Disclosure Of Data Research Articles

Measuring the mobility impact on the COVID-19 pandemic.

This assessment aims at measuring the impact of different location mobility on the COVID-19 pandemic. Data over time and over the 27 Brazilian federations in 5 regions provided by Google's COVID-19 community mobility reports and classified by place categories (retail and recreation, grocery and pharmacy, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residences) are autoregressed on the COVID-19 incidence in Brazil using generalized linear regressions to measure the aggregate dynamic impact of mobility on each socioeconomic category. The work provides a novel multicriteria approach for selecting the most appropriate estimation model in the context of this application. Estimations for the time gap between contagion and data disclosure for public authorities' decision-making, estimations regarding the propagation rate, and the marginal mobility contribution for each place category are also provided. We report the pandemic evolution on the dimensions of cases and a geostatistical analysis evaluating the most critical cities in Brazil based on optimized hotspots with a brief discussion on the effects of population density and the carnival.

California Privacy Law Vectors for Data Disclosures

California Privacy Law Vectors for Data Disclosures

LGPD Et Al. – Report on the Law of Data Disclosure in Brazil

LGPD Et Al. – Report on the Law of Data Disclosure in Brazil

Challenges Related to Fight Against Cybercrime. A Need to Strengthen International Cooperation

The objective of this article is to highlight the need for additional tools and frameworks for international cooperation. As the cyber threat landscape has considerably worsened in the last few years, in particular during the COVID-19 pandemic, law enforcement authorities worldwide need to take necessary measures to respond to this situation. As there are also new types of crime and modus operandi emerging, countries need to assess their legislative and organizational frameworks, and improve their capacities to detect and investigate these criminal offences. As most of the cases are of cross-border nature and electronic evidence needed for the investigations is stored in other countries, there is a greater dependence on international cooperation in conducting successful investigations. As traditional Mutual Legal Assistance measures don’t provide the necessary speed and effectiveness needed to adequately address the cybercrime threat, additional tools need to be developed. So far the Convention on Cybercrime or Budapest Convention has been the only international legally binding treaty on cybercrime and electronic evidence. In order to provide additional measures to supplement the ones established in the Convention, officials have opened discussions about creating the Second Additional Protocol. Although the background work and preparations for the Protocol were conducted over the course of several years, the Protocol negotiations started officially in September 2017. In May 2021 the Cybercrime Convention Committee agreed on the conditions of the Protocol. The Protocol would complement the Convention and provide several new tools and measures for law enforcement authorities. These measures include inter alia Mutual Legal Assistance and disclosure of computer data in emergency situations as well as providing avenues for direct cooperation with Multinational Service Providers. The Protocol will be opened for signature in 2022 and hopefully implementing the measures listed in the Protocol will aid in the fight against cybercrime and increase the effectiveness of international cooperation. As the threats and risks related to cybercrime have increased over the years, it is also time for law enforcement to display a stronger response to this pressing issue.

A Comprehensive Review of Cryptographic Algorithms

Abstract: The internet has revolutionized advancements, it’s conveniences and uses come at the price of new perils. To be safe from being the victim of fraud, theft and other damage security and vigilance is critical. Cryptography plays an important role in securing information and communications using a set of rules, it ensures the integrity of our data. It maintains confidentiality by protecting the privacy of personal information stored in enterprise systems. Hence Encryption is the only way to ensure that your information remains secure while it is stored and being transmitted. Cryptographic Algorithms mathematically maintain the integrity, confidentiality and authenticity of sensitive information by preventing data disclosure, data tampering and repudiation. The three main types of cryptography are Symmetric Key Cryptography, Asymmetric Key Cryptography and Hash Functions. In this Paper, several important algorithms used for encryption and decryption are defined and analysed, the algorithms are DES, AES, ECC, RSA, MD5 Keywords: Cryptography, Encryption, Decryption, AES, DES, ECC, RSA, Blowfish, MD5

Fiscal issues of entities’ non-financial reporting

The article identifies areas for strengthening the information value of non-financial reporting data, in particular in terms of its fiscal issues. The author substantiates the issues of disclosure of data on the impact of uncertainty on the entities’ activities based on the results of the analysis of scientific publications and generally accepted international documents. It is proved that high-quality non-financial reporting can serve as one of the tools for attracting additional funding for eliminating the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The article highlights the results of the analysis of non-financial reporting of state-owned enterprises to identify data on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their activities and compliance with the list of sustainability reporting indicators defined in the document “Guidance on core indicators for entity reporting on contribution towards implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals”, developed by UNCTAD ISAR. The paper substantiates that non-financial reporting data can serves as one of the information sources for decision-making at the state level in terms of avoiding fiscal risks (management report, report on payments to government). The core research methods used in the article: bibliometric analysis; synthesis; observation.

Development of the national cybersecurity system of Ukraine as a necessary element of information society development

The article examines modern development problems of the national cybersecurity system of Ukraine. With the emergence of new challenges and threats in cyberspace, there is a need to find new methods and ways to combat cybercrime and cyberterrorism. The current state of the fight against cybercrime in Ukraine and the prospects for capacity building and reform of the main subjects in cybersecurity in Ukraine are outlined.
 In the course of the research general philosophical, comparative and phenomenological methods were used. The aim of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of building the national cybersecurity system of Ukraine in the context of information society development. Among cyber threats, special attention is paid to cyberattacks based on ransomware viruses.
 The need to implement the provisions of the Convention on Cybercrime, in particular in the context of the draft Second Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime to strengthen cooperation and disclosure of electronic evidence, in particular on direct cooperation with service providers (Article 6) and domain names registration services (Article 7), for the disclosure of information for the identification of suspects, accelerated forms of cooperation between the Parties for the disclosure of subscriber information and traffic data (Article 8), acceleration of cooperation and disclosure of information in emergencies (Articles 9 and 10). Attention is drawn to the unconditional fulfillment of the tasks of the new Cyber Security Strategy of Ukraine, especially those related to cyber protection of critical infrastructure. It is noted that at the legislative level it is advisable to provide for cyber defense measures in peacetime and the functions of military cyber units during hostilities, as well as the possibility of preventive cyberattacks and procedures for bringing cyber defense troops to active hostilities.
 The necessity of strengthening international cooperation and improving the current legislation in the conditions of growing number and complexity of cybercrimes is substantiated.

Artificial intelligence across company borders

Enabling effective cross-company AI without data disclosure.

Withdrawn: A Two‐Dimensional Laminated V2O5 Membrane for Metal Ions Separation

AbstractWithdrawal: “A Two‐Dimensional Laminated V2O5 Membrane for Metal Ions Separation” by Yating Zhang, Zhenxin Zhang, Qianqian Zhu, Wei Fang, Chemie Ingenieur Technik 2021, 94: 152–156. The above article, published online on 2 December 2021 in Wiley Online Library (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cite.202100132) has been withdrawn by agreement between the authors, the journal's Editor in Chief, Sabine Wiederhold, and Wiley‐VCH GmbH.The withdrawal has been agreed following notification that the author Wei Fang has submitted this article without proper authorization and consent of third‐party collaborators. This issue has resulted in publication and disclosure of data protected by a confidentiality agreement.

Disparate Impacts of Two Public Reporting Initiatives on Clinical and Perceived Quality in Healthcare.

PurposeTransparency is increasingly viewed as a prerequisite for value-based health care that invites quality in the assessment of achieved value. However, nowadays the ability of transparency initiatives to enhance quality of care remains obscure, if not rejected. Thus, this study aims to investigate how transparency initiatives influence two types of quality of care: clinical and perceived quality.MethodsFirst, factor analyses were conducted to construct three dependent variables: healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), 30-day readmission rates, and patient satisfaction. Then, the three quality models were compared by running ordinary least squares multiple regressions using STATA 14.1. The existence of heteroskedasticity was remedied by using robust standard errors.ResultsExamining general acute care hospitals in the US, the present study noted that the ability of public reporting to improve quality of care remains inconclusive and that the pursuit of transparency may lead to inadvertent results. The disclosure of all-payer claims data (APCD) was found to have the power to differentiate hospitals’ clinical and perceived quality, but it failed to reach the desired outcomes without market pressure. The impact of transparency on quality of care diverges depending on the unique characteristics of each transparency policy, even though they pursue the same ends through information dissemination. Furthermore, the same public policy showed starkly disparate impacts on clinical quality (eg, healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and 30-day readmission rates) and perceived quality (eg, patient satisfaction).ConclusionDespite the theoretically acknowledged merits of transparency, the present study noted that its ability to enhance quality of care remains inconclusive, and the pursuit of transparency may even inadvertently harm quality of care. While hospitals may need to finetune their strategies for each quality measurement in order to cope with the new environmental pressure, it is health policymakers’ role to coordinate those quality metrics and improve the validity of patient experience measures and surveys.

DLT to boost efficiency for Financial Intermediaries. An application in ESG reporting activities

ABSTRACT There are relevant pushes from Authorities and Supervisors on Financial Intermediaries’ disclosure of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting (mandatory from 2022). However, currently, there is no standardised reporting framework to ensure the information is readable, scalable and comparable, likely due to the novelty of these reporting requirements. The reporting practices used to date have made the ESG reporting process glaringly obvious, uneven, inconsistent, and difficult to compare data disclosures due to the variety of ESG rating models in the market, and the different interpretive approaches used by businesses. An impetus to overcome these critical issues is Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs). DLTs can process and package ESG reports streamlined by creating agile, transparent, and automated data collection processes. This paper aims to show how the challenges of mandatory ESG reporting can be solved by leveraging DLTs. We use a pilot use case that applies DLTs to ESG reporting for Asset Management Firms to demonstrate the applicability, benefits, and challenges of using this technology. We highlight the challenges faced by the financial industry when applying DLT and guide future research, since, to our knowledge, no studies are investigating the interlinkages between DLT and mandatory ESG reporting.

Transparency in the field of deep sea mining: Filtering the murky waters

Taking into account the status of the Area and its mineral resources as the common heritage of mankind, transparency in the governance of the deep seabed should be regarded as a priority. Indeed, since everyone can essentially be considered an interested party, the general public should be provided with sufficient information on the activities conducted in the Area and the entities involved. However, despite the efforts being undertaken to promote access to relevant data and information, several issues remain unaddressed. Public information on corporate structures and partnerships of applicants and contractors, underlying agreements with sponsoring states, ISA contracts and annual reports – enabling stakeholders to scrutinize deep sea mining operations in the Area – is relatively scarce, facilitating creative solutions to circumvent the applicable rules. While identifying the various legal issues concerning transparency in the field of deep sea mining, this article argues that enhanced disclosure of environmental data and information alone does not suffice, and encourages the International Seabed Authority to step up its efforts in order to eradicate murky practices in the deep sea mining industry.

Blockchain‐based indoor location paging and answering service with truncated‐geo‐indistinguishability

Indoor location-based services have numerous applications built on indoor navigation. Over the years, researchers have proposed various indoor navigation methods to find a certain point of interest. This paper proposes location paging and answering service (LPAS) for finding out someone in an indoor environment . However, it may face serious problems of privacy disclosure of the clients' indoor location data . To ensure security, privacy and convenience, the authors leverage blockchain to model the indoor environment, and build blockchain-based indoor LPAS (BILPAS) on blockchain by embedding our three-way-handshake Diffie–Hellman Key Agreement procedures. Our BILPAS can automatically establish a secure and privacy communication tunnel between any two users, thus greatly liberating participants from unnecessary self-determining interactions . On the premise that the certain person can also be found, the authors introduce Truncated-Geo-Indistinguishability (TGeoI) to perturb the actual location within a limited, valid, user-defined distance, thereby allowing users to obtain reasonable location privacy. The authors have put a strong emphasis in the formal treatment of the reasonable privacy guarantees, giving a rigorous definition of TGeoI and providing a comparison with Geo-Indistinguishability that the authors' method satisfies such property. Then, the authors present the BILPAS prototype and implement it on Hyperledger Fabric. Finally, the authors conduct the security and privacy analysis and evaluate the time performance. The experiment results validate the reasonable privacy, high security and convenience of the authors' framework.

Is smart scary? A mixed-methods study on privacy in smart tourism

ABSTRACT This paper investigates privacy concerns in smart tourism, in which personal data fuels systems and services developed to enhance tourists’ experiences. A mixed-methods approach, involving semi-structured interviews (N = 34) and a survey among travellers from the UK and Spain (N = 1,019), was adopted. Findings from the qualitative study suggest that privacy concerns in smart tourism are built on preceding factors, including risk associated with use of different types of technology, past experiences with data misuse, and unawareness of data management practices. To cope with these, tourists adopt different strategies to protect their data. Results from the quantitative study reveal that privacy concerns influence actual behaviours and limit data disclosure. Different agents managing tourists’ personal data generate varying levels of privacy concerns. These findings have critical implications for tourism organizations and policy makers, posing the need to rethink the ramifications of smart tourism development for tourists and to devise appropriate strategies to address them.

Implementation and evaluation of a privacy-preserving distributed ABC scheme based on multi-signatures

Despite the latest efforts to foster the adoption of privacy-enhancing Attribute-Based Credential (p-ABC) systems in electronic services, those systems are not yet broadly adopted. The main reasons behind this are performance efficiency issues, lack of interoperability with standards, and the centralized architectural scheme that relies on a unique Identity Provider (IdP) for credential issuance. To cope with these limitations, this paper describes the first implementation of the Pointcheval–Sanders Multi-Signatures (PS-MS) crypto scheme proposed by Camenisch et al. and its integration in a distributed and privacy-preserving identity management system proposed in OLYMPUS H2020 European research project. Our efficient implementation provides remarkable privacy-preservation features for identity management in online transactions leveraging p-ABC systems, including unforgeability, minimal disclosure of personal data through zero-knowledge proofs, unlinkability in online transactions and fully distributed credential issuance across different IdPs, thereby removing the IdP as a unique point of failure. The performance of the implementation has been exhaustively analyzed and evaluated with different curves, signers and number of attributes, and compared against Identity Mixer, the best known p-ABC system, outperforming significantly the credential issuance and zero-knowledge proving and verification processes (2–4 times less execution time).

Revisiting the privacy calculus: Why are consumers (really) willing to disclose personal data online?

With the digital age, businesses are increasingly collecting consumers’ data, which is raising privacy issues. Existing research has been dominated by the rational-based privacy calculus theory, which overlooks the role of irrationality and contextual factors. This study accounts for the influence of both rational (benefits and costs) and irrational (habits) factors in the disclosure decision-making process, while considering the moderating role of context sensitivity. Data gathered from 956 consumers who disclosed personal data with self-selected companies partially supports the context-dependence of data disclosure and reveals that, although consumers do face a trade-off between perceived benefits and privacy loss, habit plays a dominant role. The study extends the privacy calculus theory and provides insights for businesses aiming to collect consumers’ data across industries.

HealthBlock: A secure blockchain-based healthcare data management system

The security and privacy of electronic healthcare records (EHRs) remain a critical issue for both healthcare services consumers and providers. Breaching a healthcare system causes the disclosure of sensitive health data. This data is usually saved into centralized databases, which creates vulnerabilities and gives rise to cyber attacks. This research focuses on enhancing the security and privacy of EHRs by using blockchain technology. This paper proposes a new architecture that takes advantage of decentralized databases to avoid centralized storage issues. The decentralized used database for storing patient electronic health records is the OrbitDB with Interplanetary File System (IPFS). Besides, we have deployed a blockchain network built on Hyperledger fabric by using Hyperledger composer to save hashes of stored data and control access when retrieving it. The proposed Blockchain-based architecture is designed to contribute to the healthcare management systems’ robustness and to avoid recorded security limitations in commonly used systems for smart healthcare. Performance evaluation results issued from Hyperledger Caliper and comparative analysis have proved the robustness and superiority of the proposed system in terms of security and privacy requirements, key features of blockchain-based healthcare systems, and performance metrics including various throughput and latency.

Health vs. privacy? The risk-risk tradeoff in using COVID-19 contact-tracing apps

In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, contact-tracing apps have emerged as reliable tools for public health communication and the promotion of preventative health. However, to function properly, contact-tracing apps require users to provide sensitive information, which has raised concerns about data disclosure, misuse and social surveillance. Little is known about how different types of risk perception simultaneously hinder and motivate individuals' engagement in mobile health apps, particularly in the context of a pandemic. Based on the privacy calculus theory and the risk-risk tradeoff concept, this study examined the risk-risk tradeoff model to enhance the understanding of COVID-19 contact-tracing app users’ decision from the perspective of risk minimization. Findings from PLS-SEM and fsQCA revealed that users engage in health risk-privacy risk tradeoff when evaluating and deciding to use the apps. The focal study therefore contributes to the research on privacy calculus theory and calls for a balanced managerial solution to mitigate this tradeoff dilemma.

Adopting revenue management strategies and data sharing to cope with crises

Within a context of a continuous and unpredictable crisis, operators need to adapt their strategies to maximize revenues. This article explores, through a mixed-method approach, how hoteliers re-arranged their supply management strategies during the crisis. Structured interviews show that the adoption of disruptive and dynamic strategies and the collaboration with different stakeholders are key factors for resilience. To investigate the collaboration trait, we conducted a field experiment with 134 hoteliers. Our results reveal that, with the presence of a significant quota of data disclosure, hoteliers will share their data as they feel a perceived benefit, which activates their contextual reciprocity. These findings support the implementation of successful collaboration strategies for revenue maximization.

Towards a credibility revolution in bilingualism research: Open data and materials as stepping stones to more reproducible and replicable research

AbstractThe extent to which findings in bilingualism research are contingent on specific analytic choices, experimental designs, or operationalisations, is currently unknown. Poor availability of data, analysis code, and materials has hindered the development of cumulative lines of research. In this review, we survey current practices and advocate a credibility revolution in bilingualism research through the adoption of minimum standards of transparency. Full disclosure of data and code is necessary not only to assess the reproducibility of original findings, but also to test the robustness of these findings to different analytic specifications. Similarly, full provision of experimental materials and protocols underpins assessment of both the replicability of original findings, as well as their generalisability to different contexts and samples. We illustrate the review with examples where good practice has advanced the agenda in bilingualism research and highlight resources to help researchers get started.