Data Transmission In Wireless Sensor Networks Research Articles

Machine learning‐based data fusion method for wireless sensor networks

AbstractFor wireless sensor networks (WSNs), sensor nodes lose a certain amount of energy during the information collection and transmission process, and sensor nodes powered by non‐replaceable batteries have limited energy and need to be controlled for energy consumption. In the face of the energy consumption issue in WSN data transmission, research has been conducted to analyze data fusion methods in order to reduce energy consumption. Based on machine learning techniques, a Deep Stacked Auto‐Encoder (DSAE) model is constructed and trained using a layer‐wise greedy approach. By combining this model with WSN, an algorithm based on the DSAE model, called Deep Stacked Auto‐Encoder Data Fusion Algorithm (DSAEDFA), is obtained to do data fusion. The results show that compared to other algorithms, the proposed fusion algorithm has better fusion performance. When the number of iterations is set to 500, the DSAEDFA has 281 surviving nodes, which is 10 more than the Back‐Propagation Data Fusion Algorithm (BPDFA) and 144 more than the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) algorithm. When the number of failed nodes is 40, the DSAEDFA has a network survival time of 2562 rounds, which is 746 rounds longer than the LEACH algorithm. The research method effectively extends the lifespan of wireless sensor networks and reduces data transmission energy consumption. Compared to previous methods, the proposed method consider the factors of node residual energy and distance on the basis of traditional routing protocols, making the selection of cluster heads more reasonable. The proposed method can organically combine the DSAE model with the clustering model, optimize the data fusion method, and improve the performance of the algorithm. In addition, by combining the DSAE model, a machine learning technique with clustering models has been expanded in terms of the application scope.

Efficient key distribution for secure and energy-optimized communication in wireless sensor network using bioinspired algorithms

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a major part in numerous applications such as smart agriculture, healthcare, and environmental monitoring. Safeguarding protected communication in this network is dominant. Securing data transmission in WSNs needs a strong key distribution device to defend against malicious attacks as well as illegal access. Traditional techniques like pre-shared or centralized key management are often unreasonable owing to resource limitations, particularly in large-scale sensor systems. To overcome this challenge, a lightweight key distribution technique is employed for safeguarding the security and privacy of data transmission streamlining processes decreasing computational overhead as well as energy consumption. By optimizing and simplifying key distribution devices, we propose to improve the complete efficacy and trustworthiness of WSNs that aid safe communication while preserving valuable energy resources. Therefore, this article designs an Efficient Key Distribution for Secure and Energy-Optimized Communication using Bioinspired Algorithms (EKD-SOCBA) for WSN. The purpose of the EKD-SOCBA technique is to accomplish security and energy efficiency in WSNs. Initially, the EKD-SOCBA technique applies a golden jackal optimization (GJO) based clustering approach to cluster the nodes and select cluster heads (CHs). Also, a lightweight Dynamic Step-wise Tiny Encryption Algorithm (DS-TEA) is applied to secure data transmission in the network. Finally, a lightweight key management phase is employed to protect the encryption key and decrease energy utilization and overhead costs. To exhibit the enhanced act of the EKD-SOCBA model, a comprehensive set of imitations was involved. Extensive results stated enhanced presentation of EKD-SOCBA methodology over other models on WSN.

VAWGAN-NPOA: Energy-Aware Routing for Innocuous Data Transmission in WSN

The protection and prediction of harmful activity in the wireless sensor network (WSN) are vital research problems. To solve these problems, an Energy-Aware Routing using a Variational auto-encoder Wasserstein generative adversarial network with a Nomadic People Optimizer (VAWGAN-NPOA-EAR-WSN) is proposed in this paper for secure data transmission in WSN. The proposed Variational auto-encoder Wasserstein generative adversarial network (VAWGAN) selects the Cluster Head (CH) based on multiple objective fitness functions such as delay, distance, energy, cluster density, and traffic rate. After that, energy-aware trust path selection is selected based on parameters such as trust, connectivity, and degree of amenity using the proposed Nomadic People Optimization Algorithm (NPOA). The data are transmitted from the cluster head to the base station and vice versa via a perfect trust path. The proposed VAWGAN-NPOA-EAR-WSN method is done in MATLAB and its efficacy is assessed with performance metrics, such as energy consumption, network lifetime, throughput, etc. compared with existing such as DNN-WSN, EESNN-WSN, and ANN-WSN. Finally, the proposed method provides a lower energy consumption of 2 mJ compared with existing methods.

A public static agreement key based cryptography for secure data transmission in WSN based smart environment application

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is an emerging networking technology that allows for the low-cost, unattended monitoring of a variety of environments, thus WSN technologies have become increasingly important. Simultaneously, lack of security and poor energy efficiency is considered the major concerns in many routing protocols in various existing WSN protocols. Security and energy efficiency concerns are mainly due to the emergence of various kinds of malicious attacks because of advancements in networking technology. To mitigate these issues secured transmission is essential in any routing protocol. In order to provide safe data transfer in WSN-based smart environment applications, the TABEESR protocol (Trust Analysis Based Energy Efficient and Safe Routing) was developed. The proposed routing protocol encompasses four phases such as network creation and node deployment, grading for trust evaluation, route identification process and data transmission. The trust evaluation is performed with the aid of sensor packet features to categorize the positive nodes and negative nodes. The path identification process includes two processes such as cluster head selection through red fox optimization and relay node selection using a fuzzy interference system for energy efficient and secure path selection. A public static agreement key based cryptography technique is introduced for secure data transmission. The proposed TABEESR is tested with MATLAB software to validate its performance. SMEER, SHER, SRPA and AFSA are the prior routing protocols in WSN that are considered to compare the performance of the proposed routing protocol. The proposed TABEESR algorithm attained 95(%) of Average Residual Energy, 91 (%) of packet delivery ratio, 1350 (sec) network lifetime, 0.131 (Mbps) of throughput and 7(%) Packet Loss. Moreover, the proposed PSAKC algorithm attained 5.8 (%) information loss, 3.8 (sec) encryption time, 2.3 (sec) decryption time, 6 (sec) execution time, and 6.5 (J) energy consumption which is better than the prior methods. The proposed routing algorithm is applicable for providing security in both server to device and device to device in various smart applications.

Communication Energy Optimization of UAV-assisted WSN Data Transmission

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted wireless sensor network (WSN) data transmission is a hot topic of research in recent years. This article mainly focuses on the energy consumption optimization of WSN data transmission with the assistance of UAVs. First, we established a communication coverage model for UAV-WSN and derived the energy consumption of data transmission for UAV-WSN, determining the optimal number of cluster heads (CHs) under different UAV flight heights. Second, we built a model for the energy consumption of WSN data transmission and the UAV flight height, and determined the optimal flight height of the UAV, while also dividing the UAV task area into segments. Then, we proposed a model that dynamically optimized the UAV data collection position according to the CH location, which can further reduce the energy consumption of CHs during data transmission. Finally, we used simulation experiments to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of our proposed scheme.

Cluster Head Selection Method for Edge Computing WSN Based on Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm.

Sensor nodes are widely distributed in the Internet of Things and communicate with each other to form a wireless sensor network (WSN), which plays a vital role in people's productivity and life. However, the energy of WSN nodes is limited, so this paper proposes a two-layer WSN system based on edge computing to solve the problems of high energy consumption and short life cycle of WSN data transmission and establishes wireless energy consumption and distance optimization models for sensor networks. Specifically, we propose the optimization objective of balancing load and distance factors. We adopt an improved sparrow search algorithm to evenly distribute sensor nodes in the system to reduce resource consumption, consumption, and network life. Through the simulation experiment, our method is illustrated, effectively reducing the network's energy consumption by 26.8% and prolonging the network's life cycle.

Cryptographic Data Security for Reliable Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely utilized in a variety of applications. Attackers might interfere with equipment, and eavesdrop on conversations. Attackers can also modify the data which has been communicated or connect unauthorized devices to the network if such devices are deployed in the physical environment. To ensure WSN security, messages exchanged between communicating nodes must be encrypted, and for encryption and decryption, the network must store a key. Consequently, Key management is of significant importance in achieving security in WSN. Obtaining such a key arrangement in a resource-constrained environment is required for secure and energy-efficient data transmission in WSN. Current algorithms have certain security issues, such as vulnerability to plaintext attacks, brute force attacks, side-channel attacks, and computational complexity. Cryptography along with clustering has been found to be a practical and efficient technique to improve the secure and energy-efficient data transmission in WSNs. In this article we have used an asymmetric Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) method for key generation whereas encryption and decryption of data, has been done by a hybrid of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and ECC cryptography A novel algorithm has been developed that incorporates both techniques (Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and ECC cryptography) along with clustering through standard LEACH protocol for improving energy efficiency, data security, and network lifetime. The proposed algorithm has been able to overcome the issue of key exchange that plagues AES, simpler than ECC and more reliable than AES. More significantly, it is able to encounter a variety of security threats including side-channel attacks. The proposed algorithm is better and has been compared to current techniques with respect to time complexity, encryption time and decryption time to demonstrate its efficacy.

Multilayer Joint Optimization of Packet Size and Adaptive Transmission Scheduling of Wireless Sensor Networks for Mechanical Vibration Monitoring

Limitations pertaining to the storage capacity and bandwidth of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for mechanical vibration monitoring (MVM) pose difficulties in the realization of reliable and energy-efficient communication of big data. To prolong the lifetime of battery-limited WSNs, this paper proposes a multi-layer joint optimization of packet size and adaptive transmission scheduling (ATS) to jointly optimize the energy consumption of acquisition nodes from the storage and transmission layers. First, owing to the frequent storage and transmission of massive mechanical vibration data in WSNs, the packet size significantly affects the energy consumption during storage and transmission. The proposed packet size optimization based on the lowest energy consumption (PSO-LEC) model optimizes the energy consumption of acquisition nodes from three aspects: writing, reading, and transmission of data. Second, when transmitting massive vibration data frequently, the direct beacon frame conflict and indirect beacon frame conflict markedly induce data conflict and delay problems. Therefore, adaptive transmission scheduling based on the time division multiple access (TDMA/ATS) method is proposed to optimize the errors in data collision and transmission delay. Thus, the packet size and ATS are considered jointly to improve the network lifetime for MVM. Comprehensive experimental results indicate that the transmission reliability and energy-efficiency of the proposed scheme are significantly improved, and the network life is effectively prolonged for MVM.

Optimized Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network Integrated with IoT: An Approach Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network and Metaheuristic Algorithms

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as a significant architecture for data collection in various applications. However, the integration of WSNs with IoT poses energy-related challenges due to limited sensor node energy, increased energy consumption for wireless data sharing, and the necessity of energy-efficient routing protocols for reliable transmission and reduced energy consumption. This paper proposes an optimized energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks integrated with the Internet of Things. The protocol aims to improve network lifetime and secure data transmission by identifying the optimal Cluster Heads (CHs) in the network, selected using a Tree Hierarchical Deep Convolutional Neural Network. To achieve this, the paper introduces a fitness function that takes into account cluster density, traffic rate, energy, collision, delay throughput, and distance from the capacity node. Additionally, the paper considers three factors, including trust, connectivity, and QoS, to determine the best course of action. The paper also presents a novel optimization approach, using the hybrid Marine Predators Algorithm (MPA) and Woodpecker Mating Algorithm (WMA), to optimize trust, connectivity, and QoS parameters for optimal path selection with minimal delay. The simulation process is implemented in MATLAB, and the developed method’s efficiency is evaluated using several performance metrics. The results of the simulation demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, which achieved significantly lower delay (99.67%, 98.38%, 89.34%, and 97.45%), higher delivery ratio (89.34%, 89.34%, 83.12%, and 88.96%), and lower packet drop (93.15%, 91.25%, 79.90%, and 92.88%) in comparison to existing methods. These outcomes indicate the potential of the optimized energy-efficient routing protocol to improve network lifetime and ensure secure data transmission in WSNs integrated with IoT.

A Review on Energy Efficient Routing Protocols and Security Techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks

Nowadays Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a very promising device to monitor environmental events, which are used in many application areas such as agriculture, environmental monitoring, air-water pollution, greenhouse, health monitoring, structural monitoring etc. Also, WSN needs effective and efficient way of collecting data from the area over which it is deployed, since the network consists of battery-operated nodes with limited energy. Improving the lifetime of WSN for continuous monitoring applications are very essential because of simple deployment, low installation cost, lack of cabling, and high mobility. The better energy conservation and reliable data transmission would be achieved in WSN by adopting efficient routing protocols for better and reliable communication. Also, security in data transmission in WSN is still a challenging task. Hence, a better way of encryption has to be computed to promote a reliable transmission between the nodes. In this paper discusses about different routing protocols which support energy efficiency and security techniques in WSN.

A Perfect Security Key Management Method for Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks in Medical Environments

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have developed during the past twenty years as a result of the accessibility of inexpensive, short-range, and simple-to-deploy sensors. A WSN technology sends the real-time sense information of a specific monitoring environment to a backend for processing and analysis. Security and management concerns have become hot topics with WSN systems due to the popularity of wireless communication channels. A large number of sensors are dispersed in an unmonitored medical environment, making them not safe from different risks, even though the information conveyed is vital, such as health data. Due to the sensor′s still limited resources, protecting information in WSN is a significant difficulty. This paper presents a hierarchical key management method for safeguarding heterogeneousWSNs on hybrid energy-efficient distributed (HEED) routing. In the proposed method, the Bloom scheme is used for key management and a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) to generate keys in an efficient method to keep sensor resources. In addition, using cipher block chaining-Rivest cipher 5 (CBC-RC5) in this method achieved cryptography goals such as confidentiality. A comparison is made between the proposed and existing methods such as dynamic secret key management (DSKM) and smart security implementation (SSI) under the same circumstance to determine the performance of the new method. The data transmission in WSN consumes about 71 percent of a sensor′s energy, while encryption computation consumes only 2 percent. As a result, our method reduces the frequency with which data transmissions are made during the key management process. The simulation findings demonstrated that, in comparison to earlier techniques, the proposed method is significantly more secure, flexible, scalable, and energy-efficient. Our proposed method is also able to prevent classifications of node capture attacks.

Shift invariant deep convolution neural learning for resource efficient healthcare data transmission in WSN

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprises many small sensors nodes incorporated by IoT which plays vital role in several applications. IoT incorporates physical devices into a network structure that includes software, sensors to collect data from the surrounding environment, and sinks for data transmission. To increase network lifespan during data transmission, a resource-efficient routing system is needed. Different academics have been working on improving routing techniques recently to increase effectiveness and route discovery. The key issue affecting the performance of WSNs is an efficient resource usage of routing. In order to overcome this problem, a new technique called Hierarchical Point wise Mutual Informative Clustering-based Shift Invariant Deep Convolutive Neural Learning (HPMIC-SIDCNL) technique is introduced in WSN. The HPMIC-SIDCNL technique uses the Shift Invariant Convolutive Deep neural learning concept to learn the given input with help of several layers such as input, three hidden layers, and output layer. Initially, the IoT devices are used in sensor nodes for sensing and collecting patient data. In the input layer, sensor nodes are considered as input. Then input is transmitted into first hidden layer where resource of the sensor nodes such as energy and bandwidth are measured. Then estimated resources are transmitted into second hidden layer where the clustering process is carried out using the Hierarchical IBM Point wise Mutual Informative Clustering technique. The Hierarchical IBM clustering uses the Point wise Mutual Information for collection of sensor nodes depend on energy and bandwidth. In the third hidden layer, the cluster is selected on higher residual energy and minimum bandwidth for improving the data transmission and reduces the delay. The cluster head receives the patient data after it has been sent by the source node in that particular cluster. In order to perform data transmission from source to sink node at output layer, cluster then locates the closest cluster head. In this manner, cluster heads are used to execute resource-efficient healthcare data transmission from source to sink node, minimizing the latency. The obtained findings show that the suggested HPMIC-SIDCNL technique outperforms in terms of high delivery ratio with little packet loss and delay. The advantage of the proposed HPMIC-SIDCNL technique, it is simple to understand because it represents a solution to a given problem step by step and is not dependent on any programming language. Since everyone can understand it, even those without programming experience, it is simple.

A classy energy efficient spider monkey optimization based clustering and data aggregation models for wireless sensor network

SUMMARYEstablishment of energy efficient and reliable data routing in wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of the most critical and challenging task in the recent days. Also, the overall performance and lifetime of WSN is highly depends on the energy level of sensor nodes, hence it is most essential to save the energy of network. For this purpose, the different types of clustering and data aggregation mechanisms are developed in the conventional works, which are focusing on improving both the energy conservation and lifetime of network. Yet, it facing the challenges of increased computational complexity, inefficient routing of data, high controlling overhead, and reduced reliability. Thus, the proposed work objects to develop a novel energy efficient mechanism by integrating the functionalities of advanced clustering, path selection, and data aggregation methodologies. Here, the spider monkey optimization based energy efficient routing protocol is developed for optimally selecting the cluster head (CH) based on certain parameters of energy, distance, and weight value. In this framework, the data transmission is performed between the source to destination nodes through the relay nodes and CHs, which helps to minimize the energy consumption of network. Then, the Classy Bellman‐Ford algorithm is deployed for identifying the best paths having shortest distance with the sink nodes. Consequently, an anticipated data aggregation mechanism is utilized for ensuring the security and reliability of data transmission in WSN. For evaluation assessment, various performance metrics have been utilized to validate the results of proposed methodology, and also the obtained values are compared with some other recent state‐of‐the‐art models for proving the betterment of proposed mechanism.

A Secure LEACH Protocol for Efficient CH Selection and Secure Data Communication in WSNs

Due to the applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in distinct fields, like civilian and military, environmental monitoring, and target tracking, etc., it became the important research area for researchers. Therefore, an efficient organization of network topology is needed for multi-hop data aggregation based on the energy constrained WSNs with large scale deployment for making the routing task simpler, balancing the load efficiently, and enhancing the network lifetime. The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is an architecture of application-specific protocol, which is used for WSNs. However, this LEACH protocol suffered from more energy consumption in network without considering the cluster heads (CHs) distribution on a rotation basis. In addition, the complex security mechanisms are not sufficient due to limited bandwidth and other restrictions that the sensor nodes have. Thus, it is essential to improve the energy efficiency, CH stability and secure data transmission in WSN’s, which is the main objective of this work. Motivated from these three challenges, this article proposes a stable and secure LEACH (SS-LEACH), in which a new and improved protocol of LEACH is proposed for enhancing the stability of CH and energy efficiency as it considers the nodes’ consumed energy ratio (CER) for CH selection and random number generation, here after the proposed LEACH is named as CER-LEACH. In addition, it aims to prevent the previously elected CH node and it will get another chance in the current round. This method correlates the threshold used in traditional LEACH with the energy consumption ratio of each node. Further, it also introduces a hybrid reputation-based data transmission (HRDT) scheme for secure data transmission. With the proposed CER-LEACH protocol, WSNs achieves better performance in terms of secured communication, network lifetime, and energy consumption based on the analysis of simulation results as compared to state-of-art approaches.

Real-Time Data Transmission Scheduling Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Deep Q-Learning

In the industrial environment, the data transmission of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) usually has strict deadline requirements. Improving the reliability and real-time performance of data transmission has become one of the critical issues in WSNs research. One of the main methods to improve the network performance of WSNs is to schedule the transmission process. An effective scheduling algorithm can meet the requirements of a strict industrial environment for network performance, which is of great research significance. Aiming at the problem of concurrent data transmission in WSNs, a real-time data transmission scheduling algorithm based on deep Q-learning is proposed. The algorithm comprehensively considers the influence of the remaining deadline, remaining hops, and unassigned time-slot nodes in the data transmission process, defines the reward function and action selection strategy of Q-learning, and guides the system state information transfer process. At the same time, deep learning and Q-learning are combined to solve the problem of disaster maintenance caused by the large scale of the system state. A multi-layer Stacked Auto Encoder (SAE) network model establishes the state-action mapping relationship, and the Q-learning algorithm updates it. Finally, according to the trained SAE network model, the data transmission scheduling strategy of the system in different states is obtained. The network performance of the proposed data transmission scheduling algorithm is analyzed and evaluated by simulation experiments. The simulation results show that compared with the commonly used heuristic algorithms, the proposed algorithm improves real-time performance and can better meet the data transmission requirements of high reliability and real-time WSNs.

Improved Energy Based Multi-Sensor Object Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are spatially distributed to independent sensor networks that can sense physical characteristics such as temperature, sound, pressure, energy, and so on. WSNs have secure link to physical environment and robustness. Data Aggregation (DA) plays a key role in WSN, and it helps to minimize the Energy Consumption (EC). In order to have trustworthy DA with a rate of high aggregation for WSNs, the existing research works have focused on Data Routing for In-Network Aggregation (DRINA). Yet, there is no accomplishment of an effective balance between overhead and routing. But EC required during DA remained unsolved. The detection of objects belonging to the same event into specific regions by the Bayes Node is distributed through the Sensor Nodes (SNs). Multi-Sensor Data Synchronization Scheduling (MSDSS) framework is proposed for efficient DA at the sink in a heterogeneous sensor network. Secure and Energy-Efficient based In-Network Aggregation Sensor Data Routing (SEE-INASDR) is developed based on the Dynamic Routing (DR) structure with reliable data transmission in WSNs. Theoretical analysis and experimental results showed that in WSN, the proposed Bayes Node Energy Polynomial Distribution (BNEPD) technique reduced Energy Drain Rate (EDR) by 39% and reduced 33% of Communication Overhead (CO) using poly distribution algorithm. Similarly, the proposed MSDSS framework increased the Network Lifetime (NL) by 15%. This framework also increased 10.5% of Data Aggregation Routing (DAR). Finally, the SEE-INASDR framework significantly reduced EC by 51% using a Secure and Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol (SEERP).

Aggregated PSO for Secure Data Transmission in WSN Using Fog Server

Privacy of data in Internet of Things (IoT) over fog networks is the biggest challenge in security of Wireless communication networks. In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), current research on fog computing with IoT is gaining popularity among IoT devices over network. Moreover, the data aggregation will reduce the energy consumption in WSN. Due to the open and hostile nature of WSN, secure data aggregation is the major issue. The existing data aggregation methods in IoT and its associated approaches are lack of limited aggregation functions, heavyweight, issues related to the performance overhead. Besides, the overload on fog node will result in high latency, scalability, storage, degraded reliability and energy overhead. In order to overcome these issues, this proposed work has used two schemes for secure transmission of data over the network and reduce the energy consumption of the transmission. The secret data transferred between the IoT devices and the Fog server are transmitted through the aggregator node. If the aggregator node is placed far away from the Fog node, it may send the data to its neighbor aggregator. And it will append it with the current data and send it to the fog server through aggregator message receiving method. In addition to that, the fog server can extract the data through the fog message extractor method. In order to reduce the transmission cost and energy, Clustered Particle Swarm Optimization (CPSO) method is used to form the clusters. This proposed work can avoid the unnecessary energy consumption during the transmission and ensures secured aggregation so that the base station can know the origin of the sender and the validity of the received message. Therefore, the computation cost of the proposed work in authorization requires1MC+1H and the aggregation requires (n+2) MC+1H which is lesser than the existing methods.

Statistical Analysis with Dingo Optimizer Enabled Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

Security is a vital parameter to conserve energy in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Trust management in the WSN is a crucial process as trust is utilized when collaboration is important for accomplishing trustworthy data transmission. But the available routing techniques do not involve security in the design of routing techniques. This study develops a novel statistical analysis with dingo optimizer enabled reliable routing scheme (SADO-RRS) for WSN. The proposed SADO-RRS technique aims to detect the existence of attacks and optimal routes in WSN. In addition, the presented SADO-RRS technique derives a new statistics based linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for attack detection, Moreover, a trust based dingo optimizer (TBDO) algorithm is applied for optimal route selection in the WSN and accomplishes secure data transmission in WSN. Besides, the TBDO algorithm involves the derivation of the fitness function involving different input variables of WSN. For demonstrating the enhanced outcomes of the SADO-RRS technique, a wide range of simulations was carried out and the outcomes demonstrated the enhanced outcomes of the SADO-RRS technique.

Network Invulnerability Enhancement Algorithm Based on WSN Closeness燙entrality

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an important part of the Internet of Things (IoT), which are used for information exchange and communication between smart objects. In practical applications, WSN lifecycle can be influenced by the unbalanced distribution of node centrality and excessive energy consumption, etc. In order to overcome these problems, a heterogeneous wireless sensor network model with small world characteristics is constructed to balance the centrality and enhance the invulnerability of the network. Also, a new WSN centrality measurement method and a new invulnerability measurement model are proposed based on the WSN data transmission characteristics. Simulation results show that the life cycle and data transmission volume of the network can be improved with a lower network construction cost, and the invulnerability of the network is effectively enhanced.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК СХЕМ РЕТРАНСЛЯЦИИ СИГНАЛА В БЕСПРОВОДНЫХ СЕТЯХ ДАТЧИКОВ

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are being actively implemented in various systems for remoteobservation and monitoring of distributed objects. WSNs have a number of undoubted advantages:flexibility, efficiency, relative cheapness, and the possibility of rapid deployment. However,the exchange of information and data is carried out in the WSN using wireless communicationchannels, which are subject to inevitable interference and noise, which leads to transmission errors and even to the loss of transmitted data packets. Another challenge, not fully resolved, is theuneven distribution of consumed energy within the WSN in the face of stringent requirements forenergy sources. Currently, there are two most widely used retransmission schemes in the loss oftransmitted data, namely, hop-by-hop and end-to-end. Most of the well-known studies devoted tothe issues of reliable data transmission in WSN using these schemes have been carried out experimentally.In addition, there are still no analytical methods for evaluating various reliabletransport solutions, which complicates the analysis of the proposed WSN. Therefore, the aim of theproposed work is the development of analytical methods and algorithms for studying the operatingcharacteristics of the signal relaying circuits in the WSN. Analytical methods are proposed forevaluating retransmission schemes in the WSN, based on a relatively new theoretical basis - thenetwork calculus for packet-switched networks, which is a tool for determining the size of the network.First, traffic, service and energy cost models are introduced. Based on these models andnetwork calculations, the maximum packet transmission delay and energy efficiency of the twomain types of retransmission schemes: hop-by-hop and end-to-end retransmission, are analyticallyestimated. According to the results of the experiment, the maximum latency and the maximumpower consumption of these two schemes are compared in several scenarios. In addition, the analyticallycalculated maximum delay is compared with the simulation results. With the proposedmethod, a suitable retransmission scheme can be selected based on the various requirements andconstraints to be set.