Data Communication Purposes Research Articles

Energy Harvesting in Electric Power Systems for Data Communication Purposes

Aiming to illuminate the path towards integrating energy harvesting (EH) technologies into modern electric power systems, thereby enabling more efficient and sustainable energy solutions, this paper explores energy harvesting within electric power systems and points out its potential to power data communication purposes. In this sense, we examine the overarching principles of EH in these systems, spotlighting both the merits and limitations associated with energy extraction across varying voltage levels and electric signal frequency bands. Central components of EH devices, alongside a spectrum of harvesting methodologies, are thoroughly reviewed. Also, we showcase a case study that provides a quantitative assessment of EH potential in electric power systems. The manuscript culminates in a forward-looking analysis of EH, considering emerging technologies that promise to redefine the landscape. These include integrating hybrid power line and wireless systems, strategies for optimal power allocation, enhancements in physical layer security, the innovative concept of negawatts, advancements in harvesting circuit designs and applying non-orthogonal multiple access techniques

A Novel Part in the Swiss Army Knife for Linking Biodiversity Data: The digital specimen identifier service

Digital specimens are new information objects on the internet, which act as digital surrogates of the physical objects they represent. They are designed to be extended with data derived from the specimen like genetic, morphological and chemical data, and with data that puts the specimen in context of its gathering event and the environment it was derived from. This requires linking the digital specimens and their related entities to information about agents, locations, publications, taxa and environmental information. To establish reliable links and (re-)connect data to specimens, a new framework is needed, which creates persistent identifiers (PIDs) for the digital specimen and its related entities. These PIDs should be actionable by machines but also can be used by humans for data citation and communication purposes. The framework that enables this is a new PID infrastructure, produced by the European Commission-funded BiCIKL project (Biodiversity Community Integrated Knowledge Library), creates persistent and actionable identifiers. It is a generic PID infrastructure that will be used by the Distributed System for Scientific Collections research infrastructure (DiSSCo), but it can also be used by other infrastructures and institutions. PIDs minted by DiSSCo will be linked to the digital specimens and samples provided through DiSSCo. The new PIDs are a key element in enabling the concept of Digital Extended Specimens (Webster et al. 2021) and provide unique and resolvable references to enable bidirectional linking. DiSSCo has done extensive work to select the most appropriate PID scheme (Hardisty et al. 2021) and to design a PID infrastructure for the pan-European specimens. The draft design has been discussed with technical specialists in the joint DiSSCo and Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) community, with international stakeholders like the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and Integrated Digitized Biocollections (iDigBio) and was discussed at the 2022 conference of the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections (SPNHC). A first implementation was demonstrated in the Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) annual conference in 2022 and illustrated key elements in the design. To be able to provide digital specimen identifiers as DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers), a pilot project was started in 2023 with DataCite to investigate if Digital Specimen DOIs in the new PID infrastructure can be created using the DataCite service. The pilot aim was to create metadata crosswalks to the DataCite schema in consultation with the DataCite Metadata Working Group, to evaluate synergies with the IGSN (International Generic Sample Number) metadata schema, to develop and test PID kernel metadata registration, and to evaluate performance and the impact of using DataCite services. There are around two billion specimens and creating PIDs for them as DOIs requires creating DOIs at an unprecedented scale. Also, PID kernel metadata registration is new for DOIs. The included metadata for specimens will complement existing Biodiversity Information Standards such as Darwin Core, and supports the new MIDS (Minimum Information about a digital specimen) standard that is under development. The design, development and testing of the new PID infrastructure is being done as part of the BiCIKL project that aims to foster collaboration between infrastructures and develop bidirectional connections (Penev et al. 2022). In the session, we will demonstrate the results in development of the PID infrastructure as part of the BiCIKL toolbox to link biodiversity data and to discuss the progress with creating digital specimen DOIs.

MPIGA – Multipath Selection Using Improved Genetic Algorithm

The Wireless Multimedia Networks (WMNs) have developed due to the extensive applications of wireless devices and increasing availability of lower cost hardware. The WMNs are used to transmit the multimedia content like audio and video streaming and they can be deployed within a lower budget. These networks can also be used in real-time data applications that demand energy-efficient management and awareness of Quality of Service (QoS). The energy resources are limited in the wireless devices that lead to the significant threats on the QoS for WMNs. An energy-efficient routing technique is needed to handle the dynamic topology of WMN that includes a vital resource as energy. The energy-efficient routing method was proposed in this work for the purpose of data communication based on a cluster head selection from each cluster in addition to the multipath route selection to reduce the network overhead and energy consumption. The cluster heads for each cluster are selected based on Node Coverage & average residual energy parameters.In this work, the proposed energy efficient routing algorithm uses improved genetic algorithm (IGA)based on a cost function for dynamic selection of the best path. The proposed cost function uses link lifetime &average link delay parameters to estimate the link cost. The proposed algorithm’s performance compared with other previous routing methods based on extensive simulation analysis. The results showed that the proposed method achieves better performance over three other routing techniques.

Security Threats to Internet of Things : A Survey

Internet of things (IoT) is an emerging technology in the present era. The term IoT refers to as an interconnection of several smart nodes through some heterogeneous link for the purpose of data communication. Some particular protocols control the entire communication in IoT. Due to plenitude of devices, it becomes a huge task to check the loyalty status of each node which is going to be a part of IoT environment. These nodes sometimes get involved in some malicious activities which may cause critical threats to this environment. These anonymous activities may include some attack on the working or security of IoT. In this uncongenial circumstance we need a strong security measurement to countermeasure these attacks. Innumerable efforts have been made to improve the security of IoT. This paper is an effort to make a glance of some of these security schemes

Retracted] Design and Analysis of Bridge Inspection System Based on Wireless Communication and Internet of Things Technology

The continuous development of information technology and various electronic devices has accelerated the process of informatization and digitization, enabling the development and application of the emerging technology of wireless communication and the Internet of Things. Since the continuous occurrence of vicious bridge collapse accidents in China in recent years, the problem of bridge inspection has become a hot topic among the people. At the same time, how to apply wireless communication and the Internet of Things technology to bridge inspection systems has also become a new research topic. This article mainly studies the design and analysis of bridge detection systems based on wireless communication and Internet of Things technology. In order to expand the field of bridge detection and standard management and improve the credibility and reliability of safety problem prediction and evaluation, the bridge detection system will integrate IoT sensing, internet, remote communication, digital signal analysis and processing, big data knowledge mining, big data prediction and other technologies, design and analysis of the main structure of roads and bridges, and other multifaceted knowledge fields and build a professional intelligent digital network based on bridge inspection data collection, monitoring, analysis, evaluation, and early warning. From design to use and maintenance of the bridge, a digital neural network spanning time and space throughout the life cycle is constructed to construct a digital brain with bridge sensing points as neurons. This paper uses high‐power infrared sensor equipment, satellite positioning systems, sensor equipment, and other technical equipment to achieve the purpose of data communication and exchange and realize intelligent positioning, identification, supervision, tracking, and other functions, making the wireless communication and Internet of Things reliable transmission, comprehensive perception, intelligent processing, and other capabilities very effective in the field of bridge inspection. Through the research and analysis of this article, there are more and more bridge inspection systems developed by the Internet of Things and wireless communication technology in China, and the percentage of related equipment used can reach more than 90%. The functions of the bridge inspection system are becoming more and more complete, and the results of the inspection data are also increasing.

VLSI Implementation of Green Computing Control Unit on Zynq FPGA for Green Communication

The issue of the energy shortage is affecting the entire planet. This is occurring because of massive population and industry growth around the world. As a result, the entire world is attempting to implement green networking systems and manufacture the power/energy efficient products. This research work discusses the green networking system technologies. This work introduces a power‐efficient control unit (CU) design and implemented on the Zynq SoC (System on Chip) ultrascale field programmable gate array (FPGA). The VIVADO HLx Design Suite is used to simulate and analyze the CU model which is considered as one of the key components of central processing unit (CPU), used for data communication purposes. The CU is made suitable for the green communication by making it power‐efficient. Therefore, the power consumption of the CU is analyzed for the various set frequency value ranging between 100 MHz and 5 GHz, and it is discovered that as the clock frequency rises up, the total power consumption also tends to get increased. The total power of the proposed model is reduced by 77.42%, 21.29%, and 17.93% from three models, respectively, being compared in the present paper. Final results shows that the CU is better suited to run at low frequencies to optimize power consumption.

Real-time dynamic wavelength tuning and intensity modulation of metal-clad nanolasers.

To realize ubiquitously used photonic integrated circuits, on-chip nanoscale sources are essential components. Subwavelength nanolasers, especially those based on a metal-clad design, already possess many desirable attributes for an on-chip source such as low thresholds, room-temperature operation and ultra-small footprints accompanied by electromagnetic isolation at pitch sizes down to ∼50 nm. Another valuable characteristic for a source would be control over its emission wavelength and intensity in real-time. Most efforts on tuning/modulation thus far report static changes based on irreversible techniques not suited for high-speed operation. In this study, we demonstrate in-situ dynamical tuning of the emission wavelength of a metallo-dielectric nanolaser at room temperature by applying an external DC electric field. Using an AC electric field, we show that it is also possible to modulate the output intensity of the nanolaser at high speeds. The nanolaser's emission wavelength in the telecom band can be altered by as much as 8.35 nm with a tuning sensitivity of ∼1.01 nm/V. Additionally, the output intensity can be attenuated by up to 89%, a contrast sufficient for digital data communication purposes. Finally, we achieve an intensity modulation speed up to 400 MHz, limited only by the photodetector bandwidth used in this study, which underlines the capability of high-speed operation via this method. This is the first demonstration of a telecom band nanolaser source with dynamic spectral tuning and intensity modulation based on an external E-field to the best of our knowledge.

A Review on Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications (PHY and MAC Layer Perspectives)

Fifth Generation (5G) wireless network plays major attention in the communication scenario due to the advanced features in data transmission. 5G is designed to overcome the issues, such as data rate, reliability, throughput, latency and capacity in the wireless network domains. The 5G wire-less services aim to increase the data rate through massive communication services. In this survey, well known research papers based on low latency communication at the Physical layer (PHY) and Medium Access Control layer (MAC) are reviewed based on the Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) perspective. Here, the communication techniques are categorized as, structure-based model, resource reuse-based techniques, radio resource management techniques, scheduling based approach, diversity-based techniques and network slicing model based on the purpose of data communication. The issues and challenges faced by the existing research works are reviewed and discussed in the research gaps and issues section. Moreover, the analysis carried out in this survey is based on the evaluation parameter, network layer, network parameters, system, purpose and simulation toolsets. The future work of the URLLC research is based on the issues collected from the recent research papers reviewed in this study.

Dedicated Energy Harvesting in Concatenated Hybrid PLC-Wireless Systems

This work addresses the use of hybrid power line-wireless channels, which are defined as the concatenation of power line communication (PLC) and wireless communication (WLC) channels, for dedicated energy harvesting purposes in in-home facilities. Based on a measured data set of hybrid PLC-WLC channels, we discuss statistical analyses concerning distinct power masks and two different regions that are associated with typical distances from the electric power grids to the wireless device. Moreover, based on the harvested energy from the hybrid PLC-WLC channels, we report the achievable data rates for data communication through narrowband PLC and WLC channels as well as through the hybrid PLC-WLC channels. The analyses show that feasible values of energy can be harvested from the hybrid PLC-WLC channels and that the high power nature of the PLC noise significantly contributes to the total harvested energy. Finally, we point out that interesting achievable data rates can be attained when the harvested energy is used for data communication purposes.

A comprehensive study of vehicle communication framework in Malaysia

In the sector of transportation, vehicle to vehicle communication and vehicle to infrastructure communication are becoming a trending topic of studies, as effective information transfer is required for most critical systems. Many protocols were then suggested with better coverage and small end to end delay in restricted bandwidth for data communication purposes. Research on some of the wireless communication technologies are carried out in this paper. The aim of this paper is to define various wireless communication technologies that emerged in the literature and to disclose the possibilities attained once this approach has been applied.

A Password-Based Authentication System Based on the CAPTCHA AI Problem

Powerful cryptographic systems based on mathematically hard problems are utilized to ensure tighter security for data communication purposes. However, these traditional cryptographic systems are bound to fail in the ensuing era of quantum computing. Thus, Artificial Intelligence (AI) inspired security methods are needed to secure communications in the era of quantum computing. This article presents a challenge-response password-based authentication system based on the Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) AI hard problem. In this system, a server sends a challenge text to a client, then the client generates a random image and blends the challenge text inside this random image using his password. Then the client sends the generated image to the server. The server extracts the challenge text from the sent image using his copy of the client's password. If the extracted challenge text is the same as the sent challenge text, then both the client's and the server's copies of the password match and the client is authenticated. The efficiency of the proposed system is analyzed and the outcomes prove that the proposed system is efficient in terms of time and space. Also, a security investigation of the proposed system is employed, and the results prove that the system is probabilistic and very sensitive to changes in its parameters. It does not leak any statistical information about the client's password and the generated images cannot be distinguished from random images. In addition, the security of the proposed system is analyzed against two possible attacks; the brute force attack and the replay attack and the results prove that the proposed system is immune to these attacks. Finally, the proposed system is ensured to be indistinguishably secure against an adaptive chosen-challenge text attack (IND-ACCTA), based on the CAPTCHA AI hard problem when the hash function H is modeled as a random oracle.

Channel characterization of low voltage electric power distribution networks for PLC applications based on measurement campaign

This paper focuses on the findings outputted by a comprehensive measurement campaign carried out for characterizing and modeling Brazilian outdoor and low-voltage electric power grids for data communication purposes. In this regard, the statistics of average channel attenuation, root-mean-square delay spread, coherence time, coherence bandwidth and achievable data-rate are analyzed by considering the frequency band from 1.7 MHz up to 100 MHz, and thereof statistical models for some channel features are recommended. The periodic variation of these outdoor and low-voltage electric power grids is quantified and presented as a temporal function of the average channel attenuation. Also, mathematical models based on only two parameters representing the power spectral density of both background and impulsive noises are proposed. The results obtained from numerical analyses offer important information about Brazilian outdoor and low-voltage electric power grids for data communication purposes. Also, they constitute an opportunity for increasing the knowledge about this kind of data communication media and for assisting the design of new generations of effective and reliable power line communication systems.

Measurement and Characterization of Power Lines of Aircraft Flight Test Instrumentation

This paper presents a statistical characterization of power lines used by the flight test instrumentation of a corporate jet as a medium for data communication purposes. We quantify the main parameters that drive the design of power line communication technologies at the physical layer. We show that the limit of $-$ 83.01 dBm/Hz on the power spectral density (1.7–86 MHz), imposed by the standard RTCA/DO160, results in data rates as high as 90 Mb/s.

Network Design for Accurate Vehicle Localization

Network-based localization plays a key role on the introduction of emerging road applications, such as connected autonomous driving. These applications demand unprecedented precise, reliable and secure positioning, with localization requirements below 1 m. This stringent demand is pushing for the use of road-side units (RSUs) from fifth generation and vehicular networks for accurate vehicle localization. However, these networks are not typically designed for positioning but for data communication purposes, which follow a different paradigm for the network deployment and operation. This paper provides design guidelines on dedicated network deployments with the aim of achieving accurate vehicle-to-infrastructure positioning in road scenarios. First, the network layout or site placement is assessed with a geometrical metric. Then, the minimum density of RSUs along the road is bounded with line-of-sight probability models for urban street and highway scenarios. Finally, the Cramér-Rao bound for joint time-of-arrival (ToA) and angle-of-arrival (AoA) localization is used to maximize the distance between RSUs along the road, by exploiting multi-antenna deployments. According to the simulation results, the network sites are recommended to be located at alternate sides of the road, with a maximum distance between RSUs of 40 and 230 m for urban and rural environments, respectively. Following these design guidelines, there is also the need to exploit antenna arrays to combine uplink ToA and AoA estimates, in order to ensure a vehicle location accuracy below one meter on the 95% of the cases. The use of eight antenna elements at the RSUs is found to reduce nearly one and a half times the minimum network density in highway localization deployments.

The Low-Bit-Rate Hybrid Power Line/Wireless Single-Relay Channel

This paper focuses on the hybrid power line/wireless single-relay channel (HSRC) model, which is constituted by parallel power line and wireless single-relay channel (SRC) models, for data communication purposes. Closed-form expressions for ergodic achievable data rates and outage probabilities are presented. These expressions are based on the fact that both power line and wireless are frequency-selective block-fading channels corrupted by additive random noise with a definite power spectral density. Moreover, comparisons among HSRC, power line SRC, and wireless SRC under the sum power constraint with optimal and uniform power allocations, the use of amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward cooperative protocols, and different relay positions are discussed. Based on asymptotic, analytical, and numerical results, we show that HSRC outperforms both power line and wireless SRCs in all considered scenarios. Furthermore, a performance comparison between HSRC and the so-called two wireless SRC shows that the former surpasses the latter when the sum power constraint with optimal power allocation is adopted.

Resource Allocation for Wireless Power Transmission Over Full-Duplex OFDMA/NOMA Mobile Wireless Networks

The current wireless networks have been designed solely for data communication purposes, imposing many new challenges when supporting both power and information transmissions simultaneously. One of these main challenges lies in resource allocations. To overcome these difficulties, we propose the resource allocation schemes to efficiently support wireless power transmission over a relay-assisted full-duplex (FD) wireless network, where the access point (AP) conducts wireless information and power transfer (WIPT) to multiple mobile users in the downlink (DL), and in the meantime, mobile users transmit information to the AP via relays' assistances in the uplink (UL). Under DL WIPT, each mobile user uses the power splitting technique to harvest energy and receive data simultaneously. Aiming at maximizing the minimum (max-min) sum of DL and UL transmit rates among all mobile users, our proposed schemes jointly optimize the allocation of subcarriers and powers, and the selection of relays and power splitting ratios. Also, our proposed schemes consider two scenarios, where the network employs either orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) or non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) taking into account both perfect channel state information (CSI) estimation and imperfect CSI estimation cases. We first approximate the formulated non-convex max-min optimization problems as convex optimization problems. Then, we develop an asymptotically optimal algorithm and a suboptimal algorithm for OFDMA case and NOMA case, respectively. Finally, we validate and evaluate the performances of our proposed schemes through numerical analyses.

Cable Diagnostics With Power Line Modems for Smart Grid Monitoring

Remote monitoring of electrical cable conditions is an essential characteristic of the next-generation smart grid, which features the ability to consistently surveil and control the grid infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a technique that harnesses power line modems (PLMs) as sensors for monitoring cable health. We envisage that all or most of these PLMs have already been deployed for data communication purposes and focus on the distribution grid or neighborhood area networks in the smart grid. For such a setting, we propose a machine learning (ML) based framework for automatic cable diagnostics by continuously monitoring the cable status to identify, assess, and locate possible degradations. As part of our technique, we also synthesize state-of-the-art reflectometry methods within the PLMs to extract beneficial features for effective performance of our proposed ML solution. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our solution under different aging conditions and varying load configurations. Finally, we reflect on our proposed diagnostics method by evaluating its robustness and comparing it with existing alternatives.

On the statistical characterization of hybrid PLC-wireless channels

This work aims to increase the understanding and bring the attention to the use of the so-called hybrid power line communication-wireless (PLC-wireless) channel, which is here defined as the equivalent channel that results from the concatenation of PLC and wireless channels, for data communication purposes. In this regard, we discuss about statistical modeling of average channel attenuation, root mean squared delay spread, coherence bandwidth and coherence time, which are among the main features used to characterize data communication channels. Based on a set of measured PLC-wireless channels in in-home facilities, which cover distances lower than 2m and between 2m and 6m, and frequency band between 1.7 MHz and 100 MHz, statistical modeling of the aforementioned set of features is analyzed and compared when several statistical distributions are taken into account. Based on four well-established information criteria, we show the statistical distributions offering the best fits. Furthermore, we show that for the majority of these features, the best two statistical distributions for each of them achieve very similar performance in terms of the chosen information criteria and, as a consequence, both of them may be adopted to statistically model these features.

High Data Rate Discrete Wavelet Transform-Based PLC-VLC Design for 5G Communication Systems

The hybrid power line communication (PLC) and visible light communication (VLC) systems can be effectively utilized for the efficient design of 5G communication setup. However, each of these integrated communication media is not primarily meant for the specific purpose of data communication, as PLC and VLC have historically served to transfer electrical energy transfer and light, respectively. With the advent of high flickering rate light emitting diodes and efficient multiplexing/modulation schemes, both technologies are observed as potential data communication carriers. Therefore, this paper presents a novel approach for modifying the modulation technique in accordance with the channel requirements of a hybrid PLC-VLC-based 5G communication systems. We provide a thorough analysis of the research work done to co-use these two technologies for data communication, suggest some exciting applications of integrated PLC-VLC systems and propose discrete wavelet transform (DWT)-based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to tune the physical parameters as per the hybrid channel characteristics. Theoretical and simulation bit-error-rate results exhibit that DWT-OFDM outperforms an OFDM-based PLC-VLC system. The proposed hybrid system can be used to design smart buildings where indoor/intra-building connectivity is maintained by VLC whereas inter-building networking based on PLC communication.

Improvement of decentralized random decrement technique for data processing in wireless sensor network

The Random Decrement Technique (RDT), based on decentralized computing approaches implemented in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), has shown advantages for modal parameter and data aggregation identification. However, previous studies of RDT-based approaches from ambient vibration data are based on the assumption of a broad-band stochastic process input excitation. The process normally is modeled by filtered white or white noise. In addition, the choice of the triggering condition in RDT is closely related to data communication. In this project, research has been conducted to study the nonstationary white noise excitations as the input to verify the random decrement technique. A local extremum triggering condition is chosen and implemented for the purpose of minimum data communication in a RDT-based distributed computing strategy. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed technique is capable of minimizing the amount of data transmitted over the network with accuracy in modal parameters identification.