Database Of Faults Research Articles

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for the Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic experiences moderate to high seismic hazard mostly caused by oblique convergence at the Caribbean/North American plate boundary that manifests as subduction zones, less-pronounced subduction-like trenches with thrust faulting, long strike-slip faults parallel to the plate boundary, and onshore deformation. Historical earthquakes have damaged the Dominican Republic’s large cities and those in neighboring Haiti, once requiring relocation. Given this, the Dominican Republic joined the “Training and Communication for Earthquake Risk Assessment” (TREQ) project funded by the United States Agency for International Development, which aimed to increase earthquake risk assessment capacity in Latin American cities. The TREQ project was the basis for developing an openly available probabilistic seismic hazard model for the Dominican Republic. The input model was developed from two main datasets: a homogenized earthquake catalog and an active faults database that combines results of recent local projects with a global database. The seismic source characterization used these to constrain source geometries and occurrence rates for active shallow crustal earthquakes, subduction interfaces and subduction-like thrusts, and intraslab earthquakes. Shallow crustal earthquakes, including those on subduction-like thrusts, are modeled by smoothed seismicity and fault sources, the latter using pre-defined geometries that permit multi-fault ruptures. Seismicity on the Puerto Rico Trench subduction interface is modeled as a fault source, while intraslab sources use pre-defined gridded ruptures inside the intraslab volume. The source characterization applies epistemic uncertainties to modeling assumptions affecting occurrence rates and maximum magnitudes. The ground motion characterization used residual analyses from past regional projects as a basis, updating some components with more recent ground motion models. Computed hazard results reinforce those from recent studies in terms of geographical hazard patterns and levels. For 475-year return periods, peak ground acceleration (PGA) in Santiago de los Caballeros reaches 0.50 g, controlled by the Septentrional Fault, while all tectonic region types contribute to the PGA 0.31 g computed for Santo Domingo.

The China Active Faults Database (CAFD) and its web system

Abstract. Active faults serve as potential sources of destructive earthquakes. Studies and investigations of active faults are necessary for earthquake disaster prevention. This study presents a nation-scale database of active faults in China and its adjacent regions, in tandem with an associated web-based query system. This database is an updated version of the active faults data included in the Seismotectonic Map of China and its Adjacent Regions (1:4 000 000), which is one of the four essential maps of the mandatory Chinese standard GB 18306-2015 Seismic Ground Motion Parameter Zonation Maps of China. The data update and integration stem from regional-scale studies and surveys conducted over the past 2 decades (at reference scales from 1:250 000 to 1:50 000). The information amassed from these regional-scale studies and surveys encompasses geophysical probing, drill logging, measurement of offset landforms, sample dating, as well as geometric and kinematic parameters of exposed and blind faults, paleo-earthquake sequences, and recurrence intervals. These data have been acquired and analyzed utilizing a uniform technical standard framework and reviewed by expert panels in both field and laboratory settings. Our system hosts this nation-scale database accessible through a Web Geographic Information System (GIS) application, enabling browsing, querying, and downloading functionalities via a web browser. The system we built also publishes the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Feature Service and the OGC Web Map Service of active faults data. Users can incorporate map layers and obtain fault data in OGC-compliant GIS software for further analysis through these services. The Chinese government, research institutions, and companies have widely used the active faults data from the previous versions of the database. The database is available at https://doi.org/10.12031/activefault.china.400.2023.db (Xu, 2023) and via the web system (https://data.activetectonics.cn/arcportal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=684737e8849c4170bbca14447608c451, CEFIS, 2023; http://data.activetectonics.cn/arcserver/services/Hosted/CAFD400_2022_WFS/MapServer/WFSServer, CAFD WFS, 2024).

A new perspective on the competent programmer hypothesis through the reproduction of real faults with repeated mutations

AbstractThe competent programmer hypothesis is one of the fundamental assumptions of mutation testing, which claims that most programmers are competent enough to create correct or almost correct source code. This implies that faults should usually manifest through small variations of the correct code. Consequently, researchers assumed that the synthetic faults injected in source code through the mutation operators closely resemble the real faults. Unfortunately, it is still unclear whether the competent programmer hypothesis holds, as past research presents contradictory claims. Within this article, we provide a new perspective on the competent programmer hypothesis and its relation to mutation testing. We try to re‐create real‐world faults through chains of mutations to understand if there is a direct link between mutation testing and faults. The lengths of these paths help us to understand if the source code is really almost correct, or if large variations are required. Our experiments used a state‐of‐the‐art benchmark database of real faults named Defects4J 2.0.0. It contains 835 reproducible real‐world faults in 17 open‐source projects that comprise a total of 1044 bug‐fix pairs of files. Our results indicate that while the competent programmer hypothesis seems to be true, mutation testing is missing important operators to generate representative real‐world faults.

Managing Active Fault Surface Rupture Risk through Land Use Planning:

This article reflects on the management of active fault surface rupture hazard after the Canterbury and Kaikōura earthquakes. To understand mitigation barriers, interviews were conducted with planners and natural hazard risk specialists in selected districts with active faults, but without land use provisions. The interviews revealed issues with the interpretation and implementation of the Ministry for the Environment’s Active Fault Guidelines, Planning for Development of Land on or Close to Active Faults: a guideline to assist resource management planners in New Zealand. The purpose and intended use of the New Zealand Active Faults Database (NZAFD) is also explored.

Complex infrastructure systems analysis and management: the theory of faults

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to provide a theoretical and practical theory and application that provides understanding and means to manage complex infrastructures.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, complexity, nonlinear, noncontinuous effects and aleatoric and data unknowns are bypassed by directly addressing systems' responses. Graph theory, statistics and digital signal processing (DSP) tools are applied within a theoretical framework of the theory of faults (ToF). Motivational complex infrastructure systems (CISs) are difficult to model. Data are often missing or erroneous, changes are not well documented and processes are not well understood. On top of it, under complexity, stalwart analytical tools have limited predictive power. The aleatoric risk, such as rain and risk cascading from interconnected infrastructures, is unpredictable. Mitigation, response and recovery efforts are adversely affected.FindingsThe theory and application are presented and demonstrated by a step-by-step development of an application to a municipal drainage system. A database of faults is analyzed to produce system statistics, spatio-temporal morphology, behavior and traits. The gained understanding is compared to the physical system's design and to its modus operandi. Implications for design and maintenance are inferred; DSP tools to manage the system in real time are developed.Research limitations/implicationsSociological systems are interest driven. Some events are intentionally created and directed to the benefit and detriment of the opposing parties in a project. Those events may be explained and possibly predicted by understanding power plays, not power functions. For those events, sociological game theories provide better explanatory value than mathematical gain theories.Practical implicationsThe theory provides a thematic network for modeling and resolving aleatoric uncertainty in engineering and sociological systems. The framework may be elaborated to fields such as energy, healthcare and critical infrastructure.Social implicationsToF provides a framework for the modeling and prediction of faults generated by inherent aleatoric uncertainties in social and technological systems. Therefore, the framework and theory lay the basis for automated monitoring and control of aleatoric uncertainties such as mechanical failures and human errors and the development of mitigation systems.Originality/valueThe contribution of this research is in the provision of an explicatory theory and a management paradigm for complex systems. This theory is applicable to a wide variety of fields from facilities and construction project management to maintenance and from academic studies to commercial use.

Approach to the study of AUV control algorithms in the event of faults in its equipment

The stand for modeling the functioning of subsystems of an autonomous underwater vehicle and its control system is considered, the possibility of testing algorithms in the event of malfunctions in the equipment is analyzed - with-out interfering with the regular operation of algorithms placed in the form of programs on the standard hardware. An approach is proposed for conducting research related to the occurrence of malfunctions in the equipment of the subsystems of the apparatus and aimed at testing the operation of the algorithms for the functioning of the subsys-tems of the apparatus and its control system. The approach is based on the formation of a database of possible faults for each subsystem of the device and the device as a whole, the development of an algorithm for the ran-dom occurrence of faults of one of the types from the database of faults. An operator's workstation has been de-veloped with an interface for the fault setting program, which provides for the fault setting both by the operator and by the probabilistic program at random times. The interface allows you to visually display service information about the current consumption, energy consumption and heat generation of each of the subsystems, transfer this data to the software simulator of the power generation and distribution subsystem to assess the load of the power supply system and power sources. Protocols for setting simulation modes have been developed that do not affect the ex-change of information using standard protocols for information and technical interaction. The behavior of the ap-paratus in the event of malfunctions has been studied. The results of testing the developed fault simulation algo-rithms and protocols for setting simulation modes showed the correctness of the proposed approach; the results were implemented in the existing stand for modeling the functioning of the apparatus. The developed algorithms and protocols for setting simulation modes, their implementation in the form of software made it possible to carry out large-scale numerical experiments on the bench for simulating the operation of the apparatus to develop algo-rithms and programs not only in normal modes of their operation, but also in the event of malfunctions.

Effects of structure and volcanic stratigraphy on groundwater and surface water flow: Hat Creek basin, California, USA

Hydrogeologic systems in the southern Cascade Range in California (USA) develop in volcanic rocks where morphology, stratigraphy, extensional structures, and attendant basin geometry play a central role in groundwater flow paths, groundwater/surface-water interactions, and spring discharge locations. High-volume springs (greater than 3 m3/s) flow from basin-filling (<800 ka) volcanic rocks in the Hat Creek and Fall River tributaries and contribute approximately half of the average annual flow of the Pit River, the largest tributary to Shasta Lake. A hydrogeologic conceptual framework is constructed for the Hat Creek basin combining new geologic mapping, water-well lithologic logs, a database of active faults, LiDAR mapping of faults and volcanic landforms, streamflow measurements and airborne thermal infrared remote sensing of stream temperature. These data are used to integrate the geologic structure and the volcanic and volcaniclastic stratigraphy to create a three-dimensional interpretation of the hydrogeology in the basin. Two large streamflow gains from focused groundwater discharge near Big Spring and north of Sugarloaf Peak result from geologic barriers that restrict lateral groundwater flow and force water into Hat Creek. The inferred groundwater-flow barriers divide the aquifer system into at least three leaky compartments. The two downstream compartments lose streamflow in the upstream reaches (immediately downstream of the groundwater-flow barriers) and gain in downstream reaches with the greatest inflows immediately upstream of the barriers.

Demagnetization Fault Detection and Location in PMSM Based on Correlation Coefficient of Branch Current Signals

To address such challenges as an uncertain number of demagnetization poles of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and cases in which the fault cannot be located, this paper proposes a fault identification and location methodology based on the analysis of the motor stator current. First, the influence of the irreversible demagnetization of permanent magnets on the analytical model of the back electromotive force (Back-EMF) of the rotor in a single motor stator slot is analyzed. Moreover, considering the topology of the motor, the influence of the demagnetization fault on the stator phase current and branch current is analyzed. Since the stator phase currents cannot diagnose the partial demagnetization faults of PMSM with some topological structures, the stator branch current is selected as the signal for the identification and localization of the demagnetization fault. Secondly, the demagnetization fault diagnosis and mode recognition of the motor are carried out through the amplitude of the real-time branch current and the harmonic components of the PMSM. A sample database of demagnetization faults is established through calculation and normalization of the residual value of the stator branch current and the branch current of the healthy motor after demagnetization in one pole order. The fault threshold is obtained by analyzing the residual of the branch current of uniform demagnetization and the Pearson correlation coefficient of the fault sample database. Then, the correlation coefficient between the real-time branch current residual value of PMSM and the fault sample database is analyzed, and the number of demagnetization poles and the fault location are determined by the number and location of the calculated correlation coefficient exceeding the threshold. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by the finite element analysis (FEA) results.

Precambrian fault reactivation revealed by structural and K-Ar geochronological data from the spent nuclear fuel repository in Olkiluoto, southwestern Finland

Integrated structural/geochronological studies help unraveling complex brittle deformation histories. We have analysed the structural geological database of brittle faults from the ONKALO™ underground facility for spent nuclear fuel in Olkiluoto in southwestern Finland. Based on the structural geological data from eleven representative fault zones, we classify the Olkiluoto brittle structural features into four fault systems, referred to as Fault system I to IV. The classification is based on their structural properties and tectonic history, crosscutting relationships, fault rock mineralogical characterization and 3D modelling. Some constraints on the timing of faulting are provided by K-Ar dates on synkinematic illite from fault gouge samples. Our results show that the bedrock in southwestern Finland experienced numerous brittle deformation phases between ca. 1.75 and 0.9 Ga. N-S strike-slip faults (Fault systems I and II) formed at mid-crustal levels ca. 1.79–1.75 Ga ago in response to NW-SE/NNW-SSE compression soon after the Svecofennian orogeny. Later E-W striking oblique dextral/normal faults (Fault system III) are tentatively associated with the Gothian orogeny 1.6 Ga ago. These three fault systems were reactivated during NE-SW compression ca. 1.3–1.2 Ga ago, coeval with intrusion of a regional swarm of olivine diabase sills. E-W compression at the onset of the Sveconorwegian orogeny ca. 1.1–1.0 Ga ago resulted in the formation of SE dipping low-angle thrust faults (Fault system IV) and the selective reactivation of fault system II and III. Overall E-W extension during the collapse of the Sveconorwegian orogen ca. 0.97–0.87 Ga ago caused the localised reactivation of fault systems III and IV. Our research approach, which is integral to the siting process of repositories for spent nuclear fuel, demonstrates that the basement in southwestern Finland experienced repeated reactivation since the Mesoproterozoic, suggesting that future deformation localization is likely to be also accommodated by reactivation of existing brittle structures rather than formation of new faults.

Quaternary uplift and fault movement near Waitomo, North Island, New Zealand

ABSTRACT The hill country of west central North Island, west of Te Kuiti and Otorohanga, is recognised to be slowly uplifting and relatively stable. The New Zealand national seismic hazard model shows the area to be in a low-risk zone and the New Zealand active faults database recognises no active faults in the region. However, dated evidence provided by speleothems in a cave near Waitomo indicates the intermittent movement of the Okohua fault from before the Last Interglacial until around 38 kyrs ago. Evidence of older movement along the Waipa Fault near Te Kuiti is also apparent from the vertical displacement of the Ngaroma ignimbrite (1.55 Myrs) by about 150 m in the interval prior to the deposition of the Ongatiti ignimbrite at 1.21 Myrs. Net uplift in the West Waikato Hills and Ranges, by about 0.1 mm/yr in the Late Quaternary, is accommodated in a series of NNE-trending faults and transverse faults, resulting in a staircase of fault-bound blocks rising westwards from Waitomo to the western watershed of the Waipa basin. Geomorphologically fresh cliffed lineaments on the Okohua and Hikurangi faults convey evidence of mid to late Quaternary fault activity.

Mapping Hydrothermal Alteration at the Fentale-Dofan Magmatic Segment of the Main Ethiopian Rift

The Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) is characterized by extensional tectonics and volcanism, associated with active hydrothermal systems, hydrothermal alteration and fumarolic deposits. The spatial distribution of these hydrothermal products and their link with faults and rock types provides important clues to what controls fluid flow in the subsurface. However, little is known about this in the East African Rift. We address this issue with a multidisciplinary approach in the Fentale-Dofan magmatic segment of the MER, an area characterized by intense volcanic and tectonic activity and a geothermal prospect. Primarily we conduct mapping of hydrothermal alteration and fumarolic deposits, and rock lithologies using a surface feature classification technique of multispectral satellite images. Then we interpret the map using a new database of faults and active hydrothermal manifestations such as hot-springs and fumaroles. We find that the surface hydrothermal alteration and deposits are mainly focused near Fentale and the Dofan Volcanic Complex (DVC). At DVC the hydrothermal products are focused on rhyolites on the western side of the volcano, in an area of intense NNE striking, rift parallel faults. At Fentale volcano the hydrothermal products are mainly associated with ignimbrite and show a circular pattern around the volcanic edifice, but also in places follow the NNE striking faults. At Fentale, the more complex association of hydrothermal products and active manifestations around the edge of the ignimbrite suggests formation contacts may also localize fluid flow in places. At both volcanoes the association between hydrothermal products with either the rhyolites and ignimbrites is likely due to them being relatively easily altered (in comparison to basalt), and also their brittle nature allows for fracturing through which localized fluid flow can occur (as opposed to the sediments). The general pattern of hydrothermal products suggests a stronger structural influence at the DVC with respect to Fentale. The presence of hydrothermal products and active hydrothermal manifestations, along with other lines of evidence such as locus of subsurface dike intrusion at the volcanic centres, suggest that discrete and localized magma reservoirs beneath Fentale and the DVC are the heat source for hydrothermal circulation. Our study also demonstrates that geology, including hydrothermal deposits, can be successfully mapped using automated remote sensing based classification.

Database of Active Faults in Slovenia: Compiling a New Active Fault Database at the Junction Between the Alps, the Dinarides and the Pannonian Basin Tectonic Domains

We present the compilation of a new database of active faults in Slovenia, aiming at introducing geological data for the first time as input for a new national seismic hazard model. The area at the junction of the Alps, the Dinarides, and the Pannonian Basin is moderately seismically active. About a dozen Mw &amp;gt; 5.5 earthquakes have occurred across the national territory in the last millennium, four of which in the instrumental era. The relative paucity of major earthquakes and low to moderate fault slip rates necessitate the use of geologic input for a more representative assessment of seismic hazard. Active fault identification is complicated by complex regional structural setting due to overprinting of different tectonic phases. Additionally, overall high rates of erosion, denudation and slope mass movement processes with rates up to several orders of magnitude larger than fault slip rates obscure the surface definition of faults and traces of activity, making fault parametrization difficult. The presented database includes active, probably active and potentially active faults with trace lengths &amp;gt;5 km, systematically compiled and cataloged from a vast and highly heterogeneous dataset. Input data was mined from published papers, reports, studies, maps, unpublished reports and data from the Geological Survey of Slovenia archives and dedicated studies. All faults in the database are fully parametrized with spatial, geometric, kinematic and activity data with parameter descriptors including data origin and data quality for full traceability of input data. The input dataset was compiled through an extended questionnaire and a set of criteria into a homogenous database. The final database includes 96 faults with 240 segments and is optimized for maximum compatibility with other current maps of active faults at national and EU levels. It is by far the most detailed and advanced map of active faults in Slovenia.

A comprehensive database of active and potentially-active continental faults in Chile at 1:25,000 scale

In seismically-active regions, mapping active and potentially-active faults is the first step to assess seismic hazards and site selection for paleoseismic studies that will estimate recurrence rates. Here, we present a comprehensive database of active and potentially-active continental faults in Chile based on existing studies and new mapping at 1:25,000 scale using geologic and geomorphic criteria and digital elevation models derived from TanDEM-X and LiDAR data. The database includes 958 fault strands grouped into 17 fault systems and classified based on activity (81 proved, 589 probable, 288 possible). The database is a contribution to the world compilation of active faults with applications among others in seismic hazard assessments, territorial planning, paleoseismology, geodynamics, landscape evolution processes, geothermal exploration, and in the study of feedbacks between continental deformation and the plate-boundary seismic cycle along subduction zones.

The GEM Global Active Faults Database

The GEM Global Active Faults Database (GAF-DB) is the first public, comprehensive database of active faults with worldwide coverage. The GAF-DB is a compilation of many regional datasets. The GAF-DB contains ∼13,500 faults, each with associated attributes that describe the geometry, kinematics, slip rate, references, and other characteristics, as the information is available. Spatial completeness is high, and about 77% of the faults have slip rate information. The GAF-DB is built from its constituent datasets algorithmically and is designed to fluidly incorporate changes to or addition of any of the underlying datasets. This process reflects a philosophy of easily incorporating a change to avoid obsolescence and to quickly provide the most up-to-date information possible to the users. The database is licensed under a free and open-source license (CC-BY-SA 4.0) and is available at https://github.com/GEMScienceTools/gem-global-active-faults .

Probabilistic mapping of earthquake-induced submarine landslide susceptibility in the South-West Iberian margin

The SW Iberian continental margin is well recognized as a tectonically active area, where major canyons and mass wasting events are both present. Earthquake triggered submarine landslides may cause tsunami and result in catastrophic damage to bordering coastal areas. In this setting, submarine landslide susceptibility mapping represents a major step towards a regional risk mitigation strategy. Landslide susceptibility mapping in large offshore areas presents significant challenges as a result of the limited information on controlling variables, large uncertainties in triggering mechanisms and limited geotechnical data. In this study, a geotechnical model-based approach has been followed that narrows the range of controlling factors and, within a probabilistic framework, allows a systematic treatment of parameter uncertainties. This model-based analysis covers the whole SW Iberian margin increasing by three orders of magnitude the areal extent of precedent offshore slope stability susceptibility studies. This jump in spatial scale is facilitated by application of a systematic Bayesian updating procedure, to combine geotechnical information from global databases and that available from regional sites. Seismic shaking is estimated using an available regional database of seismogenic faults. These tools are implemented within a GIS to generate, via Montecarlo simulations, probabilistic landslide susceptibility maps based on two different analytical seismic infinite slope stability models. These models differ mainly in the form of their final results, either as distributions of slope stability safety factors or as distributions of seismic-triggered slope displacements. Receiving Operator Curves are used to assess the different landslide susceptibility predictions obtained against a comprehensive regional database of submarine landslides. It turns out that the models analyzed correctly predict 92% and 82% of the mapped landslide subset chosen for validation for pseudo-static and displacement-based method respectively. This suggests that, within the limits of the currently available databases, seismic events are the dominant factor at the origin of the submarine landslides mapped in the study area. An advantage of the framework presented is that it can quickly incorporate new regional geotechnical information or better regional landslide databases, as they become available.

建築熱源システムを対象としたデータ駆動型不具合検知・診断 （第3報）熱源システムシミュレーションを用いた不具合の教師データベースの作成と分析

建築熱源システムを対象としたデータ駆動型不具合検知・診断 （第3報）熱源システムシミュレーションを用いた不具合の教師データベースの作成と分析

Testing Fault Models in Intraplate Settings: A Potential for Challenging the Seismic Hazard Assessment Inputs and Hypothesis?

Active faults in intraplate settings, exhibiting slow deformation, rarely expose clear morphotectonic expressions. In many cases, their characterization relies only on rare neotectonic slip rates, often integrated over the Holocene, Quaternary or Plio-Quaternary. In addition, the strain accumulated along these tectonic structures and therefore their locking depth and associated slip deficit usually remains out of reach of geodetic measurements. Finally, the micro-seismicity located in the vicinity of most of these structures usually fails in delineating clear active fault segments geometry. The seismogenic potential therefore remains tainted with large uncertainties. It is one of the main reasons why very little attention has been paid to testing how French seismicity compares to the predictions of tectonic models. In this work, focused on South-Eastern France, we confront the potentially active faults database of the French metropolitan territory with a recently published catalog of historical and instrumental seismicity. Seismicity rates are corrected for completeness biases and are then compared to the predictions of several endmember tectonic models. The rates of earthquakes predicted by the tectonic models appear six to eighteen times higher than the historical and instrumental observations. Such a difference could be explained by an overestimation of the seismogenic potential of the faults or by different average seismicity rates at historical and longer-term timescales. This variation, if genuine, could be implied by spatiotemporally clustered seismicity due to tectonic or non-tectonic modulations suggesting non-poissonian behavior of the largest earthquakes.

Design and Implementation of an Expert Management System for Automobile Fault Detection

A system has been developed to communicate with the On-Board Diagnostics system of a car using the Controller Area Network communication protocol. The system requests the stored trouble codes that might have been detected by the diagnostics system and sends them to a server. The information is accessed through a web interface. The web interface allows the user to find the solutions in the database together with the detected faults. The database also contains information about trouble codes, such as their symptoms, causes and how to fix them. Monitoring the communications while testing the prototype showed that the system works as intended and can communicate with cars from different manufacturers and extract the data. The prototype system was compared with a commercial scan tool and testing showed that they both produced the same results. The second module of the project deals with the design and implementation of an expert system for car faults diagnosis. The project is motivated by the need to guide car owners and learners' motor mechanics in the maintenance and troubleshooting of motor problems without having to resort to presumptions and conjectures. Particularly, it is expected that the proposed design would ensure that car owners have proper assistance in times of crisis and what’s more, will save them from the clutches of exploitative roadside mechanics. For this purpose, a rule-based artificial intelligence (AI) technique was utilized to obtain theoretical and practical expert system parameters, and then a conceptual expert system was designed. The expert system functioning is based on the database of car faults, symptoms and their correction, which make up its knowledge base. The new system was developed using PHP and MySQL database. This language was chosen because of its easy syntax and features for developing web-based applications.

Main Fault Types and Classification Methods of Metering Box

This article classifies and analyzes the failures of low-pressure metering boxes to ensure accurate and reliable energy metering. Component Critical Assessment (CCA) method was used to evaluate various components of the metering box system. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method was used for risk assessment of the low pressure metering box. Establish a database of low-pressure metering faults, responsible for the storage, management, and maintenance of fault data. A fault crossover analysis model was established to analyze the strength of the correlation between the impact factors of the low pressure metering box. Optimize the transportation, storage and use of low-pressure metering boxes to reduce the failure of metering boxes.

Main Line Fault Localization Methodology in Smart Grid – Part 3: Main Line Fault Localization Methodology (MLFLM)

Since the main distribution line faults can be securely identified as outlined in the first and second paper, this third paper presents the methodology of localizing the main distribution line fault when broadband over power lines (BPL) networks have already been deployed across the distribution power grids. The main issue of this paper is the detailed presentation of the main line localization methodology (MLFLM) as well as well as its performance assessment when measurement differences occur. The contribution of this paper, which is focused on the application of MLFLM, is double. First, the procedure, which is followed in order to create the database of faults and is used by MLFLM, is here analytically presented. This database is based on the application of the main distribution line fault identification percentage metric (MDLFI) to coupling reflection coefficients of all possible fault OV MV BPL topologies (modified OV MV BPL topologies). Second, the performance assessment of MLFLM is investigated with respect to the nature of the measurement differences and the location of main distribution line faults across the distribution power grid.