immunoinformatic Approach for Rational Identification of Immunogenic Peptides Against Host Entry and/or Exit Mpox Proteins and Potential Multiepitope Vaccine Construction.

COVID-19 has intensified humanity's concern about the emergence of new pandemics. Since 2018, epidemic outbreaks of the mpox virus have become worrisome. In June 2022, the World Health Organization declared the disease a global health emergency, with 14 500 cases reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 60 countries. Therefore, the development of a vaccine based on the current virus genome is paramount in combating new cases. In view of this, we hypothesized the obtainment of rational immunogenic peptides predicted from proteins responsible for entry of the mpox virus into the host (A17L, A26L/A30L, A33R, H2R, L1R), exit (A27L, A35R, A36R, C19L), and both (B5R). To achieve this, we aligned the genome sequencing data of mpox virus isolated from an infected individual in the United States in June 2022 (ON674051.1) with the reference genome dated 2001 (NC_003310.1) for conservation analysis. The Immune Epitope Database server was used for the identification and characterization of the epitopes of each protein related to major histocompatibility complex I or II interaction and recognition by B-cell receptors, resulting in 138 epitopes for A17L, 233 for A28L, 48 for A33R, 77 for H2R, 77 for L1R, 270 for A27L, 72 for A35R, A36R, 148 for C19L, and 276 for B5R. These epitopes were tested in silico for antigenicity, physicochemical properties, and allergenicity, resulting in 51, 40, 10, 34, 38, 57, 25, 7, 47, and 53 epitopes, respectively. Additionally, to select an epitope with the highest promiscuity of binding to major histocompatibility complexes and B-cell receptor simultaneously, all epitopes of each protein were aligned, and the most repetitive and antigenic regions were identified. By classifying the results, we obtained 23 epitopes from the entry proteins, 16 from the exit proteins, and 7 from both. Subsequently, 1 epitope from each protein was selected, and all 3 were fused to construct a chimeric protein that has potential as a multiepitope vaccine. The constructed vaccine was then analyzed for its physicochemical, antigenic, and allergenic properties. Protein modeling, molecular dynamics, and molecular docking were performed on Toll-like receptors 2, 4, and 8, followed by in silico immune simulation of the vaccine. Finally, the results indicate an effective, stable, and safe vaccine that can be further tested, especially in vitro and in vivo, to validate the findings demonstrated in silico.

Synthesis of Publication Metrics in Kinesiology-Related Journals: Proxies for Rigor, Usage, and Prestige

ABSTRACT This study documented three domains of journal research quality using metrics from six major publishers and two major database services for a large sample of kinesiology-related journals: Rigor/soundness, usage, and prestige. All journal metrics were highly skewed and variable. Median acceptance rates and initial review time were consistent with rigorous peer-review. Four variables were strongly interrelated (0.849 < r < 0.963) and indicate typical usage of 1 to 3 citations for articles in these journals. The 5-year Eigenfactor Score had a relatively weaker association (0.510 < r < 0.758) with the usage metrics, supporting it as an estimate of the prestige afforded these kinesiology journals in Scopus instead of usage. Care must be taken to interpret multiple journal metrics; taking into account the skew, large variability, and confounding factors such as journal size and subject. Differences across quality domains, metrics, and bias from numerous contextual factors refute the insidious misuse of any single journal metric as quality indictor for ranking journals.

Performance analysis of databases created in virtualized and containerized environment

Database systems are currently implemented on different environments - containerized and virtualized. This paper aimed to compare the performance of relational databases running on these two environments. Therefore, two research hypotheses were formulated. The first hypothesis assumed that databases running on Docker containers are more efficient than those on virtual machines. The second one assumed that the Oracle is the most efficient database regardless of which environment it was run on. MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server and Oracle databases were tested. The study measured the execution times of INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and SELECT queries. Each test was repeated 100 times. It was stated that databases running on Docker containers outperform instances running on virtual machines. Furthermore, it was found that the PostgreSQL database have a definite advantage in performance over the rest, analysed databases, which allowed the second hypothesis to be rejected.

Effectiveness of virtual reality in nursing education: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the transformative potential of Virtual Reality (VR) has shown significant potential in transforming nursing education by providing immersive and interactive learning experiences. Our objective is to systematically evaluate and conduct a meta-analysizes on the impact effect of virtual reality technology in teaching nursing students.MethodsTo achieve this, we conducted comprehensive computer searches on platforms including of PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, Zhiwang database, Wanfang database, and China Biomedical Literature Service (SinoMed), were conducted to collect randomized controlled trial studies on the use of virtual reality’s technology for teaching nursing students built up to until March 2023., and the Cochrane Furthermore, the quality of the included literature was assessed evaluated using the quality evaluation criteria specified for randomized controlled trial studies within the Cochrane provided in the evaluation handbook manual. In addition, a meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 software.ResultsThe aggregate outcomes from a total of 12 randomized controlled trials, encompassing including 1167 students, indicate were included. Meta-analysis results showed that virtual reality technology significantly enhances could better improve nursing students’’ theoretical knowledge [(SMD = 0.97, 95% CI [0.48, 1.46], p < 0.001)], practical skills (SMD = 0.52, 95% CI [0.33, 1.46], p < 0.001), skill retention, (SMD = 0.52, 95% CI [0.33, 0.71], p < 0.001), and satisfaction levels (SMD = 1.14, 95% CI [0.85, 1.43], p < 0.001), in comparison with traditional or alternative teaching methodologies. However, no statistically significant impact was observed on the enhancement of critical thinking skills (SMD = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.64], p = 0.07) among nursing students.ConclusionOur findings underscore that compared to conventional teaching methods, virtual reality offers superior potential in advancing nursing students’ theoretical knowledge, practice proficiencies, and overall satisfaction, while not yielding a significant advantage in enhancing critical thinking skills. The incorporated literature consisted exclusively of randomized controlled trials, albeit a subset of these studies omitted descriptions of the allocation concealment strategy.

PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA IN THE ERA OF DIGITALIZATION: CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECT

The article is devoted to the study of the constitutional and legal foundations for the protection of personal data in the era of global digitalization. The authors conducted a comparative legal analysis of international acts and modern Kazakhstani legislation regulating, first of all, constitutional rights to the protection of private life, including the right to family and personal secrets; as well as the right to secrecy of personal savings and deposits; the right to privacy of correspondence, including telephone conversations, telegraph and postal messages, and the like. This article presents international legal and national instruments that guarantee the provision and protection of the right to privacy in the era of global digitalization, and also analyzes the legislative guarantees of non-interference in private life (including guarantees of protection from surveillance of private life, and guarantees non-dissemination of information about it). The article substantiates the need to introduce appropriate measures and tools to effectively protect personal data in the process of their collection, accumulation, use on automated database servers from accidental or unauthorized access, modification/destruction, or leakage or distribution. In addition, the article analyzes questions about the need to expand the conceptual apparatus of constitutional law; the formation of new terminological systems that would cover the entire process of informatization and digitalization in relation to constitutional and legal institutions in the field of personal data protection. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors formulated problematic areas of constitutional and legal recognition and legal protection of personal data. Some proposals were also formulated to improve the national legislation in relation to privacy and an attempt was made to comprehend a new set of concepts in the constitutional and legal sphere associated with the digitalization of legal relations and, in general, with the emergence of a digital legal space and the expansion of digital rights.

Smart Card-based Access Control System using Isolated Many-to-Many Authentication Scheme for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) trend has been adopted very quickly. The rapid growth of IoT has increased the need for physical access control systems (ACS) for IoT devices, especially for IoT devices containing confidential data or other potential security risks. This research focused on many-to-many ACS, a type of ACS in which many resource-owners and resource-users are involved in the same system. This type of system is advantageous in that the user can conveniently access resources from different resource-owners using the same system. However, such a system may create a situation where parties involved in the system have their data leaked because of the large number of parties involved in the system. Therefore, ‘isolation’ of the parties involved is needed. This research simulated the use of smart cards to access electric vehicle (EV) charging stations that implement an isolated many-to-many authentication scheme. Two ESP8266 MCUs, one RC522 RFID reader, and an LED represented an EV charging station. Each institute used a Raspberry Pi Zero W as the web and database server. This research also used VPN and HTTPS protocols to isolate each institute’s assets. Every component of the system was successfully implemented and tested functionally.

Tutorial: a guide for the selection of fast and accurate computational tools for the prediction of intrinsic disorder in proteins.

Intrinsic disorder is instrumental for a wide range of protein functions, and its analysis, using computational predictions from primary structures, complements secondary and tertiary structure-based approaches. In this Tutorial, we provide an overview and comparison of 23 publicly available computational tools with complementary parameters useful for intrinsic disorder prediction, partly relying on results from the Critical Assessment of protein Intrinsic Disorder prediction experiment. We consider factors such as accuracy, runtime, availability and the need for functional insights. The selected tools are available as web servers and downloadable programs, offer state-of-the-art predictions and can be used in a high-throughput manner. We provide examples and instructions for the selected tools to illustrate practical aspects related to the submission, collection and interpretation of predictions, as well as the timing and their limitations. We highlight two predictors for intrinsically disordered proteins, flDPnn as accurate and fast and IUPred as very fast and moderately accurate, while suggesting ANCHOR2 and MoRFchibi as two of the best-performing predictors for intrinsically disordered region binding. We link these tools to additional resources, including databases of predictions and web servers that integrate multiple predictive methods. Altogether, this Tutorial provides a hands-on guide to comparatively evaluating multiple predictors, submitting and collecting their own predictions, and reading and interpreting results. It is suitable for experimentalists and computational biologists interested in accurately and conveniently identifying intrinsic disorder, facilitating the functional characterization of the rapidly growing collections of protein sequences.

STORAGE SERVER DATABASE UTILIZATION FORECASTING USING HOLT-WINTERS AND ARIMA METHODS IN E-GOVERNMENT SYSTEM. STUDY AT KEMENKEU RI

Storage is a storage medium which is an important part of the system infrastructure. Storage utilization is one of the variables in determining the needs and performance of a system. If the storage is lacking or depleted it will cause the system to be hampered and the possibility of interference occurring. There were eight complaints or reports of system disturbances recorded in the Ministry of Finance's ticketing service desk application caused by anomalies in storage or disk capacity. Things like this can be anticipated if we know the storage capacity requirements for the future. In compiling ICT capacity analysis at Pusintek there has been no use of past data to plan future storage requirements. The use of data mining algorithms can be used to obtain forecast values from storage utilization. The use of the ARIMA model and Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing as a method used to predict inventory is considered to be a fairly accurate model. Both algorithms are used to compare which accuracy is better in predicting storage requirements by measuring RMSE. Research data was obtained from monthly utilization reports from January 2021 to December 2022. From the evaluation results it can be concluded that forecasting storage server database utilization using the Holt-Winters method is better than the ARIMA method with the RMSE results for the Holt-Winters method being 14332.661717740748 and the RMSE method ARIMA is 20498.977982137938. The results of this forecasting can be utilized in planning database server storage needs.

The Infomóvel—An information system for managing HIV/AIDS patients in rural areas of Mozambique

BackgroundMobile health is gradually revolutionizing the way medical care is delivered worldwide. In Mozambique, a country with a high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence, where antiretroviral treatment coverage is 77% accompanied by a 67% of retention rate, the use of mobile health technology may boost the antiretroviral treatment, by delivering care beyond health facilities and reaching underrepresented groups. Leveraging new technologies is crucial to reach the 95–95-95 United Nations target by 2030. The design, development, implementation, and evaluation of a mobile health platform called Infomóvel were covered in this article. Its intended use involves collaboration with community health workers and aims to increase human immunodeficiency virus patient access, adherence, and retention to care.MethodsUsing the Design Science Research Methodology, Infomóvel was created, as well as this publication. The explanation of various actions includes everything from problem description to observational study and goal-following for a solution, which results in the design and development of a platform proposal. Before the utility assessment of Infomóvel was conducted to make adjustments, a demonstration phase was conducted in one region of Mozambique.ResultsThe initial subjects of the Infomóvel flowchart and physical process design were patients receiving antiretroviral medication who were enrolled in the patients tracking system and who had consented to home visits. The case manager examines the file before importing it into the Infomóvel database stored on a cloud server using the website www.commcarehq.org. The case manager application synchronises with the Infomóvel server database, enabling the import of latest data and access to the lists of new patients and community health workers. The community health worker uses his phone to access his application, which allows him to record the geographic coordinates and sort the list of patients by priority and type of visit.ConclusionResults from Infomóvel add to the growing body of data showing that mobile health techniques are beneficial for managing stable individuals with chronic conditions in Mozambique. These approaches can be scaled up and better utilised. However, additional studies should be conducted to quantify the resources needed to implement on a larger scale.

Substance Abuse Poisoning Registry development Based on Lessons Learned from a Pilot Implementation

Introduction: Substance abuse has been recognized as a national problem in which poisoning with pharmaceutical drugs, opioids and alcohols is a common problem in Iran. Due to the lack of a comprehensive information system related to Substance abuse, despite the systematic information in health services, and to achieve this goal, the purpose of this research was to develop a registry system for substance abuse poisoning in - Urmia University of Medical Sciences.Material and Methods: This research is a practical development study that was done in 4 phases. In the first phase, minimum data set (MDS) of the system were determined. In the second phase, the registration system was designed. The third phase includes the implementation of the system, and finally, the system was evaluated by QUIS questionnaire.Results: A total of 58 data elements in 6 classes were recognized as essential for this system from the point of view of experts. The system was implemented on the ASP.NET platform using C# language and SQL Server database in the poisoning department of Taleghani Hospital in Urmia. The evaluation of usability of the system showed score obtained in the 6 main categories were in set of terms of the system 8.52, screen 8.36, ability to learn 8.8, overall functionality 8.04, user interface 7.98, and the overall interaction is 7.73 respectively.Conclusion: Considering the capabilities of the system for registering poisonings caused by drug abuse, it seems necessary to implement this system in the form of a national network, in order to make the necessary interventions to control drug abuse while using resources efficiently.

Acupuncture for lumbar myofascial pain syndrome: systematic review and Meta-analysis.

This study systematically reviewed the clinical efficacy of acupuncture for lumbar myofascial pain syndrome. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding acupuncture for lumbar myofascial pain syndrome were searched in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMbase, Scopus, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, VIP database, and China biomedical literature service system (SinoMed) from database inception until August 1st, 2022. The Cochrane's risk of bias assessment tool was used to assess the risk of bias in all included studies, and Review Manager 5.3 software was used for statistical analysis of the extracted data. As a result, 12 RCTs, involving 1 087 patients with lumbar myofascial pain syndrome, were ultimately included. The Meta-analysis results showed that the visual analog scale (VAS) score of pain in the observation group was lower than those in the oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication control [SMD=-1.67, 95%CI (-2.44, -0.90), Z=4.26, P<0.000 1] and other treatment control [low-frequency electrical stimulation, tuina, electromagnetic wave irradiation combined with piroxicam gel, SMD=-1.98, 95%CI (-2.48, -1.48), Z=7.74, P<0.000 01]. The pain rating index (PRI) score in the observation group was lower than those in the lidocaine injection control [MD=-2.17, 95%CI (-3.41, -0.93), Z=3.44, P=0.000 6] and other treatment control [low-frequency electrical stimulation, tuina, MD=-5.75, 95%CI (-9.97, -1.53), Z=2.67, P=0.008]. The present pain intensity (PPI) score in the observation group was lower than that in other treatment control [low-frequency electrical stimulation, tuina, MD=-1.04, 95%CI (-1.55, -0.53), Z=4.01, P<0.000 1]. In conclusion, compared with oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, low-frequency electrical stimulation, tuina, and electromagnetic wave irradiation combined with piroxicam gel, acupuncture is more effective in reducing pain in patients with lumbar myofascial pain syndrome; acupuncture also exhibites advantage over lidocaine injection in improving PRI score and showed better outcomes over tuina and low-frequency electrical stimulation in improving PRI and PPI scores.