Data Transfer Standards Research Articles

Exchanging genomics reports between pathology labs and medical centers using the Minimal Clinical Oncology Data Element (mCODE) FHIR implementation guide.

e13575 Background: The automated transfer of discrete molecular data from pathology labs into the electronic health record (EHR) is rapidly becoming commonplace and is designed to facilitate clinical decision making. Simple genomic changes are represented in existing EHR data transfer standards, but current data standards lack clinical fields that correspond to treatment insights such as associated medications and potential clinical trials. To address this, the mCODE effort defines a consensus oncology data standard that facilitates lightweight transmission of data from patients with cancer. mCODE’s support of genomic data leverages efforts by the HL7 Clinical Genomics Working Group (HL7 CGWG) focusing on oncology. Here, we describe pilot efforts involving both a pathology partner and academic medical centers to extend mCODE FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) implementation guide (IG) support of genomic data for data interchange and clinical decision support use cases. Methods: From 2021-2022, validation of the mCODE FHIR IG genomic data elements was performed in CodeX, a FHIR accelerator program. These elements encompassed: lab facility, test order information, pathologist, patient demographics, specimen, molecular studies and therapeutic implications. Genomic FHIR data elements were selected for their conciseness and clinical relevance for inclusion in the mCODE FHIR IG under the supervision of two oncology informaticians. As part of the mCODE FHIR IG pilot, synthetic solid tumor molecular patient reports were generated by Tempus Labs. These synthetic molecular reports were transformed into mCODE-conformant FHIR files for transfer. The mCODE IG can be found at http://hl7.org/fhir/us/mcode/ . Results: Over 50 Tempus data elements were analyzed and found to be readily mapped to mCODE genomics elements. Two categories of data elements required additional transformation: 1. Data elements requiring additional genomic database annotations; 2. FHIR syntax constraints like the concatenation of medications in the same drug class. The mCODE file was transmitted to Vanderbilt and the Children's Hospital LA from Tempus for decoding and downstream uses. This effort further informed the HL7 CGWG of needed IG clarifications for compatibility with other standardization efforts and genomic use cases. Conclusions: mCODE’s support of genomic data elements provides a lightweight genomics interchange standard compatible with an existing pathology lab report. Mapping from existing molecular pathology reports to mCODE required nominal alterations. Furthermore, mCODE’s alignment with HL7 genomics efforts ensure FHIR-based compatibility in other clinical domains and with developing international standards. Continued pathology lab and academic medical center collaboration is essential for mCODE refinement and adoption.

Ultra-High-Throughput Multi-Core AES Encryption Hardware Architecture

Security issues in high-speed data transfer between devices are always a big challenge. On the other hand, new data transfer standards such as IEEE P802.3bs 2017 stipulate the maximum data rate up to 400 Gbps. So, security encryptions need high throughput to meet data transfer rates and low latency to ensure the quality of services. In this paper, we propose a multi-core AES encryption hardware architecture to achieve ultra-high-throughput encryption. To reduce area cost and power consumption, these cores share the same KeyExpansion blocks. Fully parallel, outer round pipeline technique is also applied to the proposed architecture to achieve low latency encryption. The design has been modelled at RTL (Register-Transfer-Level) in VHDL and then synthesized with a CMOS 45nm technology using Synopsys Design Compiler. With 10-cores fully parallel and outer round pipeline, the implementation results show that our architecture achieves a throughput of 1 Tbps at the maximum operating frequency of 800 MHz. These results meet the speed requirements of future communication standards. In addition, our design also achieves a high power-efficiency of 2377 Gbps/W and area-efficiency of 833 Gbps/mm2, that is 2.6x and 4.5x higher than those of the other highest throughput of single-core AES, respectively.

Enabling the digital twin: a review of the modelling of measurement uncertainty on data transfer standards and its relationship with data from tests

Along the product lifecycle, data obtained in the physical domain are incorporated into the digital one to create models, which constitute a digital twin of a physical object. The acquisition of data from the physical domain involves the measurement of physical magnitudes. Making explicit the uncertainty of the data transferred from the physical domain is relevant to achieve the objectives of reducing uncertainty and improving predictions. The realisation of the digital twin requires implementing an interoperable data driven architecture between the physical and the digital domains. Data transfer standards are a fundamental part of that architecture. This work provides a review of the measurement uncertainty definition and specification, illustrates the data transfer in the context of the digital twin of a test rig, and discusses how uncertainty is modelled and represented in data transfer standards.

Enabling the digital twin: a review of the modelling of measurement uncertainty on data transfer standards and its relationship with data from tests

Along the product lifecycle, data obtained in the physical domain are incorporated into the digital one to create models, which constitute a digital twin of a physical object. The acquisition of data from the physical domain involves the measurement of physical magnitudes. Making explicit the uncertainty of the data transferred from the physical domain is relevant to achieve the objectives of reducing uncertainty and improving predictions. The realisation of the digital twin requires implementing an interoperable data driven architecture between the physical and the digital domains. Data transfer standards are a fundamental part of that architecture. This work provides a review of the measurement uncertainty definition and specification, illustrates the data transfer in the context of the digital twin of a test rig, and discusses how uncertainty is modelled and represented in data transfer standards.

КОМУНІКАЦІЇ ТА ІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ В УПРАВЛІННІ ОХОРОНОЮ ЗДОРОВ’Я УКРАЇНИ В КОНТЕКСТІ АДАПТАЦІЇ ІНОЗЕМНОГО ДОСВІДУ

The article analyzes problems of communication in the health-care management and discloses the peculiarities of the use of information technologies in this area. The relevant foreign experience is studied, its main achievements are outlined and weaknesses are analyzed. The best achievements of domestic experience in this area are illustrated by the example of new information systems providing in Ukraine. Problem statement is around the adaptation of world experience in health-care management for the conditions of Ukraine, in particular, in terms of modernizing the communication component of management and the use of information technologies. The purpose of the article is to investigate the problem of improving the use of information and communication in the health-care management in the context of foreign experience adapting in Ukraine. It is proved in the article the impossibility of providing high-quality medical services within the system based on in-patient treatment. The transition to effective medicine is possible only when medical services become accessible to a wide range of people. At the same time, it is necessary to shift the emphasis from clinical medicine to prevention and early diagnosis. In addition, the high quality becomes possible only in competitive conditions, although a competitive market environment does not guarantee high quality of services. Article discloses the communicational and technological aspects of health-care modernizing. It shows that e-services in this sphere become popular instrument of systemic changes. EU countries are approaching the development of e-health in different ways. But in some countries, the norm of ‘electronisation’ of health-care is even reduced due to an increase in total budget expenditures for the industry maintenance. Electronic health-care and its telecommunication component – telemedicine – originally arose in countries where the density of resettlement is relatively small (Scandinavian countries such as Denmark and Norway), and the demand of citizens for equality and quality of medical services, regardless of the place of residence, are quite high there.In the context of international experience studying, the Ukrainian case is shown. There are no proper regulations for e-services using in the Ukrainian health-care governing. There are a wide set of challenges in the field of electronic documents circulation, information security, software certification, data transfer standards and information exchange processes. The information and telecommunication infrastructure is slowly developing. Article describes the case of Ukraine through the example of Dnipropetrovsk region with its communicational system in health-care. It is concluded, that the foreign experience in the health-care informatization proves the presence of a number of inhibitory factors that slow down the digitalization. The medical information and communication system in Ukraine could obtain the following important qualities: low level of hardware requirements, reliable information security mechanisms (encryption, electronic signature), convenient mechanisms for statistical data processing, ability to synchronize with medical equipment, with databases, to provide system configuration, to connect additional modules and to be able to continuously update the software.

Investigating the impact of additive manufacturing data exchange standards for re-distributed manufacturing

The paradigm shift towards a decentralised approach of cloud manufacturing requires tighter standardisation and efficient interfaces between additive manufacturing (AM) data and production. In parallel with technology advancements, it is important to consider the digital chain of information. Although a plethora of AM formats exist, only some are commonly used for data transfer. None of these AM data transfer standards specifically addresses the needs of the re-distributed manufacturing (RDM) landscape. The purpose of this study is to identify the required features for AM data transfer standards to support a RDM landscape. The study examined the data flow from CAD to AM and reviewed established shortcomings of existing data exchange standards such as STL. After identifying the data exchange standards for AMF, 3MF, STEP and STEP-NC as promising replacements for STL, their premises, objectives, contributions and advantages were reviewed. The role of AM to support RDM by overcoming tooling costs and the associated need for economies of scale was also reviewed. Focus group interviews and surveys were conducted with AM and RDM experts from industry and academia and the participants’ accounts were analysed for common themes and narratives. Finally, the suitability of existing data transfer formats was examined by compiling existing and expected standard features and having them rated by AM experts. The study showed that STEP-NC and AMF standards are ahead in implementing the most highly valued data transfer features. Open standards are also expected to further facilitate innovation in AM. The survey also identified that the top five features deemed most important by the participants for data exchange formats for RDM were regular internal structures/lattices, manufacturing tolerances, geometric representation, curvature representation, and surface structures. This study has contributed towards evaluating existing standards and their future development and adoption. It is hoped that the results will benefit policy makers and industry leaders to be aware of the importance of data exchange standards for AM so as to pave a clear roadmap for the Digital Economy in a RDM landscape.

A Study of Development and Application on S-100 Registry

In this study, a system S-100 GI Registry for managing S-10x products, feature and attribute were developed with S-57 feature catalogue builder. The S-100 GI Registry is a tool that enables more efficient management of newly added feature and attribute, which were not included in IHO S-57 data transfer standard. S-100 GI Registry enables add new feature and attribute for S-10x products like tidal station, dynamic water level data, catalogues of nautical products. S-100 GI Registry contains many registers of hydrographic information together with registers of supplementary information owned by specialist domain experts. S-100 GI Registry and feature catalogue can be utilized by plug & play method to ENC software.

A Robust, Format-Agnostic Scientific Data Transfer Framework

The olog approach of Spivak and Kent (PLoS ONE 7, 1 (2012) p e24274) is applied to the practical development of data transfer frameworks, yielding simple rules for construction and assessment of data transfer standards. The simplicity, extensibility and modularity of such descriptions allows discipline experts unfamiliar with complex ontological constructs or toolsets to synthesise multiple pre-existing standards, potentially including a variety of file formats, into a single overarching ontology. These ontologies nevertheless capture all scientifically-relevant prior knowledge, and when expressed in machine-readable form are sufficiently expressive to mediate translation between legacy and modern data formats. A format-independent programming interface informed by this ontology consists of six functions, of which only two handle data. Demonstration software implementing this interface is used to translate between two common diffraction image formats using such an ontology in place of an intermediate format.

Research on Feature-Based Rapid Programming for Aircraft NC Parts

Feature-based programming is one of tendency of NC programming technology, and it is also an important portion for CAD/CAPP/CAM integration in the manufacturing enterprises. Because of selecting geometry repeatedly, random programming and bad integration during programming for the aircraft NC parts, the technology of rapid programming based on features is put forward in this paper. On the basis of features, the technology of feature recognition for aircraft NC parts and the algorithm of tool path generation based on features are integrated by taking XML as data transfer standard. With this method, the programming for aircraft NC parts can be realized quickly in the condition of CAD/CAPP/CAM integration. The system developed has been well applied to the programming for aircraft NC parts in an aircraft corporation.

BSPro COM-Server—interoperability between software tools using industrial foundation classes

The continuing development of the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) standard by the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) creates new possibilities for achieving interoperability for design software through the use of a common object model of the building and its open data transfer standard. Several architectural CAD tools are already IFC-compliant. However, in-depth knowledge of the highly complex IFC object model is required to develop IFC-compliant software. It has proven quite difficult to read the huge amount of building data stored in an IFC file, extract the information needed by a particular application, and correctly update the IFC file with new data. To make this work easier for developers not familiar with the IFC, Olof Granlund Oy has developed a new development tool, BSPro COM-Server for IFC Files. Using this tool, a software developer of new or existing tools can achieve IFC compatibility with a quite reasonable amount of work.

The vision thing

Editor's note: This collection of thoughts about the future of gravity and magnetics arose from an email discussion between Pat Millegan and Alan Reid. Reid, an active member of the SEG G&M Committee, has been instrumental in helping the community agree on data transfer standards after 30 years of “discussion.” Their email chat prompted Millegan to solicit comments from others about the future of the G&M disciplines. All thoughts and comments were written for inclusion in this article. Where are the potential-fields geophysics methods going? My crystal ball is as cloudy as anyone's, but the profession is seeing an upsurge of innovation and I'm seeing some of my young man's visions turning into reality instead of old man's dreams (Joel 2:28). The changes in data resolution and sensitivity are making completely new applications possible, so that potential-fields methods are expanding from regional tools into prospect scale and to some extent to reservoir scale. In the next 10 years, I believe that we will see more than 75% of the following objectives achieved. 1. Satellite gravity data will take over completely in the offshore regional environment and will be used routinely in planning all offshore seismic surveys. 2. Marine and land gravity acquisition will go to higher resolutions and sensitivities and will remain bread-and-butter work. 3. Conventional airborne gravity will become available at higher sensitivities, better resolution, and lower prices. 4. Vector gravity data will be collected from moving platforms (land, sea, and air). 5. Gravity tensor gradient measurement will become widely used, notably for reservoir problems, and will be available from multiple contractors using more than one instrument type. Their increased sensitivity will permit them to penetrate the minerals sector. 6. Borehole gravity data will (finally) find widespread use in the reservoir environment. 7. Absolute gravity and gravity gradient surveying will become routine both on the ground …

The geotechnical database for the Jubilee Line Extension project

As part of London Underground Limited's (LUL's) contribution to the collaborative research project ‘Subsidence damage to buildings: prediction, protection and repair’, a geotechnical database system was developed for storing, straightforwardly retrieving and exporting geotechnical and other construction information. The research was sponsored by the DETR–EPSRC LINK Construction Maintenance and Refurbishment Programme under the project management of CIRIA. The collection and management of the research data was seen, from the start, as one of the key parts of the research, the aim being to create comprehensive case records for immediate and subsequent analysis. The database that was created, however, has a much greater capability and a wider potential applicability. The geotechnical data that were collected related to the several work stages and contracts for the construction of the Jubilee Line Extension project (JLEP). They include research-based data, that is, measurements taken by the research team; construction monitoring that was a JLEP contractual requirement; and construction records of specialist processes (such as compensation grouting); and of the main works of tunnelling and excavation. In addition, reference can be made, via the system, to information stored in a variety of other media, ranging from paper copies to digital videos. The paper considers the questions posed and solutions found for the design of the database system. Some of these questions resulted from the multiplicity of data sources and the lack of a suitable data transfer standard. The basis of data control is geographical, that is, on the project mapping. The format and methods of accessing data are object oriented, for example a survey point, a piezometer, a grout injection port, etc. With the aid of screen-captures, the paper explains and describes the tools that were developed to find, view and export information. The paper also describes how the database is being used on the research project and introduces ideas for its wider adoption as a business tool for LUL. The concluding section defines the key features that have made the system successful and urges the industry to adopt a monitoring data transfer standard.

From databases to visualisation — data transfer standards and data structures of 3D geological modelling : W. L. Power, P. Lamb & F. G. Horowitz, in: Applications of computers and operations research in the minerals industries. Conference, Brisbane, 1995, ed ANON (AusIMM), 1995, pp 65–70

From databases to visualisation — data transfer standards and data structures of 3D geological modelling : W. L. Power, P. Lamb & F. G. Horowitz, in: Applications of computers and operations research in the minerals industries. Conference, Brisbane, 1995, ed ANON (AusIMM), 1995, pp 65–70

RATAS Project—Developing an Infrastructure for Computer‐Integrated Construction

Computer‐integrated construction (CIC) is a target state for construction computing characterized by extensive digital‐information flows between computer applications. Fully developed CIC requires an infrastructure of data structuring and transfer standards, digitized construction information services, changing patterns of organizing projects, and so forth. The creation of such an infrastructure is currently a high‐priority area for research and development in many countries. In Finland this work has been organized as a fruitful cooperation between industry and researchers. The process known as the RATAS project was initiated in 1983 and continues in the mid‐1990s. This paper describes the background of the project, its organization and major phases, and gives brief descriptions of a number of its technical subprojects. The paper ends with an evaluation of the impact of the project on commercial‐software development and practice.

Continuing Research Needs Resulting from the SDTS Development Effort

For more than a decade, efforts to develop and specify the U.S. Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) have on many occasions encountered limitations in both theory and "gaps in our knowledge" which have hindered its development. This work examines broad categories of these limitations from the perspective of research needs, to encourage further research on these topics. Areas in need of further study include fundamental concepts, the specification and use of spatial objects, spatial data quality, entity definitions, the data transfer mechanism, and international comparison of transfer mechanisms. In many cases recent research progress has been made in these areas and this progress is pointed out. A number of high-priority research areas are identified. It is hoped that this work will encourage more research effort to be directed towards these areas, which will benefit not only the development of spatial data transfer standards but also the spatial data sciences in general.

The authoritative topographic-cartographic information system

Abstract Recent years have seen increased emphasis in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) on better conceptual data modelling and data transfer standards. A major achievement in this area is the United States Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS). This standard represents one of the many attempts around the world to standardise the way in which geographic information is modelled and transferred. SDTS is currently being reviewed for adoption in Australia. Several authors have questioned the appropriateness of adopting SDTS and have suggested alternative approaches. These should be considered from the viewpoint of their ability to match specifically Australasian needs. This paper describes an interesting and different alternative from Germany, the Authoritative Topographic-Cartographic Information System (ATKIS). It also discusses a working implementation of the model using an object-oriented software system.

Status of Emerging Standards for Data Definitions and Transfer in the Petroleum Industry

Leading-edge hardware and software to store, retrieve, process, analyze, visualize, and interpret geoscience and petroleum data are improving continuously. A babel of definitions and formats for common industry data items limits the overall effectiveness of these computer-aided exploration and production tools. Custom data conversion required to load applications causes delays and exposes data content to error and degradation. Emerging industry-wide standards for management of geoscience and petroleum-related data are poised to overcome long-standing internal barriers to the full exploitation of these high-tech hardware/software systems. Industry technical organizations, such as AAPG, SEG, and API, have been actively pursuing industry-wide standards for data transfer, data definitions, and data models. These standard-defining groups are non-fee and solicit active participation from the entire petroleum community. The status of the most active of these groups is presented here. Data transfer standards are being pursued within AAPG (AAPG-B Data Transfer Standard), API (DLIS, for log data) and SEG (SEG-DEF, for seismic data). Converging data definitions, models, and glossaries are coming from the Petroleum Industry Data Dictionary Group (PIDD) and from subcommittees of the AAPG Computer Applications Committee. The National Computer Graphics Association is promoting development of standards for transfer of geographically oriented data. The API Well-Numbermore » standard is undergoing revision.« less

A Short History of CAD Data Transfer Standards

A Short History of CAD Data Transfer Standards