Data Transmission Failure Research Articles

Solar node and gateway wireless system functions in record breaking polar vortex outbreak of February 2021

AbstractAdvances in environmental and agricultural management are increasingly enabled by unattended data acquisition using internet‐of‐things (IOT) approaches. These approaches combine advanced sensors and wireless data transmission to automatically convey field data to the internet. Users, either human or machine, then can access and act upon the data from nearly anywhere in the world. Particularly in the case of machines automatically acting on the data, robustness, reliability and accuracy of data are crucial to preventing unintended outcomes of machine operations and continued supply of key services. Low‐cost, low‐power, and solar‐powered systems are important to enable market entry of advanced decision support systems based on IOT data acquisition approaches. The polar vortex outbreak of February 2021 in the central United States provided an extreme test of such a node and gateway system for automatic data acquisition and telemetry to the internet over the cellular telephone network. The system, codesigned by USDA‐ARS and Acclima, performed admirably despite air temperatures reaching a minimum of −24 °C, temperatures < 0 °C for 8 d and < −7 °C for 6 d, two snowstorms, and overcast conditions. The six nodes, gateway, and 36 sensors continued to function reliably with a data transmission failure rate of <2 in 10,000 even though the Li‐ion batteries could not be recharged for 7 d due to temperatures <5 °C. The system reports geographic position of each node and gateway, model numbers and firmware versions of all equipment, including sensors, date, and time of sensor readings, and individual sensor elevations relative to a reference surface, affording data self‐identification for unfettered use by remote systems.

Failure-Tolerant and Low-Latency Telecommand in Mega-Constellations: The Redundant Multi-Path Routing

In recent years, in order to provide worldwide broadband Internet access services, many mega-constellation projects have been proposed. Traditional ground-based and space-based telecommand systems only rely on a single path for data transmission, which is vulnerable once the path fails. This paper utilizes inter-satellite-links (ISLs) in the constellation network to reduce the risk of data transmission failure, and proposes the failure-tolerant and low-latency redundant multi-path routing algorithm (RMPR). RMPR transmits multiple data copies on multiple shortest edge-disjoint paths according to the optimal proportions with the minimum delay. Compared with traditional single-path routing and backup multi-path routing, RMPR ensures both reliability and timeliness in telecommand system.

Hardware challenges with an anticoagulation strategy guided by detection of atrial fibrillation by an implantable loop recorder

Abstract Background A “pill-in-the-pocket” anticoagulation strategy, guided by ECG data from an implantable loop recorder (ILR), has been advocated as a clinical strategy. However, a fundamental requirement is the ability to reliably obtain daily ECG data from patients. Objective To determine the reliability of daily ECG data transfer from ILRs. Methods We evaluated patients implanted with an ILR in whom we sought to withhold oral anticoagulation (OAC) unless atrial fibrillation (AF) was detected. The ILR transmits data nightly to a bedside monitor. Once received, the data are sent to a central server. Over the course of a month, we tracked for each patient whether ECG data were received by the server. Results The study included 170 AF patients with an ILR where we planned to withhold OAC unless AF was documented. Daily ECG data were automatically transmitted and retrievable in only 36 (21%) patients. Two (1%) pts had not a single day of connectivity, 6 (4%) pts were connected <7 days, and 16 (9%) pts were connected <14 days. Wireless connectivity was lost for >48 hours in 89 (52%) patients (Figure). Most patients experienced multiple reasons for data transmission failure within the month. Conclusions To determine whether an ILR guided OAC strategy is feasible, reliable daily transmission of ECG data is a fundamental prerequisite. Current technology facilitated daily ECG data transfer in only 1/5 of patients. In the remaining, there was either extended loss of connectivity or no connectivity at all. A “pill-in-the-pocket” anticoagulation approach is currently difficult given existing hardware limitations. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Trajectory-prediction based relay scheme for time-sensitive data communication in VANETs

In the Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET), the data transmission of time-sensitive applications requires low latency, such as accident warnings, driving guidance, etc. However, frequent changes of topology in VANET will result in data transmission failures. In order to improve the efficiency of VANETs data transmission and increase the timeliness of data, this paper proposes a relay scheme based on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) trajectory prediction, which can be used to select the optimal relay vehicle to transmit data. The proposed scheme learns vehicle trajectory in a distributed manner and calculates the predicted trajectory, and then the optimal vehicle can be selected to complete the data transmission, which ensures the timeliness of the data. Finally, we carry out a set of simulations to demonstrate the performance of the algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme enhances the timeliness of the data and the accuracy of the predicted driving trajectory.

Golang and NSG Implementation in REST API Based Third-Party Sandbox System

A good application development requires a testing phase to ensure there are no errors before it’s released to public. But testing phase becomes difficult if the application development involves features from third parties. The idea to resolve the problem for Dhanapala application under the auspices of PT. Semangat Gotong Royong is to make the Sandbox system which is a system designed to resemble the characteristics of a third party. The Sandbox system will be developed into a REST API and written using the Golang programming language. In conducting communications with other systems New Simple Queue (NSQ) is also used that can support concurrency and prevent data transmission failures. As a result, the Sandbox system can receive requests and will process responses that are similar to functions from third parties. All forms of feature calls to third parties can be transferred to the Sandbox system so that all the data needs on some functions involving third parties can be fulfilled and the Dhanapala application can be run without its dependence on third parties

Optimized Cluster-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture Precision

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming one of the demanding platforms, where sensor nodes are sensing and monitoring the physical or environmental conditions and transmit the data to the base station via multihop routing. Agriculture sector also adopted these networks to promote innovations for environmental friendly farming methods, lower the management cost, and achieve scientific cultivation. Due to limited capabilities, the sensor nodes have suffered with energy issues and complex routing processes and lead to data transmission failure and delay in the sensor-based agriculture fields. Due to these limitations, the sensor nodes near the base station are always relaying on it and cause extra burden on base station or going into useless state. To address these issues, this study proposes a Gateway Clustering Energy-Efficient Centroid- (GCEEC-) based routing protocol where cluster head is selected from the centroid position and gateway nodes are selected from each cluster. Gateway node reduces the data load from cluster head nodes and forwards the data towards the base station. Simulation has performed to evaluate the proposed protocol with state-of-the-art protocols. The experimental results indicated the better performance of proposed protocol and provide more feasible WSN-based monitoring for temperature, humidity, and illumination in agriculture sector.

Smart Energy Control Internet of Things based Agriculture Clustered Scheme for Smart Farming

The era of smart farming has already begun, and its consequences for society and environment are expected to be massive. In this situation, Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have become a key route towards new agricultural practices. IoT nodes detect and track physical or environmental conditions and transmit data through multihop routing to their base station. However, these IoT nodes have come up with energy constraints and complex routing processes due to limited capacities. Hence, lead to data transmission failure and delay in the fields of IoT-based farming. Because of these limitations, the IoT nodes distant from the base station are dependent on their cluster heads (CHs), causing additional load on CHs leading to high energy consumption and shortening their lifetime. To address these issues, this research proposes a smart energy control IoT based agriculture clustered scheme to reduce load on CHs by introducing a novel clustering scheme. Simulations are conducted for validation and comparison is made with LEACH protocol in Agriculture and results show that proposed scheme has much lower energy consumption and longer network life as compared to its counterparts.

Deep Learning Empowered Task Offloading for Mobile Edge Computing in Urban Informatics

Led by industrialization of smart cities, numerous interconnected mobile devices, and novel applications have emerged in the urban environment, providing great opportunities to realize industrial automation. In this context, autonomous driving is an attractive issue, which leverages large amounts of sensory information for smart navigation while posing intensive computation demands on resource constrained vehicles. Mobile edge computing (MEC) is a potential solution to alleviate the heavy burden on the devices. However, varying states of multiple edge servers as well as a variety of vehicular offloading modes make efficient task offloading a challenge. To cope with this challenge, we adopt a deep Q-learning approach for designing optimal offloading schemes, jointly considering selection of target server and determination of data transmission mode. Furthermore, we propose an efficient redundant offloading algorithm to improve task offloading reliability in the case of vehicular data transmission failure. We evaluate the proposed schemes based on real traffic data. Results indicate that our offloading schemes have great advantages in optimizing system utilities and improving offloading reliability.

Probability-Based Spectrum Sensing and Data Transmission Scheduling for Cognitive Radio Sensors

In a cognitive radio (CR) sensor network, more than one node may sense the same channel simultaneously. If the channel is available, those nodes may start to transmit data in this channel concurrently due to no coordination between them. This may lead to collision and data transmission failure. Thus, energy consumed in channel sensing and data transmission will be wasted. Hence, to achieve the maximum throughput with limited energy, in this paper, we propose a probability-based spectrum sensing scheduling method to enable nodes to determine the optimal sensing time. Each node senses the channels with a probability which is determined by the numbers of channels and nodes. Also, a channel is sensed with a probability which is determined by the number of available channels. This is different from a conventional sensing scheduling with which a node senses channels per request without considering the number of channels and competitive counterparts. First, the probabilities of different cases of node sensing channels are investigated. Then the average throughput achievable, energy consumed, and packet delay are derived. Incorporating the probabilities of the channel being available, detection and false alarm, an optimization problem is formulated to find the optimal sensing time that maximizes the throughput-to-energy ratio.

Classification‐Based Control for Wireless Networked Control Systems with Lossy Multipacket Transmission

A classification‐based control approach is proposed for wireless networked control systems with lossy multipacket transmission. This approach takes advantage of a state reconstruction process to deal with the distinct feature of partial failure of data transmission caused by multipacket transmission, and then classifies the difference of the latest received system states and reconstructed ones to design a classification‐based controller. The closed‐loop stability of the system is proven using the switched systems theory. By considering more communication characteristics of multipacket transmission, the proposed approach is shown to give rise to a better system performance by a numerical example. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Development and Sea Test Results of a Deep-Sea Tsunami Warning Buoy System

AbstractTsunamis are catastrophic ocean waves that could cause devastating damage to human lives, properties, and coastal infrastructures. This article presents the design and sea test results of a deep-sea tsunami warning buoy system. The system consists of a seafloor tsunami detection subsystem and a surface buoy. The tsunami detection subsystem monitors the tsunami waves through seafloor water pressure measurement. Detection of tsunami waves is achieved by separating the influence of astronomical tidal waves from the seafloor measurements via a cubic polynomial extrapolation method. The deep seafloor measurements and the tsunami detection results are transmitted in real time from the seafloor subsystem to the surface buoy via underwater acoustic communications; the buoy then relays the data to an onshore tsunami warning center via satellite links. The tsunami warning buoy system was evaluated in four deep-sea tests at different locations. In the last sea test, the system achieved an effective working duration of 108 consecutive days. This article analyzes the causes of false alarms and data transmission failures in the sea tests and puts forward effective solutions for system improvement. The system design and the sea test results could serve as references for future development of deep-sea infrastructures.

Toward Interference Aware IoT Framework: Energy and Geo-Location-Based-Modeling

In multi-hop wireless communication, a sensor node should consume its energy efficiently for relaying of data packets. However, most IoT-devices are equipped with limited battery power and computing resources for wireless communications, and thus energy optimization becomes one of the major concerns in wireless sensors routing design. The wireless technologies usually use unlicensed frequency bands of 2.4 GHz to transmit the data. Due to the broadcasting medium, the wireless transmission interferes with the reception of surrounding radios. As a result, data transmission failure increases resulting in low-communication quality. Therefore, one of the best solutions to this problem is to select the hop distance node that has a few neighbor nodes to disseminate packets until it reaches the ultimate receiver. The proposed routing selects the node that has few neighboring nodes and thus less interference. In another word, the scheme finds a better load balancing, and thus minimizes the probability of overload on a sensor node. It also introduces a new clustering algorithm around a single base station to shorten the transmission distances. This approach periodically selects the cluster heads (CHs) according to its location based distance from the final destination. The extensive simulation studies reveal that the proposed algorithm finds the best routing node and clustering formation to forward the traffic and thereby minimizes the interference ratio. In addition, the proposed protocol achieves low-energy consumption and longer network lifetime than other popular protocols.

A mobility-aware approach for distributed data update on unstructured mobile P2P networks

In unstructured mobile peer-to-peer systems (MP2P), the frequent link breakages lead frequent topology mismatching problems and data transmission failures due to high mobility of nodes. The overhead of data transmission and synchronization cannot be neglected. In order to keep the data consistent, flooding is a fundamental and straightforward data synchronization mechanism since a mobile node does not know which else has the same shared data item. However, data flooding causes the broadcast storm problem. In this paper, we propose a mobility-aware data update approach (MADU) to improve the data dissemination and to reduce the overhead of maintaining the consistency of shared data items in an MP2P network. We use safe-time which is derived from the neighbor’s location and speed to determine the time for a node to do the checking and updating between the neighbor nodes and itself. We also consider the network connectivity of a mobile node and access frequency of a data item as the factors to trigger the update process. By combining the mobility information of nodes, network connectivity, and access frequency of data items, we set a reasonable data update mechanism, which can significantly decrease the number of retransmissions and redundant messages so as to reduce the overhead of maintaining the data consistency.

Design and Reliability Analysis of Security Mechanism of Wireless Sensor Network Monitoring System of Coal Mine

In the design of the system, the construction and analysis of the system reliability model can help engineers to optimize the network structure. In order to evaluate the reliability of security monitoring and monitoring more comprehensively, on the one hand, the backup redundancy of key nodes is discussed on the basis of discussing the importance of key nodes of down hole sensors; on the other hand, consider the ground station and the data transmission reliability and failure analysis of dynamic base station, parallel redundancy design, three redundant data retransmission mode for data transmission, to improve the reliability of the whole system. The reliability of the proposed method of sensor network monitoring and transmission link increase, combined with the topological structure, greatly improves the reliability of the monitoring system, provide a basis for the reliable delivery of information.

Exploiting Outage and Error Probability of Cooperative Incremental Relaying in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks.

This paper embeds a bi-fold contribution for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs); performance analysis of incremental relaying in terms of outage and error probability, and based on the analysis proposition of two new cooperative routing protocols. Subject to the first contribution, a three step procedure is carried out; a system model is presented, the number of available relays are determined, and based on cooperative incremental retransmission methodology, closed-form expressions for outage and error probability are derived. Subject to the second contribution, Adaptive Cooperation in Energy (ACE) efficient depth based routing and Enhanced-ACE (E-ACE) are presented. In the proposed model, feedback mechanism indicates success or failure of data transmission. If direct transmission is successful, there is no need for relaying by cooperative relay nodes. In case of failure, all the available relays retransmit the data one by one till the desired signal quality is achieved at destination. Simulation results show that the ACE and E-ACE significantly improves network performance, i.e., throughput, when compared with other incremental relaying protocols like Cooperative Automatic Repeat reQuest (CARQ). E-ACE and ACE achieve 69% and 63% more throughput respectively as compared to CARQ in hard underwater environment.

Electronic Adherence Monitoring in a High-Utilizing Pediatric Asthma Cohort: A Feasibility Study.

BackgroundInner-city, minority children with asthma have the highest rates of morbidity and death from asthma and the lowest rates of asthma controller medication adherence. Some recent electronic medication monitoring interventions demonstrated dramatic improvements in adherence in lower-risk populations. The feasibility and acceptability of such an intervention in the highest-risk children with asthma has not been studied.ObjectiveOur objective was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a community health worker-delivered electronic adherence monitoring intervention among the highest utilizers of acute asthma care in an inner-city practice.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort pilot study targeting children with the highest frequency of asthma-related emergency department and hospital care within a local managed care Medicaid plan. The 3-month intervention included motivational interviewing, electronic monitoring of controller and rescue inhaler use, and outreach by a community health worker for predefined medication alerts. We measured acceptability by using a modified technology acceptability model and changes in asthma control using the Asthma Control Test (ACT). Given prominent feasibility issues, we describe qualitative patterns of medication use at baseline only.ResultsWe enrolled 14 non-Hispanic black children with a median age of 3.5 years. Participants averaged 7.8 emergency or hospital visits in the year preceding enrollment. We observed three distinct patterns of baseline controller use: 4 patients demonstrated sustained use, 5 patients had periodic use, and 5 patients lapsed within 2 weeks. All participants initiated use of the electronic devices; however, no modem signal was transmitted for 5 or the 14 participants after a mean of 45 days. Of the 9 (64% of total) caregivers who completed the final study visit, all viewed the electronic monitoring device favorably and would recommend it to friends, and 5 (56%) believed that the device helped to improve asthma control. ACT scores improved by a mean of 2.7 points (P=.05) over the 3-month intervention.ConclusionsHigh-utilizer, minority families who completed a community health worker-delivered electronic adherence intervention found it generally acceptable. Prominent feasibility concerns, however, such as recruitment, data transmission failure, and lost devices, should be carefully considered when designing interventions in this setting.

A Geography-Based Void-Bypassing Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Geographic routing protocol (GRP) allows sensor node to select path solely depending on the position information of its neighbor nodes. However, the irregular distribution of sensor node in wireless sensor networks (WSN) gives rise to the problem that GRP using the greedy algorithm may suffer the problem of local extrema. Due to the routing voids, it tends to result in the failure of data transmission. To overcome this drawback and improve the control packet overhead and transmission delay of routing void, based on virtual coordinate mapping, this paper proposes an efficient void-bypassing routing protocol (EVRP). Through mapping the coordinates on a virtual circle for edge nodes, EVRP transforms the void edge's random structure into a regular one. After clustering and redundant scheduling, each node has an energy threshold. If a node's energy is lower than its threshold, it sends a failure message to its cluster head which then uses the intersection angle with the failure node and considers all its neighbors as preparatory boundary nodes. Each preparatory boundary node is also judged. Thus a virtual rectangle is constructed. Its ability of covering the void which engenders dynamic intermediate destination nodes can enhance the efficiency and success of bypassing routing void. Compared with RGP and GPSR, simulation and analysis results demonstrate that EVRP is superior in finding the shortest routing path with higher delivery ratio, less control packet overhead and energy consumption.

Energy Aware Routing Protocol Poisson Process using Diffusion Update Algorithm in WSN

In wireless network communication, the energy efficiency is obtained from throughput of data transmission. During the network traffic and failure of data transmission, the energy efficiency and lifetime of network can be reduced in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). For this problem, we propose a duty cycling preservation scheme with Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). EIGRP is used to preserve energy by reducing the network traffic in which the routing decisions are managed on network automatically. It reduces the workload on amount of data needs to be transferred, so the throughput is accomplished by EIGRP for WSN. The EIGRP based on diffused update algorithm to find the shortest path to goal of network. The duty cycling is commonly used for preserving energy effectively. In this process, the cluster heads play a major function in WSN. The aim of this paper is to extend a network lifetime and to preserve the energy by using EIGRP.

Energy Aware Routing Protocol Poisson Process using Diffusion Update Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless network communication, the energy efficiency is obtained from throughput of data transmission. During the network traffic and failure of data transmission, the energy efficiency and lifetime of network can be reduced in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). For this problem, we propose a duty cycling preservation scheme with Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). EIGRP is used to preserve energy by reducing the network traffic in which the routing decisions are managed on network automatically. It reduces the workload on amount of data needs to be transferred, so the throughput is accomplished by EIGRP for WSN. The EIGRP based on diffused update algorithm to find the shortest path to goal of network. The duty cycling is commonly used for preserving energy effectively. In this process, the cluster heads play a major function in WSN. The aim of this paper is to extend a network lifetime and to preserve the energy by using EIGRP.

An Efficient Bypassing Void Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network

Since the sensor node’s distribution in a wireless sensor network (WSN) is irregular, geographic routing protocols using the greedy algorithm can cause local minima problem. This problem may fail due to routing voids and lead to failure of data transmission. Based on the virtual coordinate mapping, this paper proposes an efficient bypassing void routing protocol to solve the control packet overhead and transmission delay in routing void of WSN, which is called EBVRPVCM. The basic idea is to transfer the random structure of void edge to a regular one through mapping the coordinates on a virtual circle. In EBVRPVCM, some strategies, executed in different regions, are selected through virtual coordinates to bypass routing void efficiently. The regular edge is established by coordinate mapping that can shorten the average routing path length and decrease the transmission delay. The virtual coordinate mapping is not affected by the real geographic node position, and the control packet overhead can be reduced accordingly. Compared with RGP and GPSR, simulation results demonstrate that EBVRPVCM can successfully find the shortest routing path with higher delivery ratio and less control packet overhead and energy consumption.