Dark Places Research Articles

Decadence in the Age of Modernism, edited by Kate Hext and Alex Murray

Reviewed by: Decadence in the Age of Modernism ed. by Kate Hext and Alex Murray Julia Skelly (bio) Decadence in the Age of Modernism, edited by Kate Hext and Alex Murray; pp. vii + 304. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019, $54.95. If not precisely a poisonous book, Decadence in the Age of Modernism does burn with a hard, gem-like flame. Each chapter in Kate Hext and Alex Murray’s edited volume sings voluptuously with illuminating archival research and close readings of both canonical and understudied texts; many of the essays display a self-consciously Decadent style with luscious prose, insightful asides, and Wildean witticisms. Form and content fit beautifully together in this volume that is, if not exactly groundbreaking, then certainly an important contribution to the burgeoning field of Decadent modernisms. Born out of a 2015 conference on “Aestheticism and Decadence in the Age of Modernism,” this tight collection of eleven essays, in addition to the editors’ introduction, usefully surveys the scholarship on literary Decadence, demonstrating clearly that early twentieth-century modernism did not break so cleanly from Decadence as modernists such as Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot proposed. Rather, it was a source of both inspiration and anxiety for writers during the age of modernism. The decision by Hext and Murray to frame the volume by those words—“the age of modernism”—rather than “Decadent modernism,” or “Decadence and modernism,” was productively strategic. As they note, not all of the authors discussed in the book fit comfortably into the ideological category of modernist literature. Indeed, while some of the chapters show that a selection [End Page 471] of understudied Decadent novelists and poets deserve the label of modernist, the overall objective of the collection is not to insert new writers into the modernist canon but rather to demonstrate that Decadence and modernism were in close, if tense, conversation in the period from 1895 (the year of Oscar Wilde’s trials) to the First World War. Each chapter in this collection is a pleasure to read. Written in different styles, each essay is elegantly composed, and the book fits (almost) seamlessly together as a whole. The only outlier is Joseph Bristow’s contribution, “‘A Poetess of No Mean Order’: Margaret Sackville, Women’s Poetry, and the Legacy of Aestheticism,” since, as Bristow’s title indicates, Sackville was influenced by literary aestheticism, and roundly rejected Decadence as “a pleasure in dark and doubtful places, a cynicism which looks upon itself with a sad, half-admiring pity” (qtd. in Bristow 99–100) that is enacted through “the babbling of little men” (qtd. in Bristow 100). Nevertheless, a rejection of Decadence is still an engagement with it, and one can understand Hext and Murray’s choice to include Bristow’s essay, particularly as it contributes to the still-understudied work of female aesthetes, and builds on work such as Talia Schaffer and Kathy Alexis Psomiades’s groundbreaking edited volume Women and British Aestheticism (1999). Sarah Parker’s chapter, “Edna St. Vincent Millay’s Decadence,” also contributes to the study of female aesthetes, but pays more attention to Decadent themes and forms. All of the other chapters are delectably dedicated to Decadence. Kristin Mahoney’s essay, “Dainty Malice: Ada Leverson and Post-Victorian Decadent Feminism,” is crucial reading for feminist scholars concerned with Decadence. Leverson, a staunch defender of Wilde until the very end, was hyper-aware of the misogynistic subtext of literary Decadence, and as Mahoney observes, “Leverson’s relationships with the decadents themselves were as complicated as her relationship to the decadent aesthetic” (30). To my mind, the most important contribution of the entire volume is the repeated revelation of the queerness of Decadence at the fin de siècle, when, as Mahoney remarks, “the turn to decadence had begun to operate as a queer alternative to high modernism” (27). As Hext and Murray explain, “the uneven critical history of the decadent movement has largely been one of recovery since the 1960s . . . and one greatly helped since the late 1980s by the influence of Queer Criticism and Gay Studies” (7). Like Mahoney, Ellis Hanson, Kirsten MacLeod, and Michèle Mendelssohn foreground how early twentieth-century Decadence functioned as an...

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Rohdea wattii (Asparagaceae)

As a kind of rare plant with important medicinal value and breeding value, Rohdea wattii usually grow in dark and damp places. In this study, we reported the complete chloroplast genome of R. wattii. We used a variety of bioinformatics analysis methods to analyze and visualize the chloroplast genome and phylogenetic relationships. A typical quadripartite structure was observed in the chloroplast genome of R. wattii with a genome size of 156,487 bp. The length of the large single-copy region (LSC) was 84,969 bp, which was the longest region among the four regions; the second longest was the Inverted repeat region (IR) with 26,451 bp in length; and the smallest was the small single-copy region (SSC) with 18,616 bp in length. The overall GC content of R. wattii chloroplast genome is 37.61%. In addition, a total of 132 genes were identified in the whole genome of R. wattii, which include 86 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Finally, by constructing a phylogenetic tree to analyze the phylogeny of R. wattii, and it indicated that R. wattii and Rohdea chinensis are a close evolutionary relationship.

“I got into a very dark place”: addressing the needs of young people leaving care during the Covid-19 pandemic

Purpose This paper aims to report on the findings of a qualitative study that explored the views and experiences of young people leaving care during the first phase of the Covid-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach was adopted involving semi-structured interviews with 24 care leavers 18–25 years old from across the region. Interviews were conducted remotely online or by telephone and explored young people’s lived experiences during the pandemic including their views on the formal support services and how best to provide ongoing for support care leavers during the pandemic. Findings Study findings highlight how known adversities for care leavers are exacerbated during the pandemic, having a detrimental impact, particularly on their emotional well-being. The response of the state as a corporate parent in mitigating the impact of the pandemic was found to be inadequate; with a need for much clearer communication, transparent and prompt decision-making and targeted specialist mental health services. The account given by the young people also highlighted the importance of participation and relationship-based practice to build on the young people’s resilience in the context of high levels of social isolation and limited access to informal support systems. Originality/value This research, based on the views of care experienced young people themselves, is the first study in Northern Ireland to report on the impact of the Covid 19 pandemic on care leaving. As such it makes a contribution to this emerging international field of study and, given the persistence of the pandemic, provides empirical findings and a social justice perspective of ongoing relevance to policy and practice with young people leaving care.

Functional Properties of Fruits of Common Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) Extract

Common medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) is a long-lived plant with hard fruits, which are harvested in the fall and stored in cold and dark places. The aim of the work was to obtain the extract from freeze-dried fruits of medlar. Then, the samples were purified on a column with Amberlite XAD-16 ion exchange resin (two fractions were obtained and tested in further steps: methanol (MF) and water (WF)). A quantitative analysis of the polyphenolic compounds and selected elements was performed. In addition, in vitro tests of antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of the extracts were carried out. The applied methodology included the determination of antidiabetic activity by diffusion method, antioxidant activity by ABTS and FRAP methods, elemental analysisby atomic spectrometry, and quantitative and qualitative determination of phenolic composition by UPLC method. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the MF of the medlar preparation, which was 245.31 μM Trolox/g (in ABTS test). Both fractions showed positive antidiabetic effects. For WF, even a small concentration of 1 mg/mL DMSO, the percentage of α-amylase inhibition was 35%. The WF dominated in terms of the total content of phenolic compounds (mainly gallic, procatechic, chlorogenic, and ferulic acids).

“Covid Cure (1)”: Anas’s Investigative Journalism and the Ethics of Uncovering Fakes in African Spaces

ABSTRACT Investigative journalists sometimes resort to the use of fake identities in order to reveal fakes and malpractice, a phenomenon that can be described as revelatory fakery. Acclaimed investigative journalist, Anas Aremeyaw, in collaboration with BBC Africa Eye, employs revelatory fakery to expose and prosecute wrongdoers in Ghana. From an ethical viewpoint, Anas’s revelatory fakery, a second order fakery, becomes a seedbed for an exponential level of fakery. This article poses the question whether Anas’s work is journalism or instead yet another expression of fakery that allows a prosecutor to act as a journalist. This question is contextualised within the ethics of the broader narratives created by the BBC Africa Eye investigations, which feed and promote a spectacular but “fake” narrative about Africa as a place of negatives, difference, and darkness.

Determination of Level of Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) Migration on Bowl and Clear Plastic Cup Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

Food safety is a condition and efforts needed to prevent food from biological and chemical pollutants and other things that might irritate, harm, endanger human health. So the food is safe to consume. Besides, it should not against religion, faith, and culture. Chemical pollutants may come from migration of the food container or packaging, for example from a bowl or clear plastic cup. Migration happens as a result of the high temperature of food, duration of storage, and the production process. The higher the temperature the higher the possibility of migration. The existence of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in food may be because of environmental pollution, absorption of metal from equipment. Research has been conducted on the determination of the level of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) from the migration of some bowls and plastic glasses that are available online by using spectrophotometer atomic absorption. The research is using acetic acid 4 % simulant. The sample is identified by using Near Infra-Red. The result of two kinds of plastic bowls and one kind of clear plastic cup are Polypropylene (PP). The sample is filled with acetic acid 4% simulant, stored in a dark place for twenty- four hours, then it is measured with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). In all samples consist of two kinds of bowls and one clear plastic cup. The lead and cadmium are not detected with a limit of detection (LoD) Pb is 1.33 µg/ml dan (LoD ) Cd is 0.22 µg/ml, while the limit of quantitative (LoQ) Pb is 4.43 µg/ml and ( LoQ) Cd is 0.74 µg/ml. LoD dan LoQ for lead is too high because are using AAS Flame, while ideally using AAS Graphite Furnace.

Theoretical Values, Percentage Deviations and Calculated Values by Polynomial Equations of the Liquid Mixture with Equimolar Mixture of Ethanol and Formamide

Background: The binary mixtures of isopropanol/isobutanol/isoamyl alcohol with an equimolar mixture of ethanol and formamide consist of different ultrasonic properties, which have been studied at room temperature at a fixed frequency of 2 MHz. The ultrasonic-related physical parameters like velocity (U), density (ρ), adiabatic compressibility (βad), intermolecular free length (Lf), acoustic impedance (Z), etc., have been studied. The theoretical evaluation of ultrasonic velocity in liquid mixtures offers a transparent method for the study of the nature of molecular interactions in the mixtures besides verifying the applicability of different theories such as Nomoto’s, Van Dael and Vangeel’s, Impedance Dependence relation, Junjie’s relation, Rao’s specific sound velocity relation, and Jacobson’s relations, Percentage deviations of theoretical ultrasonic velocities from experimental values in the mixtures of all liquid mixture and also calculated values of ultrasonic velocity from polynomials for all the schemes with mole fraction (x) of isopropanol/isobutanol/ isoamyl alcohol. Objective: The main focus of the present work was to prepare the structural changes associated with the liquid mixtures having weakly interacting components and strongly interacting components. The study of molecular association in mixtures providing exact information of thermodynamic mixing properties, such as adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, free volume, internal pressure, and molar volume, has significant importance in theoretical and applied areas of research. The ultrasonic study has been a subject of keen interest during the past many years. This branch of physical sciences has played a significant role in deciding the interactions between the molecules of compounds under study. It has a potential tool for evaluating energy exchange between various degrees of freedom and nonlinear properties in binary liquid mixtures. Methods: The binary liquid mixtures were prepared by mixing two components, by weight, using an electronic analytical balance (Reptech RA-2012), accurate up to ±0.0001 g. The average uncertainty in mole fraction of binary mixtures was estimated to be ±0.0001. To avoid loss of solvent due to evaporation, mixtures were stored in specially designed ground-glass airtight ampoules and placed in a dark place to prevent photolytic effects. Results: These empirical fittings of data are described qualitatively and quantitatively using experimental speed data even in the specific interaction predominant region where non-ideal behavior of the mixture is observed. The values of sound velocities and percentage deviation (after determining the co-efficient of the polynomial equations by applying the least squares method) are compiled in the tables, respectively. Conclusion: The ultrasonic velocities and densities for all three mixtures were measured, and the values were calculated. The observed trends of VEm, ΔkS and LEf indicate the presence of weak interactions, and the strength of these interactions follows the order EMM+IPA>EMM +IBA>EMM+IAA. Besides, the ultrasonic velocities measured from different velocity theories were found to be consistent with the experimentally measured ultrasonic velocities. Among these theories, Jacobson’s velocity equation showed a good result for the experimental and theoretical ultrasonic velocity values for all the binary mixtures used.

Primary Root and Mesocotyl Elongation in Maize Seedlings: Two Organs with Antagonistic Growth below the Soil Surface.

Maize illustrates one of the most complex cases of embryogenesis in higher plants that results in the development of early embryo with distinctive organs such as the mesocotyl, seminal and primary roots, coleoptile, and plumule. After seed germination, the elongation of root and mesocotyl follows opposite directions in response to specific tropisms (positive and negative gravitropism and hydrotropism). Tropisms represent the differential growth of an organ directed toward several stimuli. Although the life cycle of roots and mesocotyl takes place in darkness, their growth and functions are controlled by different mechanisms. Roots ramify through the soil following the direction of the gravity vector, spreading their tips into new territories looking for water; when water availability is low, the root hydrotropic response is triggered toward the zone with higher moisture. Nonetheless, there is a high range of hydrotropic curvatures (angles) in maize. The processes that control root hydrotropism and mesocotyl elongation remain unclear; however, they are influenced by genetic and environmental cues to guide their growth for optimizing early seedling vigor. Roots and mesocotyls are crucial for the establishment, growth, and development of the plant since both help to forage water in the soil. Mesocotyl elongation is associated with an ancient agriculture practice known as deep planting. This tradition takes advantage of residual soil humidity and continues to be used in semiarid regions of Mexico and USA. Due to the genetic diversity of maize, some lines have developed long mesocotyls capable of deep planting while others are unable to do it. Hence, the genetic and phenetic interaction of maize lines with a robust hydrotropic response and higher mesocotyl elongation in response to water scarcity in time of global heating might be used for developing more resilient maize plants.

Consuming dark sites via street art: Murals at Chernobyl

This paper aims to extend dark tourism scholarship concerned with existential aspects of the human nature and the power of ‘dark places’ to provoke our thinking about the meaning and purpose of human existence. Our main focus is on the artistic expressions in the form of murals that have emerged in the years following the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl, questioning the significance and meanings they have for the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, in the context of tourists' perceptions and, more generally, in the context of our being in the world. To that end, we deconstruct the tourist experience of dark sites through knitting together dark tourism, existentialism and street art.

Conceptualising the role of marketing strategies of tourism providers in inducing risk‐taking behaviour

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the role of marketing strategies of tourism providers in inducing risk‐taking behaviour deriving lessons from theoretical foundations of ‘fear appeal’ and ‘protection‐motivation’ and the stimulus–organism–response framework. We engage with their meaning‐generating identity narratives that play an indispensable role in sustaining and enhancing the market appeal of dark tourism experiences, places and products. Our findings demonstrate how providers use information‐based and emotions‐focused strategies to induce visitors to engage in different degrees of risk‐taking activities.

Стихотворение О. Мандельштама «Сохрани мою речь навсегда…»: к трактовке темных мест

The dark places of O. Mandelstam’s poem “Save my speech forever…” are considered, and explanatory solutions and comments are offered for each case. The existing interpretations in the scientific literature are critically analyzed, in particular: the presence of a figurative leitmotif in the poem (the article argues for the absence of such a leitmotif); the version supported by a number of experts about the poet’s readiness to make a deal with the authorities expressed in this text (arguments are given in favor of the fact that this version is based on allegoresis that is not quite acceptable for this particular case; hypostasis of the poetic image). The functional basis of the focusing on speech obscuration, which is considered a significant characteristic of the poetics of the late Mandelstam, is clarified, and the origins of the internal form of the term Heraclitus’ metaphor introduced by the poet are revealed.

Qualitative Methods and Hybrid Maps for Spatial Perception with an Example of Security Perception

The security/insecurity of our cities has become the subject of public debate in recent years. The individual intuitions about security or insecurity can vary with age, gender, social background, personal constitution and previous positive or negative experiences. They are also constantly (re)produced, as perceptions of space are individual and selective. Noting these variations, materialised factors also play a major role, e.g., recessed house entrances, dense or high hedges, poor orientation options, dark places, etc. Attributing meaning to these materialised factors, real constructs are formed which create positive or negative narratives about certain (urban) spaces, influencing the actual use and design of urban spaces. To investigate the importance attached to certain spaces, qualitative methods are required for examining socio-spatial situations, perceptual processes and attribution. Using different methods in an explorative and in-depth descriptive research phase, such as expert interviews, user observations, surveys on go-alongs, participatory mapping with detailed information on structural and spatial locations, the advantages and disadvantages of method selection are presented. Berlin’s Alexanderplatz was used as a case study area to determine perceptions of security in urban areas. We confirmed that despite variations, certain subjective perceptions concerning visibility, brightness, and audibility are collective. Additionally, hybrid maps are used to explain how subjective perceptions of space, combined with 3D graphics, can alert architects and city planners to uncertainty among users of public space.

Diving behaviour of albatrosses: implications for foraging ecology and bycatch susceptibility

Diving is an ecologically important behaviour that provides air-breathing predators with opportunities to capture prey, but that also increases their exposure to incidental mortality (bycatch) in commercial fisheries. In this study, we characterised the diving behaviour of 26 individuals of three species, the black-browed albatross Thalassarche melanophris, grey-headed albatross T. chrysostoma and light-mantled albatross Phoebetria palpebrata, breeding at Bird Island, South Georgia. Individuals were tracked using Global Location Sensor (GLS)-immersion loggers and time-depth recorders (TDRs) and, for two species, Global Positioning System (GPS) loggers. Although the TDRs recorded 589 dives (defined in this paper as submersion > 1 m), average dive depths and durations were just 1.30–1.49 m and 2.5–3.3 s, respectively, for the three species. In addition, many individuals (22% of black-browed, 20% of grey-headed, and 57% of light-mantled albatrosses; total n = 9, 10 and 7 individuals, respectively) did not dive at all. Most dives occurred at the distal end of foraging trips and were rare during the commuting phase. No dives took place in darkness, despite long periods spent on water at night. The limited and shallow dive activity contrasts with impressions from a previous study using capillary-tube depth gauges (which are less accurate than TDRs) and has implications for the susceptibility of albatrosses to bycatch on longlines. This study provides further support for regulations requiring night setting and increased sink rates of baited hooks to help mitigate albatross bycatch.

Durability of Shield Effectiveness of Copper-Coated Interlining Fabrics

The protective shield effectiveness (SE) of copper-coated polyamide and polyester interlining fabrics at frequen¬cies of 1.8 GHz, 2.1 GHz and 2.4 GHz are presented in this study. These fabrics were treated through 10 cycles of dry and wet cleaning. After the characterization of shield effectiveness, fabrics were stored in a dark and dry place. On the basis of the SE values at all measured frequencies, it was confirmed that the copper-coated protective polyester fabric had better SE durability under storage conditions than the copper-coated polyamide fabric. Accordingly, the copper-coated polyester interlining fabric is more suitable for integration into functional clothing due to its use cycle.

Living With Fear: Experiences of Danish Parents in Vulnerable Positions During Pregnancy and in the Postnatal Period.

Targeted services are recommended to pregnant women/parents in vulnerable positions to support their well-being and improve health outcomes; however, being offered extra services is associated with feelings of fear and anxiety. Adopting an ethnographic approach, we explore what parents fear, how and why they experience fear, and how this shapes their childbearing experience and engagement with Danish maternity care services. We made field observations and conducted interviews with 39 parents in vulnerable positions, who shared multiple, ambiguous, and interrelated fears. Four main themes were constructed: fear of going back to a dark place, of having a negative impact on the baby, of being labeled, and of the consequences of service engagement and being open. We conclude that what parents fear, the intensity of these fears, and what potentially triggers it are contingent on their life story, their care pathways, and the maternity care system.

Growth-inhibiting effect of azoxystrobin and its ability to inhibit sugar consumption in winter wheat sprouts and roots

This study aimed to assess the prospects for the use of azoxystrobin, a fungicide of the strobilurin class, for increasing the resistance of winter wheat to low temperatures. The effect of azoxystrobin on growth processes, cell viability and the content of water-soluble carbohydrates in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the Ikutskaya variety, was studied. In comparison with other synthetic strobilurins, azoxystrobin is more frequently used in multicomponent fungicidal preparations. Azoxystrobin is a broad-spectrum fungicide that inhibits complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions using 3-day-old etiolated winter wheat sprouts. The sprouts were grown in a dark place at a temperature of +24 °C on azoxystrobin solutions dissolved in a 0.36% aqueous solution of dimethyl sulfoxide, distilled water and a 0.36% dimethyl sulfoxide solution. The effect of various azoxystrobin concentrations (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μM) on the growth of sprouts and roots was assessed, along with the viability of sprout and root cells. Azoxystrobin had a concentration-dependent growth-inhibiting effect on sprouts and roots. At concentrations of 2.5 μM and 20 μM, the inhibition degree for sprouts varied from 2.8% to 41.7%, respectively. For roots, these values comprised 34.6 and 63.1%, respectively. The growth-inhibiting effect was not accompanied by a decrease in the cell viability of sprouts and roots, which was assessed using in vivo staining with fluorescein diacetate (FDA). The effect of azoxystrobin at a concentration of 10 μM on the sugar content in germinated sprouts was also evaluated. At this concentration of azoxystrobin, the sugar content was higher by 3.6% in sprouts germinated on a dimethyl sulfoxide solution. Since growth inhibition and sugar accumulation are important factors in plant adaptation to low temperatures, further research into effects of azoxystrobin on the physiological and biochemical parameters of plants associated with the development of low-temperature resistance seems justified.

Understanding student mental health: difficulty, deflection and darkness

ABSTRACT With a particular focus on the experience of young people in higher education, this paper turns to the philosophical work of Cora Diamond to open up new ways of conceptualising mental health. We claim that Diamond offers a compelling insight into that experience of human difficulty so often subsumed by a medicalised vocabulary. We propose that she offers philosophically astute perceptions of the related human attempts at deflection (as when those same difficulties are avoided because of their lack of fit with the established discourse). And we situate this reading of Diamond against a broader understanding of the contemporary university as a place of institutional darkness. In developing this general discussion, we place ourselves within a very particular context. We draw on the narratives of a number of third-level students in Ireland, who shared their experiences as part of a hermeneutic phenomenological study into the lived experience of mental health difficulties.

Facing the Facts: Self Disclosure and the Analytic Relationship Swimming in Dark Places

Traditional psychoanalytic limits and uncertainties have been challenged by the sudden intrusion of a life threatening virus. Normal psychoanalytic structure has been replaced by a 2-dimensional option. Though psychoanalytic treatment has found a way to continue in this protective virtual platform, themes of vulnerability, loss, and mortality have emerged. Uniquely organized and understood by each the dyad, the impact of each limitation is a challenge and opportunity. As psychoanalysts, we must learn how to locate the individual meaning of this life-altering event alongside the profound awareness of the existential fate that we share.

Лексическая вариативность во французских переводах «Слова о полку Игореве»

In this article we consider the lexical variability of the French translations of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”. The research material includes the following lexical classes: color designations, flora and fauna names, as well as warfare terms. Lexical units are selected manually and processed with the help of a self-compiled parallel corpus of translated texts. A distinctive feature of the monument’s translations into foreign languages is the absence of the original text, which leads to a situation of multiple “original” texts. We have analyzed 11 texts of French translations of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (some of the translations considered were unknown in Russian scientific practice), as well as the original Russian texts used by the translators (in case they were presented as parallel texts or mentioned in paratexts). We are faced with the situation of translation multiplicity, an actual area of research in modern translation studies, so we also considered the problem of multiplicity of original texts. The study revealed more than 30 occurrences of color designations lexemes, 99 uses of animal and plant names, as well as more than 100 occurrences of military lexical units. The features of translations of each lexical class were considered separately and the results of the analysis were compared. A number of reasons for lexical variability have been identified: differences in the original texts (reconstructions and translations into modern Russian), the abundance of “dark places” in the text of the monument (word boundary ambiguity in different reconstructions or lexemes that do not have a clear interpretation in modern Russian), different times of publication of the translation (during the period between 1823 and 2005), individual interpretations of the source text. A question about the correspondence of the translation devices used in recent translations of the “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” to the universal features of translation proposed by M. Baker, A. Berman and U. Eco has been raised. Most of them are applicable to the French translations of the famous epic. However, in some cases less common correlations have been found (meaning discrepancy, metonymic synonym, etc.).

Incoherence as a Feature of a Poetic Text (On the Interpretation of the Figurative System of O. Mandelstam)

As our analysis has shown, one of the dominant features of O. Mandelstamʼs poetics is the orientation towards darkening incoherence. In the article, the types and sources of his incoherences are revealed; from the perspective of constructed typology, the article explain a number of dark places in the poetʼs texts. The main method of implementing the mentioned orientation should be considered a metaphor, which Mandelstam called heraclitic. The latter, judging by the context, is a verbal image that is essentially, up to the point of hermetical closedness darkened by the use of a number of special means; this complex technique turns the text into an enigma designed to appeal to the reader's heuristic abilities.