Data Collection Methodology Research Articles

Viral Marketing: Mixue the King of Snow Ice Cream—How does this franchise affect the market?

The food and beverage (F&B) industry in Indonesia is experiencing a notable expansion, with an anticipated growth rate of five to seven percent by the conclusion of 2023. The interconnection between these phenomena cannot be disentangled from the shifts in individuals' lifestyles, particularly in urban areas where there is a preference for quick food and beverages. The present study employs a qualitative descriptive research approach, utilizing a literature review methodology. This methodology incorporates information and data collection methodologies sourced from a range of scholarly literature, with a particular emphasis on recent study findings published in journals within the past five years. The present study involved the collecting of data through searches conducted on Google Scholar, Vosviewers, Harzing’s publish, or Perish, utilizing the following keywords: "viral marketing," "ice cream king," "brand," and "Mixue purchases." The findings indicate that viral marketing exerts a favorable and statistically significant impact on both consumer interest and purchasing behavior. In addition, it is worth noting that turbo marketing can exert a clear and substantial influence on consumer buying behavior. Ultimately, the presence of a brand image and brand awareness can exert a favorable and significant influence on consumer buying behavior.

A Methodological Approach for Data Collection and Geospatial Information of Healthy Public Spaces in Peripheral Neighborhoods—Case Studies: La Bota and Toctiuco, Quito, Ecuador

Adequate public spaces and urban green areas are key criteria for urban development and infrastructure implementation in healthy cities. Latterly, there have been an increasing number of research methods using artificial intelligence (AI) to monitor, quantify, and control the state of these spaces with an aim toward pioneering research in urban studies. However, in informal areas, open-data access tends to lack adequate and updated information, making it difficult to use AI methods. Hence, we propose a methodology for restricted open data collection and preparation for future use in machine learning or spatial data science models for similar areas. To that extent, we examine two peripheral and low-income neighborhoods in Quito, Ecuador—La Bota and Toctiuco—to analyze their public spaces, urban green areas, points of interest, and road networks, and how they address healthy cities criteria. We develop an original methodological approach that combines an index of proximity, accessibility, quantity, and quality for these spaces with geospatial and network analysis techniques. Results indicate that the connectivity and structure of these spaces are centralized and nodal, representing exclusion and segregation. This work provides insights into potential healthy spaces and information to urban planners and policymakers in decision-making for healthy urban infrastructure.

Real-time and modelled performance assessment and validation studies of PV modules operating in varied climatic zones

With the increasing adoption of solar energy as a sustainable power source, it is crucial to evaluate the performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules under diverse environmental conditions to ensure optimal energy production and system efficiency. Present work gives a comprehensive overview of performance assessment and validation studies conducted on different PV module technologies such as multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), amorphous silicon (a-Si), heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) and interdigitated back contact (IBC) operating under varied climatic conditions at different locations in India. To ensure accuracy and reliability, rigorous data collection and analysis methodologies were employed. The performance assessment has been computed through simulation using PVSOL software. Moreover, the performance ratio (PR) of all the PV module technologies was found to vary from 0.76 to 1.04. The present work validates the efficacy of the software as we have compared the computed results with real-time data obtained for all the PV modules, which were installed at NISE (National Institute of Solar Energy), Gurugram India. The performance ratio of all the PV module technologies has been evaluated through both the PVSOL and using real time data. The results show that the mean percentage change in PR values has been estimated approximately to be 2% in CdTe, CIGS, and a-Si modules technologies and 3% in mc-Si, HIT and IBC module technologies.

Analisis Faktor Bekas Pengguna Dadah Terlibat Dalam Dakwah Kepada Penagih Aktif: Perbincangan Menurut Hadis

Usually, duty as a preacher is pioneered by a group of individuals with Islamic studies backgrounds. This is because as a preacher, they have to guide the individual spiritually when needed. Therefore, it is a must for a group of preachers to have a wide knowledge of Islamic studies. However, there is also a group of preachers who have standard knowledge or only know the basics of religion but are active in preaching. This intended group is made up of former drug users who have contributed devotion, time, and energy to making drug addicts awake to the nature of God and faith. Because this contribution of devotion is a challenging task and not so popular, this research is intended to study the main factors contributing to their hard work in delivering preaching for this group of active drug addicts. After that, every factor that has been found will be debated according to the hadith perspective. Thematic methods are used in this research to analyse the data that has been obtained through data collection methodology and an interview with the preacher. The obtained data will be analysed using thematic methods and NVIVO software. The results show that there are 7 reasons that contribute to and motivate preaching: get busy to control addiction; advise others as well as yourself; reduce longing for drugs; get close to religion; help others in need; experience makes them understand active drug users; and also make up for old mistakes that surround people in drug addiction.

Developing a Regional Network for the Assessment of Evapotranspiration

Determining evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for water accounting and for the management of irrigated agriculture from farm to region. We describe here a collaborative initiative aimed at establishing a prototype ET network in six countries of North Africa and the Near East (NENA region). The network utilizes a low-cost and open-source system, termed the CORDOVA-ET, consisting of a base station and sensing nodes to collect the weather data needed to determine the reference and actual ET (ETo and ETa). Here, we describe the network-deployment processes, system architecture, data-collection methodology, quality-control procedures, and some of the ET results obtained so far during a four-year period, starting in 2018. The network has been developed as an iterative and collaborative process, where training and capacity building have been the main drivers. The feedback and experiences gathered from the users have helped improve the different versions of the prototypes and enhance their assembly, deployment, reliability, and ease of operation. At the same time, the involvement in the construction, maintenance, and data analysis has also provided valuable insight into calculating ET from energy-balance methods. The network operated during six cropping seasons and the results were mixed, while data integrity (hourly and daily) varied from 95 to 23% depending on the country and season. Validation of the ET estimates was performed using the ECMWF ERA5 dataset as an independent reference. The energy-balance algorithm implemented in the system to determine the ETa was validated using the OpenCropLib Python library. While the results of the data validation demonstrated the reliability and accuracy of the CORDOVA-ET system, network operations required significant support and special motivation on the part of the users. It is concluded that collaboration among users, together with the support services and participation of different stakeholders interested in agricultural water management, would be essential elements to ensure the sustainability of the ET network.

A quasi-experimental study of effects of community health workers’ incentivisation on uptake of maternal, newborn and child health services in Lamu County, Kenya

Background: Community health workers (CHWs) are known as the ‘gate keepers’ of good health in the community. Being the first contact with the patients at the community level, they can help improve the maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) indicators if they are well motivated to conduct their day-to-day work. At the same time, MNCH indicators are negatively affected by hard-to-reach health facilities and cultural factors thus the CHWs can help improve the health status in this category. Methods: The study utilized a quasi-experimental study design with an intervention and a control site in both Lamu West and Lamu East Sub Counties. Purposive sampling used to select study population and study site. Study period was (August 2018-March 2022). Mixed methods approach was used with both quantitative and qualitative methodologies of data collection to enable data triangulation. Questionnaires were used to collect data from CHWs, focused group discussions with caregivers and In-depth Interviews conducted with key informants from the Ministry of Health- Lamu County and the implementing partner-PharmAccess. Results: The study established that 78% of the CHWs were selected by the community members. Most of the CHWs in the intervention site had attended other trainings after the initial capacity development program, had at least one supervision in the last month preceding evaluation, were satisfied with the community and county appreciation. The difference between control and intervention site had a statistical significance (p<0.05) for report writing during home visits, cross-referencing of reports before submission, attendance of refresher courses, loss of interest to work as a CHW and referral of patients to link facilities. Conclusions: CHWs need motivation in delivering their services. This can be done in form of incentives (both monitory and non-monitory), refresher trainings and supportive supervision.

Mortality Attributed to Central and Peripheral Nervous System Disorders: A Five-years Comprehensive Review from Turkey

Objective: This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of deaths related to central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS, respectively) disorders in Turkey over a 5-year period. The objective is to identify patterns in mortality rates, investigate regional prevalence, and analyze demographic factors contributing to fatal outcomes. Additionally, we aim to critique existing data collection methodologies. Materials and Methods: Utilizing cross-sectional analysis, data were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK). Mortality rates were calculated using population estimates from the TUIK, with age- and sex-specific rates, and age-standardized rates (ASRs) derived from the world standard population. Causes of death were classified according to the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). Results: The data revealed distinct patterns in mortality rates for CNS and PNS disorders from 2018 to 2022, with significant variations between male and female populations. A prominent upward trend in deaths attributed to CNS and PNS diseases was observed after 2018, despite a decline in the population growth rate. The highest mortality rates were particularly notable in 2020 and 2021. Conclusion: This study identified a significant increase in deaths related to CNS and PNS disorders amid the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic. A potential correlation between COVID-19 and the prevalence of neurological disorders has been suggested. With potential underdiagnosis due to the absence of routine post-mortem diagnostic autopsies, this study underscores the need for improved diagnostic capabilities and medical practices.

Capturing public voices: The role of social media in heritage management

Social media platforms have been increasingly used by locals and tourists to express their opinions about buildings, cities, and built heritage in particular. Most recently, scholars have been using social media to conduct innovative research on built heritage and heritage management. Still, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) methods to analyze social media data for heritage management is seldom explored. This paper investigates the potentials of short texts (sentences and hashtags) shared through social media as a data source and artificial intelligence methods for data analysis for revealing the cultural significance (values and attributes) of built heritage. The city of Yazd, Iran was taken as a case study, with the particular focus on windcatchers, key attributes conveying outstanding universal values, as inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. This paper has three subsequent phases: 1) state of the art on the intersection of public participation in heritage management and social media research; 2) methodology of data collection and data analysis related to coding people's voices from Instagram and Twitter into values of windcatchers over the last ten-years; 3) preliminary findings on the comparison between opinions of locals and tourists, sentiment analysis, and its association with the values and attributes of windcatchers. Results indicate that the age value is recognized as the most important value by all interest groups, while the political value is the least acknowledged. Besides, the negative sentiments are scarcely reflected (e.g., critiques) in social media. Results confirm the potential of social media for heritage management in terms of (de)coding and measuring the cultural significance of built heritage for windcatchers and also other attributes in Yazd and other case studies and scales.

Piloting a branded food database for reformulation monitoring in Ireland

Abstract Branded food databases (BFDs) are used to monitor changes in nutrition composition as a result of reformulation and innovation of pre-packed foods. There is no established BFD with market wide coverage of pre-packed foods within and across food categories in Ireland. To address this gap, we aimed to pilot a BFD for reformulation monitoring in Ireland. In 2020, a review of existing BFDs was complete and the Nutrition Composition and Labelling Information System (CLAS) developed by the Nutrition Institute in Ljubljana, Slovenia was identified and a partnership established. The CLAS tool and data collection methodology were translated, tested and adopted for use. CLAS-IRE was deployed to collect nutrition composition of seven food categories in December 2021-February 2022. The mean (SD) nutrition composition per food category (100g) was calculated using IBM SPSS V27 and sugar is presented here as an example. The review identified BFDs using different methods to collect nutrition composition of foods e.g. in-store, web-scraping and crowd-sourcing. A tool for instore collection was selected as 40% (n = 2) of Irish grocery retailers had online stores in 2020. CLAS-IRE was used to collect n = 2256 food products (biscuits n = 181, breakfast cereal n = 188, yogurt n = 297, carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages n = 132, confectionary n = 980, cakes n = 180 and savoury snacks n = 298). The average sugar content per food category was: biscuits 31.7g (9.4), breakfast cereals 15.8g (8.9), yogurt 9g (4), carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages 6.8 (3.6), confectionary 51.58g (10.7), cakes 33.5g (13.8) and savoury snacks 4.9g (9.3). Taking a partnership approach to piloting a branded food database for reformulation monitoring in Ireland allowed for a fast and cost-effective solution. This approach will enable cross country comparative analysis of nutrition composition of food products sold in both countries. The CLAS - IRE tool is established and available for nutrition research in Ireland. Key messages • Pre-packed foods are widely available in Ireland. The CLAS – IRE tool is established and available for nutrition research on pre-packed foods. • A branded food database can support the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of nutrition related policies and strategies in Ireland, including food reformulation.

Online Promotion And Perceived Quality On Consumer Purchasing Decisions

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of online promotion and perceived quality on consumer purchasing behavior at the Mutiara Famouse Kolaka Store. The present study employs a survey research design, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument. The study's population consisted of consumers who had engaged in shopping activities at the renowned Kolaka Mutiara Shop. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select 120 respondents, which involves selecting individuals based on specific criteria. The employed data collection methodology encompassed both primary and secondary data sources. The data collected was subjected to analysis using Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis techniques, utilizing the Smart PLS program. The findings of this study indicate that internet promotional activities exert a favorable and statistically significant impact on customer buying behavior. This is supported by the T-Count or T-Statistics, specifically 5.276 and a P Value of 0.000. The variable of Perceived Quality exhibits a statistically significant and positive impact on consumer purchasing decisions, as evidenced by the T-Count value of 2.538 and a corresponding P Value of 0.006. Based on the obtained results, it can be inferred that the variables of Online Promotion and Perceived Quality exhibit a statistically significant positive impact on Consumer Purchasing Decisions. This conclusion is drawn based on the research's adoption of the criterion T-Statistics > 1.64, with a significance level and P Value of less than 0.05. The factors of Online Promotion and Perceived Quality exhibit a statistically significant positive impact of 76.2% on Consumer Purchasing Decisions.

A review of post-whaling abundance, trends, changes in distribution and migration patterns, and supplementary feeding of Southern Hemisphere humpback whales

Southern Hemisphere humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were heavily targeted during modern commercial whaling operations, with some 216,000 individuals killed between 1903 and 1973. That impacted the abundance of all the seven breeding stocks of the species. Most of these stocks have been recovering from whaling pressure although the understanding of the current growth rates of some stocks, and how the rates compare across stocks are lacking. Updated information is fundamental for understanding the species’ current status, and to support the review of management plans promoting its protection and recovery, especially considering current changes in ocean environments due to climate change. This work offers a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on Southern Hemisphere humpback whales breeding stocks’ status. The aim is to provide information on their post-whaling growth trends and changes in distribution and migration patterns. Within that, records of supplementary feeding records (i.e. feeding beyond their formally described feeding grounds) are described. We have also identified knowledge gaps and note that the establishment of research collaborations, as well as standard methodologies for data collection can be important steps for the acquisition of better comparable data sets for the analysis of the current status of humpback whales and to fill such gaps. The compiled information provided can be used as part of an In-Depth Assessment of the species by the International Whaling Commission.

Canadian organ donation organizations’ donor audit processes: an environmental scan

PurposeDeceased donor audits (DAs) allow organ donation and transplantation systems to measure and analyze missed donation opportunities (MDOs). Missed donation opportunities can harm both patients/families denied the opportunity to donate and patients on transplant waitlists denied access to lifesaving organs. In Canada, there are no national standards for DAs, data analysis, nor accountability processes surrounding MDOs. Understanding DA current practice in each jurisdicton would facilitate developing a national strategy for DAs.MethodAll provincial organ donation organizations (ODOs) were invited to participate in an environmental scan (ES) of current DA practices. The two ES phases were an electronic survey followed by semistructured interviews. We collected information about the objectives, frequency, scope, data collection methodology, resources required, definitions/metrics used, and process for reporting outcomes.ResultsAll eleven ODOs participated in both phases of the ES (July and October 2019). The primary purposes for conducting DAs were to estimate the following: 1) donor potential (5/11, 45%); 2) system performance at the provincial level (3/11, 27%); and 3) system performance at the hospital level (3/11, 27%). Frequency of DAs varied from weekly to annually, depending on the availability of death reports, urban vs rural setting, and staffing. High variability was observed in DA methodology, donor definitions, and metrics across jurisdictions.ConclusionThere is significant variability across Canadian ODOs in the methodology, definitions, timeliness, data collection, and reporting of DAs. This underscores the need for a national donor audit strategy to reduce preventable harm from MDOs to patients/families at end of life and those on transplant waitlists.

Tobacco retailer density and smoking behaviour: how are exposure and outcome measures classified? A systematic review

IntroductionTo date only a limited number of reviews have focused on how exposure and outcome measures are defined in the existing literature on associations between tobacco retailer density (‘density’) and smoking behaviour (‘smoking’). Therefore this systematic review classified and summarised how both density and smoking variables are operationalised in the existing literature, and provides several methodological recommendations for future density and smoking research.MethodsTwo literature searches between March and April 2018 and April 2022 were conducted across 10 databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed and keyword database searches were undertaken. Studies were imported into Covidence. Cross-sectional studies that met the inclusion criteria were extracted and a quality assessment was undertaken. Studies were categorised according to the density measure used, and smoking was re-categorised using a modified classification tool.ResultsLarge heterogeneity was found in the operationalisation of both measures in the 47 studies included for analysis. Density was most commonly measured directly from geocoded locations using circular buffers at various distances (n = 14). After smoking was reclassified using a smoking classification tool, past-month smoking was the most common smoking type reported (n = 26).ConclusionsIt is recommended that density is measured through length-distance and travel time using the street network and weighted (e.g. by the size of an area), or by using Kernel Density Estimates as these methods provide a more accurate measure of geographical to tobacco and e-cigarette retailer density. The consistent application of a smoking measures classification tool, such as the one developed for this systematic review, would enable better comparisons between studies. Future research should measure exposure and outcome measures in a way that makes them comparable with other studies.ImplicationsThis systematic review provides a strong case for improving data collection and analysis methodologies in studies assessing tobacco retailer density and smoking behaviour to ensure that both exposure and outcome measures are clearly defined and captured. As large heterogeneity was found in the operationalisation of both density and smoking behaviour measures in the studies included for analysis, there is a need for future studies to capture, measure and classify exposure measures accurately, and to define outcome measures in a manner that makes them comparable with other studies.

Characteristics of Illicit Access to Data and Crimes against Information Systems in Hungary between 2013 and 2021

Aim: The aim of the study is to present the results of the research carried out by the National Institute of Criminology on the implementation of the Criminal Code. Chapter XLIII of the Criminal Procedure Code was conducted by the National Institute of Criminology.Methodology: The study was conducted using the methodology of data collection, data analysis, criminal file analysis.Findings: The domestic regulatory environment adequately covers a wide range of cyber-attacks. Hungarian characteristics can be seen in the broader perspective of current international and European developments in cyber security and cybercrime. The data show a steady but not uniform increase in the number of reports of such crimes, as more and more people use various information systems in their daily lives, while neglecting, in whole or in part, measures to ensure their safe use. The conclusion of the national survey is that there are several types of offences which are basically well defined. It may be a challenge for law enforcement to keep track of new types of offences and to classify individual offences.Value: Conclusions and recommendations on the specifics of the offences covered by Chapter XLIII of the BPC; the (new) Criminal Code since its entry into force, there has been no research of this scope and content on the topic, including criminal document analysis, in Hungary.

The causes and implications of sex role diversity in shorebird breeding systems

Males and females often exhibit different behaviours during mate acquisition, pair‐bonding and parenting, and a convenient label to characterize these behaviours is sex role. The diverse roles that male and female shorebirds (plovers, sandpipers and allies) exhibit in mating and parenting have played a key role in advancing mainstream theories in avian ecology and behavioural biology including sexual selection, sexual conflict and parental cooperation. Recent advances in shorebird research have also highlighted the significance of the social environment in driving sex role behaviours by linking the adult sex ratio with breeding behaviour and population demography. Here we review the key advances in sex role research using shorebirds as an ecological model system. We identify knowledge gaps and argue that shorebirds have untapped potential to accelerate diverse research fields including evolutionary genomics, movement ecology, social networks and environmental changes. Future studies of sex roles will benefit from individual‐based monitoring using advanced tracking technologies, and from multi‐team collaborations that are facilitated by standardized data collection methodologies across different species in the field. These advances will not only contribute to our understanding of reproductive strategies, but they will also have knock‐on effects on predicting population resilience to environmental changes and on prioritizing species for conservation.

Analyzing Food Loss in the Fresh Longan Supply Chain: Evidence from Field Survey Measurements

Aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12 and Sub-Indicator 12.3.1.a, this study rigorously examines food loss dynamics in the longan value chain—encompassing the stages from production to wholesale. Longan, a key commodity in Thailand’s national food loss index calculation, undergoes a comprehensive evaluation following FAO guidelines. This study aims to quantify quantity loss in fresh longan fruit, which pinpoints critical loss stages for targeted policy recommendations. Additionally, it seeks to establish a robust methodology for data collection and calculation, providing a model for evaluating food losses in tropical fruits. Results disclose varying loss percentages across supply chains: quantitative loss 14.07% and qualitative loss 11.02% for domestic consumption, quantitative loss 13.50% and qualitative loss 14.82% for export-bound fresh longans on-season, and quantitative loss 9.85% and qualitative loss 6.52% for export-bound fresh longans off-season. Critical loss stages are identified—particularly over-ripe longan harvesting due to labor shortages and price volatility. Further factors contributing to food losses encompass insufficient pre-harvest handling practices, which result in subsequent post-harvest losses, deficiencies in SO2 fumigation and storage processes, as well as transportation-related issues. This study’s contribution lies in its comprehensive guidance, emphasizing field survey measurements and aligning with the FAO guidelines, making it a vital tool for quantifying and addressing food loss, especially in the tropical fruit sector.

Developing a regional network for the assessment of evapotranspiration.

Abstract Determining evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for water accounting and for the management of irrigated agriculture from farm to region. We describe here a collaborative initiative aimed at establishing a prototype ET network in six countries of North Africa and the Near East (NENA Region). The network utilizes a low-cost and open-source system, termed the CORDOVA-ET, consisting of a base station and sensing nodes to collect the weather data needed to determine reference and actual ET (ETo and ETa). Here, we describe the network deployment processes, system architecture, data collection methodology, quality control procedures, and some of the ET results obtained so far during a four-year period, starting in 2018. The network has been developed as an iterative and collaborative process, where training and capacity building have been the main drivers. The feedback and experiences gathered from the users have helped improve the different versions of the prototypes and enhance their assembly, deployment, reliability, and ease of operation. At the same time, the involvement in the construction, maintenance, and data analysis has also provided valuable insight into calculating ET from energy balance methods. The network operated during six cropping seasons and the results were mixed, data integrity (hourly and daily) varied from 95 to 23%, depending on the country and season. Validation of ET estimates was performed using the ECMWF ERA5 dataset as an independent reference. The energy balance algorithm implemented in the system to determine ETa was validated using the OpenCropLib Python library. While the results of data validation demonstrated the reliability and accuracy of the CORDOVA-ET system, network operations required significant support and special motivation on the part of the users. It is concluded that collaboration among users, together with support services and participation of different stakeholders interested in agricultural water management would be essential elements to ensure the sustainability of the ET network.

Exploring the Challenges and Opportunities: A Multifaceted Study on the Experiences of Senior Citizen Migrants in Urban Areas of Punjab, Pakistan

This comprehensive research explores the urban experiences of elderly migrants in Punjab, Pakistan, providing insights into the obstacles and possibilities they face. The study employs a comprehensive approach to investigate various aspects of the mobility of elderly individuals, taking into account social, economic, and cultural factors. Its objective is to uncover the challenges that seniors encounter when adjusting to urban life while acknowledging the potential benefits and opportunities associated with their relocation. This is achieved by examining the perspectives of senior citizens. The research utilized qualitative research design and case study methodology for data collection. The results reveal that senior citizen migrants in urban Punjab face significant obstacles, including social isolation, limited healthcare access, and financial difficulties. Navigating unfamiliar urban environments, these individuals often face with social isolation, leading to a sense of alienation. The challenges are compounded by restricted access to high-quality healthcare, impacting their overall well-being. Furthermore, in urban settings, traditional support systems may weaken, potentially affecting financial stability and exacerbating economic constraints. The insights from the study can guide the development of policies and interventions aimed at improving the welfare of this demographic in urban areas.

ANALISIS GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN EFEKTIVITAS KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA PT GRAHA SERIBU SATU JAYA

To maximize business outcomes and ensure customer satisfaction, it is crucial to enhance the performance of the staff. The objective of this study is to ascertain the leadership model employed by PT Graha Seribu Satu Jaya and to evaluate its effectiveness in improving employee output at PT Graha Seribu Satu Jaya. The methodology for data collection, analysis of results, and drawing conclusions is an integral part of the qualitative research approach. Literature review, in-depth observations, and extensive interviews with four employees and production supervisors were used as data sources. The research findings are based on the democratic management approach adopted by PT Graha Seribu Satu Jaya. Production supervisors value each other's potential by engaging in activities expected to enhance employee performance effectiveness, the utilization of training, employee performance effectiveness, employee capabilities, and the extent to which employees rely on others for assistance. Employees do not feel sufficiently motivated, leading to a lack of initiative in their work.

Expanding Data on Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping

Abstract This article presents recent research on the collection and organization of unarmed civilian peacekeeping (ucp) data and proposes a pathway to the creation of a rich, regularly updated database on ucp. The article sets out by giving an overview of the wealth of data on conventional (military) peacekeeping and related research, and raises the question about the need for a similar data wealth for ucp. Secondly, it describes the inventory of current ucp data, to highlight advances in knowledge as well as data collection challenges and critical information gaps. In the main part, the article then sets out what a more comprehensive data collection on ucp would need to take into account and what such a dataset could look like. To do so, it also draws on databases regarding nonviolent campaigns and other fields (health, aviation) to demonstrate the potential for future data collection methodologies and research, and to consider safeguarding issues. Finally, this article suggests four strategies to better structure existing ucp data in order to collect missing information on various research themes. The benefits of the resulting rich database, it argues, would be greater visibility of ucp, the production of data useful for various research programs, and insights to improve field practice.