Data Analysis Program Research Articles

Evaluating and Improving Relative Efficiency The Banking Sector in Iraq Using Data Envelopment Analysis of The Output-Oriented VRS Model With Application

The banking sector is one of the important sectors in Iraq, and the last stage witnessed the emergence of several private banks in the competition market, and in order to determine the efficiency of existing banks, the resources available to government and private banks were analyzed and compared with two international banks to determine their efficiency ratios for the surveyed banks using data envelopment analysis, the research problem was diagnosed in the lack of interest in measuring the efficiency of banks by exploiting the resources available to maximize profits, the aim of the research is to determine the efficiency of the banks studied according to the direction of outputs and to conduct continuous analysis of the results in order to come up with recommendations that contribute to improving the banking sector. The research focused on the direction of increasing outputs with constant inputs in order to maximize returns. The( Deap2.1) data analysis program was used, and the research adopted data for 2022 to measure efficiency. For 22 banks operating in Iraq (governmental and private) and two banks outside iraq, the variable volume returns (VRS) model was used, and the most prominent results achieved were the achievement of banks The following banks (Rasheed, industrial, TBI, Al-Ahli, Asia, National,trans-Iraq, Jordanian capital, Lloyds Banking Group London) achieved high efficiency100% as they used their resources optimally. The investment bank achieved 90.8%, which is a good percentage, with the ability to benefit from the expertise of industrial and national banks, Jordanian capital, and Lubd's Banking Group London to reach 100% efficiency in 2022.

Preparing for the Implementation of Long-Acting Injectable Cabotegravir for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Within the Brazilian Public Health System (ImPrEP CAB Brasil): Qualitative Study.

Although long-acting, injectable cabotegravir (CAB-LA) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has proven efficacious for HIV prevention in clinical trials, research is needed to guide effective implementation in real-world settings. Formative work with community members and health care providers (HCPs) is important to provide insight into the needs and contexts of specific populations and reveal potential barriers and facilitators for implementation projects. We aimed to describe the results from formative work to develop an implementation package for CAB-LA PrEP within the ImPrEP CAB Brasil study. ImPrEP CAB Brasil is an implementation study of same-day delivery of CAB-LA PrEP for young sexual and gender minority (SGM) groups (aged 18-30 years) in 6 existing oral PrEP public health clinics. We conducted formative research to prepare for the implementation of ImPrEP CAB Brasil through community mobilization, process mapping with HCPs with experience in CAB-LA, and focus group discussions (FGDs) with young SGM groups (n=92) and HCPs (n=20) to identify initial perceptions of facilitators and barriers for CAB-LA PrEP implementation, refine the mobile health (mHealth) educational tool, and evaluate the acceptability of using a text message appointment reminder intervention through WhatsApp. FGDs were recorded, transcribed, systematically coded, and analyzed with thematic categorization by trained researchers using a qualitative data analysis program ATLAS.ti (version 7). A community mobilization team comprising 34 SGM community leaders collaborated in creating a prototype for an mHealth educational tool and contributed to the planning of peer education activities. We created 3 process maps for each site to describe the initial visit, follow-up visits, and laboratory flow. The main challenge identified for same-day CAB-LA PrEP delivery was the extended duration of clinic visits due to the numerous laboratory tests and HIV counseling steps required. Proposed solutions included having point-of-care HIV rapid tests instead of laboratory tests and additional counseling staff. Barriers for CAB-LA PrEP implementation identified through FGDs were the training of HCPs, support for adherence to injection appointments, and stigma or discrimination against SGM groups and persons using PrEP. The mHealth educational tool and WhatsApp reminders were highly acceptable by SGM groups and HCPs, indicating their potential to support PrEP choice and adherence. Content analysis on the cultural appropriateness of the language and overall clarity of the material contributed to the refinement of the mHealth tool. Structured formative work with SGM persons and HCPs generated important refinements to context-specific materials and plans to launch ImPrEP CAB Brasil in public health clinics. Ongoing implementation monitoring will use the process maps to identify additional barriers and potential solutions to same-day delivery of CAB-LA PrEP. Summative evaluations are needed to measure the effectiveness of the mHealth educational tool to support PrEP choice and the use of WhatsApp appointment reminders.

Emotions and difficulties experienced by parents of children with autism: A qualitative study.

This study was performed to determine the difficulties experienced by the parents of children with autism. A qualitative method was used to determine the difficulties experienced by the parents. The sample of the study consisted of parents with 24 children with autism who met the inclusion criteria. The data were analysed by the MAXQDA qualitative data analysis programme in accordance with Colaizzi's seven-stage method. Total of 5 themes and 29 codes were gathered in line with the data obtained from the interviews. Five main themes of the interviews emerged; emotions experienced by parents; adaptation to family life; difficulty in social relationships; limited opportunity for entertainment/activity and financial difficulty. Parents whose income were less than or equal to their expenses particularly stated that they had economic difficulties in the transportation of their children to places such as hospitals/schools/special education. In accordance with the findings of this study, it was determined that almost all of the parents with a child diagnosed with autism experienced sadness, denial, shock, depression, self-blame in the period when their children were first diagnosed, and later accepted the disease. In addition, it was detected that parents had difficulties in family relations, social relations, entertainment/activity and economic aspects.

Workplace Romance: A Research on Flight Attendants in Aviation Industry

The aim of this research is to examine different aspects of workplace romance experienced by flight attendants in the aviation industry. Qualitative research method was used to examine the research subject in depth. The research was guided by using the phenomenology design, which is one of the qualitative research designs. The sample of the research was determined according to purposeful sampling and saturation point methods. In this context, the sample of the research consists of 11 flight attendants working in different airline companies in Turkey. Online interview method was used as a data collection tool. The data obtained was subjected to content analysis using MAXQDA 24 qualitative data analysis program with an inductive and descriptive approach. As a result of the content analysis, the research findings were collected under five themes. These themes include: factors affecting workplace romance, factors obstructing workplace romance, types of romantic relationships at workplace, results of workplace romance and management of workplace romance. According to the findings, the reasons why male and female employees have romantic relationships at work differ; It has been observed that different romantic relationships emerge depending on the position of the partners and the reasons for the relationship, and that workplace romance have positive and negative results individually/organizationally. It is thought that the research results will contribute to the literature on the concept of workplace romance and organizational behavior in the aviation industry.

Pengaruh Aksesibilitas Laporan Keuangan dan Sistem Akuntansi Keuangan Daerah terhadap Good Governance yang Dimediasi oleh Akuntabilitas Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah (Studi Empiris pada Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah Kota Bogor)

This study aims to analyze the role of regional financial management accountability as a mediator between the accessibility of regional financial reports and regional financial accounting systems in relation to good governance in the Regional Apparatus Organizations of Bogor City. Utilizing a quantitative approach, this study employs Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the assistance of PLS and IBM Statistics SPSS 26.0 programs for data analysis. The research sample consists of 108 respondents who are employees meeting specific criteria within the Regional Apparatus Organizations of Bogor City. Data collection was conducted through questionnaire distribution to these respondents. The analysis results indicate that regional financial management accountability plays a significant role in mediating the relationship between the accessibility of regional financial reports and regional financial accounting systems towards good governance. These findings suggest that improving the accessibility of financial reports and enhancing regional financial accounting systems can promote the establishment of good governance through increased accountability in financial management. This research provides an important contribution to understanding the factors influencing the realization of good governance at the regional government level and can serve as a reference for policymakers in formulating strategies to improve the quality of governance, particularly in aspects of regional financial management in Bogor City and other regions in Indonesia.

The Effect of Primary School Children’s Sleeping Habits on School Motivation

Background and Objective The objective of this study was to determine effects of primary school age children’s sleep habits on school motivation.Methods Research data available between February 9, 2024, and April 6, 2024 were collected online. The study group consisted of primary school children. Written with the consent of their parents who voluntarily participated in collecting research data. Socio-demographic data were collected online from 250 primary school children living in Hakkari, Türkiye using, Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) and Academic Intrinsic Motivation Scale (AIMS). These children were selected with a convenience sampling method, one of the improbable sampling methods. SPSS 26.0 data analysis program was used for statistical analysis of data obtained in the study. Independent sample t-test, anaysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data.Results Of the study group of primary school children, 45.7% were boys and 54.3% were girls. There were significant differences in effects of gender factor on primary school children’s SHI and AIMS sub-dimension scores of achievement requirement, social acceptance, fear of failure, and expertise (p < 0.05).Conclusions Age and class status of primary school children’s sleeping habits can affect school motivation. Gender is a variable that can affect sleep hygiene and school motivation.

Analysis of the Structural Organization of the Human Finger Phalanges Using Anatomical Network Models

Despite the fact that the morphogenetic mechanisms of human finger transformation during ontogenesis are currently known, the issues of how they are organized into a complex integrated structure of the distal hand remains open. This question remains unanswered for several reasons, including the lack of consensus on conceptual definitions and approaches, as well as tools for assessing and comparing variations in several anatomical parts of the hand. The aim of the study was to investigate the structural organization of the human finger phalanges using anatomical network analysis (AnNA). Material and methods. In this study, the authors applied the IGRAPH package functions in the R data analysis programming environment for AnNA. Network modeling and layout were performed using the Fruchterman-Reingold algorithm. Analysis of the structure, as well as modularity and integration in the networks, was performed using the spin-glass algorithm. X-ray osteometric indices of the I–V fingers phalanx length were used to assess AnNA in 100 men and 100 women of the middle age without traumatic changes, deformations, and developmental deviations. Results. AnNA demonstrates a two-level organization of the distal hand in the form of a proximal module including the proximal phalanges and a distal module combining the middle and distal phalanges. When comparing the features of the network models of the distal hand, it was found that in women, the organization of the finger phalanges is characterised by higher morphological integration and modularity (modularity 0.43) than in men (modularity 0.38). orphological modularity and integration are organizing factors in the structure of the finger phalanges of the human distal hand. Conclusion. The study results demonstrate that the structural organization of the finger phalanges of the human hand is a system of individual anatomical modules of the phalanges.

The Moderating Role of Islamic Financing Access in the Impact of Islamic Financial Knowledge and Financial Confidence on Financial Well-being among MSME Owners

Research aims: This study aims to explore the relationship between Islamic financial knowledge, financial confidence, and financial well-being, with access to Islamic financing as a moderating variable, specifically targeting MSME owners in Lampung Province, Indonesia.Design/Methodology/Approach: Data was collected from MSME owners through surveys in Lampung Province, Indonesia. The study employed Jeffreys's Amazing Statistics Program (JASP) for data analysis, examining correlations between variables and assessing moderation effects.Research findings: The findings reveal positive correlations between Islamic financial knowledge, financial confidence, and financial well-being among MSME owners in Lampung Province, Indonesia. Additionally, access to Islamic financing was found to positively moderate the relationship between Islamic financial knowledge, financial confidence, and financial well-being.Theoretical Contribution/Originality: This research contributes to the existing literature by filling a gap and offering fresh insights into the factors influencing financial well-being among MSME owners, particularly within the context of Islamic finance. By uncovering the mechanisms underlying financial well-being in this demographic, it advances knowledge in the field.Practitioners/Policy Implications: Practitioners can develop targeted financial literacy programs and innovative financing products for MSME owners. Policymakers can streamline regulations and incentivize financial institutions to expand Islamic financing options, promoting financial inclusion and sustainable MSME growth in Lampung Province and beyond.Research Limitations/Implications: Despite its contributions, this study has limitations that should be acknowledged. The findings are based on data collected from MSME owners in Lampung Province, Indonesia, which may limit the generalizability of the results. Future research could expand the sample size and geographical scope to enhance the external validity of the findings.

Faktor Kunci Kepatuhan Pajak UMKM E-Commerce di DKI Jakarta : Modernisasi Sistem Pajak, Religiusitas, Love of Money, dan Sanksi Pajak

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how Religiosity, love of money, tax sanctions, and modernization of the tax system affect tax compliance of MSME businesses. Methodology: The sampling method is based on the formula of Roscoe's theory. Using the SmartPLS 4.0 program for PLS-SEM data analysis, the researcher tested the hypothesis at a significance level of 5%. Results: the results of the study, taxpayer compliance in e-commerce is significantly influenced by the modernization of the tax system for MSMEs; taxpayer compliance in is not significantly influenced by religiosity for the same business; and e-commerce is significantly influenced by love of money. In terms of MSME e-commerce tax compliance, tax sanctions do not have a significant effect. Limitations: This study may only cover a small portion of e-commerce MSMEs in DKI Jakarta, so the results may not fully represent the entire population of e-commerce MSMEs in the area if the sample used is not taken randomly or there is a tendency to select certain respondents, then the results of the study can be influenced by sample selection bias. Contribution: This study adds to the existing literature on tax compliance, particularly in the context of MSMEs in the e-commerce sector. It provides new insights into how factors such as tax system modernization, religiosity, love of money, and tax sanctions interact to influence tax compliance. By testing a theoretical model involving various factors influencing tax compliance, this study strengthens or challenges existing theories related to tax compliance behavior, particularly in the context of the digital economy

Professional competences of emergency department nurses working in the earthquake region on triage management in children and the difficulties experienced by nurses in the decision-making process: A qualitative study

Limited resources in disasters may negatively affect the care of paediatric patients and cause complications to be prevented. The aim of this study was to investigate the professional competence of nurses regarding triage management in children during the Kahramanmaraş earthquake and the difficulties they experienced in the decision-making process. This study used a qualitative exploratory research design with a phenomenological approach. In-depth interviews were conducted with the participants individually and through focus group discussions using a semi-structured interview form. A total of 23 participants working in the emergency department during and after the earthquake were included in this study, which was conducted using a purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using content analysis procedures. Max Qualitative Data Analysis (2020) programme was used to code the data. As a result of data analysis, 4 main themes and 15 sub-themes emerged. The four main themes were “Professional Competencies of Nurses During Disasters,” “Triage Decision in the Emergency Department,” “Expectations of Nurses Working in a Disaster Area” and “Participation in Disaster Education”. The results of this study showed that nurses are exposed to difficulties arising from many individuals, psychological, professional, environmental, and educational variables in the early period of disaster. Participants' views revealed a strong relationship between being professionally competent, providing appropriate care to patients and emotional exhaustion.

Beliefs of Pentecostal pastors concerning the use of antiretroviral treatment among Pentecostal Christians living with HIV in a suburb of Cape Town-South Africa: a community health systems lens.

The global public health community accepts antiretroviral therapy (ART) for controlling and managing HIV. However, within some communities, claims of faith or miraculous healing of HIV and AIDS by Pentecostal pastors continue to spark controversies. This paper reports on an exploratory qualitative study to explore the beliefs held by Pentecostal pastors regarding the use of ART among Pentecostal Christians who are living with HIV (PCLH). Twenty Pentecostal pastors from two informal settlements in Cape Town, South Africa, were purposefully selected. Open-ended, semi-structured, in-depth individual interviews were conducted on their religious beliefs concerning ART adherence. Interviews were conducted in English, audiotaped, and transcribed verbatim before being imported to the Atlas-ti 2023 software program for thematic data analysis. Since our study was guided by the relational community health system (CHS) model a hybrid deductive-inductive thematic analysis was used. Two contrasting themes about the influence of the religious beliefs of Pentecostal pastors were identified: The first theme and its associated subthemes highlight the lack of basic HIV and ART knowledge among pastors. Consequently, these pastors tend to nudge their Christians to rely more on faith and spiritual healing at the expense of adherence to ART. The second theme and the associated sub-themes suggest that some pastors possess some basic HIV knowledge and understand the role of ART and how it works. This group of pastors advise their congregants to use ART and other healthcare services in tandem with spiritual rituals, faith, and prayers. Our findings highlight the need for functional community-based structures, such as community health committees (CHCs) and health facility management committees (HFMCs), in settings where complex interaction within the belief systems, practices, and norms of some stakeholders can influence people's health-seeking behaviours such as adhering to chronic medications like ART.

The Effect of Asset Structure, Bank Size, Profitability, Bank Growth, and Liquidity on Capital Structure of Islamic Banking in Indonesia

This research investigates how different factors such as asset structure, bank size, profitability, bank growth, and liquidity affect the capital structure of Islamic (Sharia) banking in Indonesia. The study focuses on Sharia banks listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) and analyzes data from 3 selected companies using purposive sampling and their monthly reports. The research uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the SmartPLS program for data analysis. The findings show that asset structure and profitability have a significant impact on the capital structure, while bank size, bank growth, and liquidity do not. The results also reveal that asset structure affects capital structure positively, where an increase in asset structure will also increase capital structure, while profitability affects capital structure negatively, where an increase in profitability will decrease capital structure

Examination of the Turkish Doctoral Programs in Social Sciences and Humanities Through a Process Evaluation Model

This study aims to investigate Turkish doctoral programs in social sciences and humanities using a process evaluation model within a mixed methods research design. A convergent mixed methods approach was employed to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. Initially, the quantitative statistical results are presented, followed by a discussion of the qualitative findings, utilizing a side-by-side comparison approach. The survey, developed by the researchers, was administered to 310 academics to gather their assessments of doctoral programs, considering variables such as graduation year from the Ph.D. program, academic title, field of study, and university type. The t-test and ANOVA results revealed no significant differentiation among academics with respect to these variables. Conversely, content analysis was applied to examine qualitative data obtained from 10 academics through the MAXQDA qualitative data analysis program. Six themes identified through content analysis indicated that nearly all participants perceived structural issues in doctoral programs, explaining the lack of significant differentiation in the quantitative findings. Based on these findings, implications are suggested for researchers, academics, and decision-makers to address this issue.

The influence of work-related stress on emotional and psychological well-being and performance of secondary school leadership in Vulindlela Circuit

The problem this study investigated was high rates of school leaders’ work-related stress results with mental illness and death. The primary objective of the study was to investigate the influence of work-related stress on emotional and psychological well-being and performance of school leaders in Vulindlela Circuit. The study was premised within interpretivism, and we used interviews qualitative technique, to elicit data from 25 secondary school leaderships about their reflections and experiences with work-related stress. The interview transcripts were analysed using NVivo version 14, a program for qualitative data analysis, analyzing the reoccurring themes and patterns of the study, supplemented with narratives. The study discovered that role conflict, role ambiguity, and overload were common workplace stressors affecting the emotional and psychological well-being of school leaderships. The findings are important because they will serve as awareness and mitigation of school leaders’ work-related stress. The study recommends the rolling out of tailormade wellness programmes that will promote mental wellness, and support well-being and stress-reduction techniques through greater task clarity. This study contributes education research on school leadership workplace stressors in Vulindlela Circuit and larger South African context, by laying the groundwork for future studies on interventions to improve school leaderships' performance and well-being.

A qualitative and quantitative cross-sectional study on the past, present, and future of vaginal delivery: Turkey.

The current study focused on predicting future trends in obstetrics by examining obstetricians' approaches to specific challenging vaginal delivery that require special experience, such as breech presentation, macrosomic fetus, twin pregnancy, and vacuum use, compared with their residency training experience. The cross-sectional study was conducted in two phases. The first phase was qualitative and the second phase was quantitative. The "interview" and "survey" techniques served as data collection tools. In total, 20 obstetricians participated in the interviews, and 400 obstetricians took part in the survey. Data from the interviews were analyzed using the Maxqda 2020 qualitative data analysis program, and survey data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Over the past 2 decades, there has been a gradual shift from vaginal deliveries to cesarean deliveries in cases involving breech presentation, macrosomic fetus, twin pregnancy, and vacuum use. While medicolegal concerns are undeniable, the prevalent belief among obstetricians that cesarean delivery is safer than vaginal delivery significantly influences this trend. Comparatively, young obstetricians often complete their residency training without acquiring sufficient knowledge and skills in vaginal delivery. Young obstetricians currently lack adequate experience in managing vaginal deliveries for breech presentation, macrosomic fetus, twin pregnancy, and vacuum use. This experience is at risk of disappearing entirely within the next decade as senior obstetricians retire. Policymakers should take this into consideration when shaping future healthcare policies.

What is the meaning of family participation in schools? A multi-voice perspective

ABSTRACT Background Many studies show a positive link between student achievement and family participation in school. Family participation in school can also benefit the whole educational community, contributing to a shared community responsibility for education. Despite this, in many schools, family participation can be incidental or superficial. There are also different understandings of the role of families in schools, with the term ‘family participation’ being ambiguous and complex. Purpose This study aims to analyse how family participation in school is understood in one region of Spain. It explores different forms of family participation by giving voice to a range of different groups involved in students’ education – not just families and teachers. The questions guiding the study are as follows: 1) What role does communication play in family participation in schools?; 2) What are the actions taken by different stakeholders when participating?; 3) How do families approach their rights and duties when participating in school?; 4) What are the barriers to family participation?; and 5) what are the actions for improvement that favour a participatory culture? Method A qualitative, participatory methodology was used, drawing on data collected through semi-structured interviews, both group and individual, with 44 multi-stakeholder participants. A thematic content analysis was carried out using Maxqda22, a qualitative data-analysis programme. A deductive system that generated categories was combined with an inductive system that generated codes. Findings The key factor to achieving participation was effective communication. Sometimes, this was initiated by the school towards the family, and at other times, at the request of the family. In either case, the key to success lay in the design of communicative strategies that went beyond the transmission of information about urgent events occurring at school. Suggested solutions for improving family–school interaction included trusting in families, and training them, or providing them with the necessary tools to approach their participation. Conclusions Participation varies in its nature and occurs when there is a shared school-family project in which attitude and communication play an important role. Barriers to participation include ideological differences, and a lack of genuine awareness of the importance of the role that families can play in school. The main proposal to promote family participation is to find ways to overcome individualism through shared projects.

Physical Fitness Test Data Analysis and Training Program Recommendation Based on Machine Learning

Physical fitness is the state of being physically healthy and capable of performing daily tasks with vigor and resilience. Physical fitness and machine learning intersect in various ways, primarily through the use of wearable devices, fitness apps, and data analysis. Wearable fitness trackers equipped with sensors, such as heart rate monitors, accelerometers, and GPS trackers, collect vast amounts of data on individuals' physical activity, sleep patterns, and vital signs. The paper presents an innovative approach to physical fitness assessment and training program recommendation using the Gradient Probabilistic Automated Recommender System with Machine Learning (GPA-RS-ML). This system utilizes machine learning techniques to assess fitness data from individuals and then suggests training programs that are customized to their specific goals and needs. By incorporating gradient values and probabilistic predictions, the GPA-RS-ML algorithm offers a comprehensive and individualized approach to fitness training, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of training interventions. The study demonstrates the efficacy of the GPA-RS-ML system in accurately predicting suitable training programs for participants, considering their unique fitness profiles and preferences. This research contributes to the advancement of automated fitness assessment and recommendation systems, providing a valuable tool for fitness professionals and enthusiasts to optimize fitness outcomes and improve adherence to training regimens.

COMPARISON OF RELIABILITY AND ACCURACY OF RESEARCH RESULTS USING RANDOM AND QUOTA SAMPLING

The author analyses the reliability and accuracy of the results of sociological research conducted using quota sampling. The author discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using quota samples compared to random samples. The main focus is on the representativeness of the obtained data and the possibility of extrapolating them to the general population.In the problem statement, the author noted that a mechanical method of forming a random sample is most often used to study public opinion in Ukraine. The main feature of this method is to ensure an equal probability of selection of each element of the general population. The author emphasizes that although this method allows for easy calculation of possible errors and analysis of collected information, it has a disadvantage in representing specific groups of the population.To address this problem, the author proposes using an equal probability method of forming quota samples, which allows selecting respondents according to their quotas in the general population, thus providing a more representative model of the studied population. However, in the scientific community, there is no consensus on the use of indicators in forming quota samples, and all existing works remain at the level of theoretical assumptions.The author attempts to empirically substantiate the effectiveness of quota samples through experimentation. The hypothesis of the experiment assumes that the results of studies conducted according to quotas can be extrapolated to the general population with high accuracy and reliability using mathematical and statistical methods. During the experiment, both quota and random samples were used to compare the results.The general population consisted of 489 musical compositions represented in different proportions to eliminate the subjective component from the experiment and provide the opportunity to clearly assess and record the parameters of the initial general population for further comparison with the results of different types of samples. The musical compositions had two parameters: the name of the performer for identification and the duration of the track for digital and statistical evaluation. The analysis was carried out using a specially developed program for statistical data analysis. The collected data allowed for the assessment of the average track duration, median, skewness, standard deviation, and other statistical indicators.The results of the experiment showed that the quota sample provides more accurate results when the quotas are followed during the selection of elements of the general population. The sample obtained by random selection without adhering to quotas showed greater variability in indicators such as mean, median, skewness, and standard deviation relative to the general population. Thus, it was concluded that quota samples have advantages in sociological research, especially when specific groups of the population need to be considered.The author emphasizes the need for further research and improvement of quota sampling methods to enhance the accuracy and reliability of sociological studies, which are important for examining particular social issues.

PaRaVis: An automatic Python graphical package for ensemble analysis of plant beta diversity using remote sensing proxies

The ongoing impacts of climatic changes, coupled with intensified human activities, are leading to a significant loss of plant diversity, prompting urgent calls for comprehensive monitoring of forest ecosystems. This is particularly concerning in regions with the encroachment of human activities into forest zones, and inadequate regulations that primarily view forests as a source of timber without fully accounting for their critical roles in biodiversity. These issues highlight the need for effective geospatial approaches to support conservation strategies and sustained monitoring of plant diversity. The majority of remote sensing studies of plant diversity have focused on alpha-diversity, while beta-diversity plays an important role in providing a comprehensive picture of biodiversity patterns across scales. Among various remote sensing proxies, Rao's Q index stands out as a reliable metric to quantify beta-diversity using multispectral remote sensing indices. However, a holistic approach that can incorporate multiple remote sensing indices and enable comparative analysis using graphical means with computational efficiency is lacking. In response, we developed PaRaVis, an open-source Python-based graphical package for deriving spectral diversity from multispectral remote sensing datasets as a proxy for functional diversity using Rao's Q index. This tool encompasses all the necessary steps for parallelized computation, visualization, and analysis of Rao's index from either single or multiple multispectral indices. It is capable of calculating and visualizing 75 vegetation indices (VIs), from a raster scene, followed by calculating Rao's Q both unidimensionally and multidimensionally in parallel. PaRaVis also offers features for visualizing, analyzing, and comparing Rao's Q outputs using statistical performance diagnostics. It provides a unique means to infer diversity patterns in space and time and is therefore invaluable for researchers or organizations involved with plant diversity monitoring, especially those with limited data analysis or computer programming experience. To demonstrate the tool's effectiveness, we analyzed plant diversity patterns using satellite-derived spectral heterogeneity measures in forest sites within the Hyrcanian Forests of Iran and sites located in Germany. The first case study focused on UNESCO Natural Heritage sites. Our analysis revealed that employing EVI, SR3, and TCI indices as inputs for the multidimensional Rao's Q yielded higher performance in monitoring more heterogeneous forests compared to the unidimensional mode. In the second case study, we utilized field Species Richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices to evaluate PaRaVis and our method. We found that using a multi-temporal, multi-index approach enhances the results compared to multi-seasonal and classical Rao based on single time.

The Effect of Knowledge Orchestration On Dynamic Capabilities: An Analytical Research in the Iraqi Media Network

This research aims to know the effect of the knowledge orchestra with its dimensions (knowledge mobilization, knowledge acquisition, knowledge coordination, knowledge sharing, and knowledge integration) on the dynamic capabilities with its dimensions (environmental sensing capabilities, opportunity investment capabilities, resource rearrangement capabilities, marketing capabilities, and technological capabilities). The main problem of this research was represented by the current question (Was the Iraqi Media Network able to invest the knowledge orchestra in achieving distinguished performance across having dynamic capabilities?). The Iraqi Media Network took a field of application for these variables, as the research sample included the senior leaders of the Iraqi Media Network, their numbers were 134 being between a director of a directorate, an assistant director, and a head of a department. The research used the quantitative method and the questionnaire was the main tool for collecting data and information, and the research used the SPSS program (v. 25) for data analysis. The results of the study concluded that there is a significant and positive influence and correlation between each dimension of the orchestra's knowledge operations and its dynamic capabilities. Also, results of the research reported that the Media Network showed its modules to mobilize knowledge through adopting communication patterns that are harmonious with its orientation towards having intellectual capital that distinguishes it from others, particularly it works to expand the knowledge base, such as diversity in knowledge fields within its current and future staff.