Dark Brown Eyes Research Articles

Characterisation, Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Kombai Dog Breed: A Unique Genetic Resource of India

Kombai is an ancient dog breed of Tamil Nadu, India. The Kombai dog is renowned for its fierce loyalty to its family and aggressiveness towards its adversaries. They are incredibly powerful, extremely intelligent, courageous, protective, resilient, territorial, and amiable breed making them as excellent guard dogs. Other names of this breed are Indian/Tamil Bear Hound, Poligar Dog, Mandai War Dog and Indian Rottweiler. The significant feature of this breed is that it lacks a fierce bark, it barks infrequently. Kombai is a sight hound, it hunt by sight and speed rather than by scent and stamina. The breed originated from the foothills of the Western Ghats in Theni district, Tamil Nadu. The breeding tract of this dog are Kombai, Uthamapalaiyam, Pannaipuram, Thevaram, Periakulam, Bodinayakkanur, Cumbam and Kudalur of Theni district and consequently dispersed throughout the southern India. The variants of this breed are Pulicharai Kombai and Porr Kombai. Kombai is medium-sized dog with muscular physique. True to this type of breeds are tan, brown, or reddish brown in color with a black muzzle, hence it is called as “Karuvaisevalai” or “Karumunji naai”. Piebald and brindle coat types are less popular. The head of a Kombai dog appear to be slightly larger than the body as a whole. Large oval-shaped dark brown eyes, strong jaws, and a broad, deep chest characterize the Kombai, and it has single, uniform, dense coat that is neither patchy nor uneven. It has lean muscles and a ridge that runs the length of their spine in the opposite way strengthens the entire body. Their mid-length ears are mostly flat or fold over at the front or sometime erect. The legs are designed for agility and quickness. The tail has smooth hair and is long, curling at the edge like a sickle. An adult dog weigh up to 30kg (Male 25–32 kg; Female 20–25 kg) and 24 inches in height (Males: 22 to 24 inches; Females:19 to 22 inches). Average life span of this breed is 12-15years. Litter size is 4 to 6. Kombai dogs attain sexual maturity between 6-10 months. At present, the Kombai breed is becoming scarce and is in danger of going extinct as a result of ban on hunting, indiscriminate breeding, lack of knowledge about their significance, and shortage of traditional breeders. It is imperative to take immediate action to conserve this superior distinctive genetic resource. Establishment of Kombai breeders association and proper coordination and integration among various agencies is highly needed. This unique Kombai dog should be conserved in their innate habitats by implementing partaking approach by including breeders, communities, and other pertinent shareholders in conservation programs and it should be registered as breed.

Peculiarities of the Phenotype Signs in Suiciders

Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of phenotypic characteristics of persons prone to suicidal actions. Analysis of the number of suicides, factors and conditions of their occurrence is difficult and subjective, as it is associated with insufficient information about the causes of suicides.
 In this regard, the search for markers that allow identifying persons prone to suicidal states, in order to carry out preventive measures with him in order to prevent cases of suicide, becomes particularly relevant.
 The aim of to determine the complex of anthroposcopic and dermatoglyphic parameters of fingers and toes, which make up the dermatoglyphic constitution of persons who committed suicide.
 Materials and methods of the study. 2 groups of people were studied: 1 group – corpses of people who committed suicide (100 people: 50 men and 50 women); Group 2 - individuals of the control group who died as a result of an accident (100 people: 50 men, 50 women). Research methods: anthroposcopic, dermatoglyphic, statistical analysis.
 Results of the study. After studying and processing the questionnaire data, which contained information about descriptive characteristics, we obtained the following indicators, which slightly differed in gender groups, therefore, they are presented in aggregates without division by gender.
 Skin color, taking into account the fact that all studied groups belong to Caucasians, ranged from light shades. The group of suicide victims was dominated by people with white (54.6%) and yellow skin tones (38.6%). However, a relatively higher percentage (38.6%) of people with a yellow skin tone occurred among the suicide victims in the control group. among suicide victims, persons with straight black (39.5%) and dark blond (27.9%) hair predominate, and relatively few persons with brown hair (4.7%). In comparison with the control group, the specified ratio is preserved. It was found that in the group of suicides, compared to the control group, there were more people with triangular (11.6%), rectangular (13.9%) and round (25.6%) face shapes. However, within the group of suicides, individuals with an oval-elongated face predominated (48.9%). The facial features of suicide victims were mostly average (79.1%), the forehead height was average (53.5%) or high (44.2%), the forehead slope was vertical (30.9%) or tilted back (66.7 %), the forehead was wide (51.2%), the frontal ridges were moderately expressed (46.5%); the lower jaw did not protrude forward (90.7%), the lips were mostly narrow (61.4%), and the nose was wide (88.6%). As for the color of the eyes, among the suicide victims there was a predominance of persons with blue (34.0%) and light (28.3%) and dark (18.9%) brown eyes. Compared to the control group, blue-eyed people were more common, and persons with checkered-green and mixed eye color were less common. In 93.2% of cases, the incision of the eyes of suicide victims is almond-shaped. The study of the obtained dermatoglyphic parameters of the fingers showed that in persons prone to suicidal actions, the frequency of occurrence of an arc-type pattern (A) on the distal phalanges of the II and IV fingers of both hands was 10.1% (control group - 5.1%), the pattern type radial loop (Lr) on the right hand was 15.2% (control group 30%). On the distal phalanges of the toes of suicide victims, type A patterns predominated (30.2% vs. 15.05 in the control group), a high frequency of curls (W) on the II toes of both feet (25% of cases on the right and 32.3% of cases on the left).
 Conclusions. In the course of the study, the presence of phenotypic (anthroposcopic and dermatoglyphic) signs characteristic of suicides was established.
 Keywords: forensic medicine, suicide, dermatoglyphics.

The Soldier's Dilemma

Int. Fort Leavenworth Prison Cell, Nighttime.A man lays sleeping in bed, by his lonesome. The man in bed is Private Francis Orestes. He is in his early 20s, tall with a medium build, dark blond hair, and hazel eyes. His generally handsome features have been dampened by rather severe bruises and cuts. Parts of his torso are clearly bandaged. He tosses violently in his sleep, dreaming of quiet horror.The clanking of pipes audibly rustles.Int. Prison Psychiatrist's Office, Daytime, Orestes and Euterpe Sit Across from One Another.Francis Orestes sits in a room reminiscent of a high school guidance counselor's office, with the additional features of a prison.Orestes sits with both his arms and legs crossed, even though he is chained to the floor, making the position uncomfortable.Across a cluttered desk sits Doctor Valentina Euterpe. She is thin with brown hair and poses average height. She wears a pastel buttoned jacket and matching skirt, like the style of Jackie Kennedy, as well as white oval glasses. She possesses a somewhat timeless beauty and elegance, so her age could range from late 40s to early 60s.Int. Prison Meeting Room, DayOrestes sits at a metal table, handcuffed in place. He wears his usual prison garb and bears a grim look as he waits.Enter Corrections Specialist Curtin, followed shortly by an officer.The officer, Captain Jaxon Boedromi, in full uniform. He has dark black hair, cut short, and dark brown eyes. He is of average height, but of an exceedingly good build. There is a casual coolness to his stride, but he walks with a barely noticeable limp.Int. Daytime, Prison Visitors’ Center. Orestes Is Seated.Francis Orestes sits alone, nervously tapping his foot. He has a twisted look of distress on his face. He looks toward the door, waiting for someone to enter.Monique Orestes enters. She is of average height, with a small frame, blonde hair, and brown eyes. She is wearing a blue floral pattern dress cinched at the waist by a belt. She looks solemnly upon the crowd of faces, finds her son, and makes her way to him.Int. Prison Psychiatrist's Office, Bright Daytime, Orestes and Euterpe Sit Across from One Another.Orestes sits chained to the ground, glumly looking toward the floor. Doctor Euterpe sits across from him and attempts to get his attention by clearing her throat, though his stare remains blank.Int. Courtroom, Daytime, Boedromi and Orestes Sit at a Table Facing an Empty BenchOrestes and Boedromi orient themselves at their desk, both dressed in formal fatigues. Behind them sits many military onlookers. Enter Potineish and the Judge Advocates (they sit at the opposite table of Orestes).Int. Daytime, Prison Visitors Center. Francis Is Seated Across from His Two Parents.Francis sits facing his two parents. They all look nervously at one another. Orestes taps his foot absently until his mother places her hand on top of his.

Blue Eyes Help Men Reduce the Cost of Cuckoldry

Men with light eyes lack the dominant gene allele that codes for dark-brown eyes. Pairing with a woman who lacks the same allele must increase paternity confidence in these men, because any children with dark eyes would be extremely unlikely to have been fathered by them. This notion implies that men with light (blue or green) eyes should (1) prefer light-eyed women, especially in a long-term context, and (2) feel more threatened by light-eyed than by dark-eyed rivals. Yet because choosiness is costly and paternity concerns are entirely driven by the prospect of paternal investment, any such inclinations would be adaptive only in men who expect to invest in their children. Here I test these ideas using the data of over 1000 men who rated the facial attractiveness of potential partners, and the threat of potential rivals, whose eye color had been manipulated. Light-eyed men liked light-eyed women better (particularly as long-term companions), and feared light-eyed rivals more, than did dark-eyed men. An exploratory analysis showed that these large, robust effects disappeared in men who had felt rejected by their fathers while growing up—suggesting that such men are not expecting to invest in their own children either.

Human biological variation and the "normal".

Anatomically modern human being is a relatively young species (~300 000 years old) with small amounts of genetic variation contained within them. The vast majority of its existence was spent in Eastern Africa, migration out of the region began around 100 000 YBP. Sub-Saharan African populations have the greatest amount of human genetic variation. However, migration allowed populations to accumulate genomic variation associated with living in the arctic, higher altitudes, disease resistance, living on high fat or starchy foods, surviving toxic arsenic-rich environments, lactase persistence, changing skin pigmentation, gaining thicker hair, and changing height and body mass index. Understanding these aspects of human evolution forces us to reconsider our notion of the "normal." Thus, normal for our species includes having dark melanic skin, brown eyes, and brown tightly curled hair. Derived features include lighter skin (~10000 YBP), blue eyes (~6000 YBP), and blond straight hair (~6000 YBP). Yet in reality, "normal" has no meaning for a species that inhabits such a broad geographic range. Natural selection and genetic drift have genetically differentiated human populations in ways that impact our morphological and physiological traits. The genomic differentiation is small and does not allow any unambiguous classification of human populations into biological races. Despite these now well-established facts of human variation, significant confusion associated with Eurocentric notions of the normal still persist in both the lay public and various professions such as biomedical research and clinical practice.

Design of 1300 nm spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography system for iris microvascular imaging

Developing a high-resolution non-invasive optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) method for iris vasculature imaging is essential for diagnosing a wide range of ocular pathologies. However, the current iris-OCTA devices are still limited in imaging quality and penetration depth for dark-colored eyes ranging from brown to dark brown. A spectral domain iris-OCTA system is presented in this paper incorporating a 1300 nm wavelength for deeper tissue penetration, a linear-wavenumber spectrometer for better detection sensitivity, and an iris scan objective lens for better optical focusing across the entire iris over a 12 × 12 mm2 scan field. The −6 dB fall-off range is ∼3 mm, and the maximum sensitivity fall-off is −28.57 dB at 6.94 mm. The axial resolution is 15.1 ± 3.2 μm. The 40 mm focal-length iris scan objective is optimized based on the ocular parameters from 100 Asian participants’ left eyes, and it has a diffraction-limited lateral resolution (14.14 μm) for the iris, in general. OCT distortions were calibrated based on the average ocular parameters, and the maximum residual distortions in both the lateral and axial directions were <0.1 mm (2.0%) for all of the eyes. A pilot study on a constricted pupil was performed to demonstrate high-contrast, wide-field en face iris microvascular imaging by either a horizontal or vertical fast-scan protocol in a dark brown eye. The iris vessels are radially aligned, and each vessel is more visible when it has an angle of ∼65°–90° with respect to the fast-scan direction. A new circular fast-scan protocol could improve image quality for better visualization of the iris features or integration with image-registration algorithms and an eye-tracking system for eye-motion compensation.

Antioxidant enzymes activity during age polyethism in Apis mellifera L., 1758

Temporal polyethism is based on physiological differences related to the honey bee activities into the colony, suggesting a different requirement of antioxidant activity in each honey bee development stage. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), the catalase and the glutathione S transferase (GST) activities were investigated in ventriculus, thorax and wings of pupae with dark brown eyes newly emerged, nurse, guardian and forager bees. SOD activity resulted significantly higher in ventriculus of newly emerged bees than the others investigated development stages, while in the thorax, newly emerged and guardian bees reported significantly higher SOD activity than pupae in dark brown eyes stage, nurses and forager bees. No, statistically differences in catalase activity resulted among honey bee ages. In pupae, nurse, guardian, and forager bees, GST activity resulted higher in the wings than in the other honey bee organs. Further investigations are desirable to clarify the distribution of the antioxidant enzymes in the different organs of the honey bee.

Deaf People with Wardenberg Syndrome Type II: Jordanian Case Study

This study aimed to identify deaf people with Deaf with Waardenburg Syndrom Type II. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the qualitative method was used for the one case study. The sample included (2) deaf students from all deaf schools in Jordan, who are between the ages of (9-10), and (Wechsler Intelligence Scale ,WISC-IV) was applied in the language of Performance Scales and Audiometry. The results of the study showed the presence of symptoms in Deaf people with Wardenberg syndrome type II in terms of: auditory sensory loss. The presence of a side shift to the inner corner of the eyes. Premature graying of hair on the front of the head in white and some on the eyelashes or on the eyebrow. The eyebrows are connected to each other. Dark blue or brown eyes with black and pigment color differences in the iris. The root of the nose is wide and the presence of the rabbit's lip. The results of the study also showed that there is an intense focus during communication in the sign language at the hands of the speaker due to the fact that the color contrast of the eyes led to a dispersion of the focus in the sign language. They also have a sense of the direction of light, which may adversely affect the process of visual communication of sign language. The results of the study also showed that the average hearing impairment was the highest category. The study recommends further studies and research related to the level of intelligence of deaf people with Type II syndrome, as well as studies related to visual perception in Deaf people with type 2 Wardenburg syndrome and the inclusion of this syndrome as an important part of the categories of hearing impairment.

After the Apocalypse

Ama Codjoe | 137 1. After the apocalypse, I yearned to be reckless. To smash a glass brought first to my lips. To privilege lust over tomorrow. To walk naked down the middle of a two-­ lane road. But, too late, without my bidding, life cracked open, rushed, openmouthed, like a panting dog whose name I did not call—my lips shut like a purse. The last man I kissed was different than the last man I fucked. We were so desperate then, the two of us, undone by longing, drawing night from the cracks inside us, drawing the night out, as long as we could, until dawn broke like a beat egg and our heartbeats quieted in private fatigue. I’d be lying if I said I don’t recall his name. The end of the world has ended, and desire is still all I crave. Oh, to be a stone, sexless and impenetrable. Over half of me is water, a river spilling into restless limbs, the rest of me is a scalding heat like the asphalt under my feet. 2. After the apocalypse, I mothered my mother, became grandmother to myself, distant and tender, temples turning gray. The whole world cascaded past my shoulders, like the hair self-­ hatred taught me to crave—though all my Barbie dolls were black. And the Cabbage Patch Kid my grandmother placed under the artificial Christmas tree, sprinkled with tinsel, in Memphis, Tennessee, the city where my mother waited for her first pair of glasses in the Colored Only waiting room. She said the world changed from black-­ and-­ white to Technicolor that day. My mother watches TV as I roll her hair. She sits poetry After the Apocalypse Ama Codjoe 138 | Ama Codjoe between my legs. I’ve never birthed a child. I have fondled the crown of a lover’s head, my thighs framing his dark brown eyes. I entered the world excised from my mother’s womb. Her scar is a mark the color of time. I am my mother’s weeping wound. On my last birthday, I cried into bathwater. I hid my tears from my mother because that’s what mothers do. 3. After the apocalypse, I had the urge to dance on the president’s grave. The dispossessed threw me a belated quinceañera. My godmother wore a necklace of the dictator’s teeth. She sliced an upside-­ down cake, licked her forefinger, and said, “You have mastered sadness, querida, may your rage be sticky and sweet.” My father offered his hand—this time I took it. We glided like ballroom dancers across the red dirt floor. He wore a grave expression. I embraced him tightly so as to cloak my face. Instead of a toast, he handed me a handkerchief, wet with tears. My father circled the guests silently, dabbing gently each of their cheeks. This too was a dance unfolding. I folded the handkerchief into a fist and raised my fist like a glass of champagne. The pain in my father’s eyes sparkled like the sequins on my tattered gown. If it hadn’t been so ugly it would’ve been beautiful. The party ended just as the world had: with the sound of rain beating against the earth and each of us on our hands and knees peering into pools of mud and thirst. 4. After the apocalypse, time turned like a mood ring. My mood changed like a thunderstruck sky. The sky changed like a breast, engorged, staining the front of a white silk blouse. I got laid off. I went thirteen days without wearing a bra. I changed my mind about the fiction of money. Money changed hands. I washed my hands religiously. Religion changed into sunlight— something allowed to touch my face. My face changed into my mother’s. No, into a mask of my mother’s face. Traces of heartache changed into a pain in my right hip. The stock market Ama Codjoe | 139 dipped. The S & P fell freely. I did not fall to my knees promising to change my life. The price of paper towels changed and the price of toilet paper and the price of white bread...

Reflections on Fifty Years of The Bluest Eye

Reflections on Fifty Years of The Bluest Eye Stephanie Li (bio) This year will mark fifty years since Toni Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye (1970), was published by Holt, Rinehart & Winston. In the past five decades, the cover of Morrison’s book has featured an array of pensive and melancholy black girls. They are often posed against shades of elusive sky or denim blue. The girls are always presented alone, completely detached from any community or connection to others. Often they wear hats as if to cover the hair that must be as hated as their dark skin and brown eyes. The collective effect of these images is to suggest that black girlhood is not just tragic, but profoundly solitary. For anyone familiar with the first edition of The Bluest Eye, these images are necessarily disappointing—too obvious to capture any of Morrison’s eloquence or wisdom. By contrast, the original publication cover contains no visual image at all. Instead it looks like the first page of the book, with the opening paragraphs of the novel printed in full. These paragraphs contain no reference to Pecola’s desire for blue eyes. Rather, Pecola is presented in relation to others. Claudia, the text’s narrator, laments with her sister the horror of Pecola’s pregnancy and stillborn baby. They mention her father, who impregnated Pecola in a desperate, profoundly misguided display of love. Moreover, their concern [End Page 682] with the marigolds that do not grow in their garden implicitly roots Pecola to the natural world. While the front cover of the first edition is filled only with words, the back is devoted entirely to an image. It features a black and white photograph of Morrison’s imposing face. Her portrait extends across the entire back of the book and just as Morrison’s name is not featured on the front jacket, only on the spine, her name is also absent on the back cover. By eliminating her name from the front and back of the book, Morrison reminds us that this text is less about her than about us. To this end, she looks evenly at the reader, eyes level and unsurprised. While Morrison’s large afro exceeds the frame of the photograph, it is her face that is most striking. Her closed lips do not smile, but she does not radiate anger or frustration. This is a woman who has never wanted blue eyes. Although she too is presented alone, she is the very opposite of the girls that populate contemporary covers of Morrison’s novel. The steady gaze that emanates from the book’s back cover implies a deep connection to others, if not to us, her readers, then to a community that has sustained and loved her. The original cover’s absence of a lone black girl reflecting on her tragic fate suggests one way that The Bluest Eye has evolved in our cultural imagination since its original publication. The book has come to signify most readily as a commentary on the idealization of white beauty and the self-hatred this perpetuates in the African American community. And certainly, Morrison’s book has much to say about the pernicious master narratives of beauty and race. But to accept that this is the most important insight of The Bluest Eye leads to dangerous claims that Pecola’s self-hatred is a thing of the past. The diversification of lines of Barbie dolls and other popular toys marketed for children has led some to contend that whiteness is no longer the uncontested standard of beauty. Now we have Beyoncé, Serena Williams, and Lupita Nyong’o on the cover of Vogue. And briefly we had Sasha and Malia dolls named in honor of the Obama daughters before their mother rightly protested the commercialization of her children. With these images before her, might a Pecola Breedlove of the twenty-first century not pine for blue eyes at all? I’d like to suggest that this question elides a more central concern of the novel and its implications fifty years since its publication. Let’s return then to the original cover of The Bluest Eye, which has very little to...

Investigating the association between eye colour and the Neurological Pupil index

IntroductionBrown or dark brown eyes make it difficult to distinguish the contrast between a black pupil and the surrounding iris, which may result in clinical assessment errors. The pupillometer can be used to derive an indexed value, the Neurological Pupil index™ (NPi) for pupillary light reflex. However, there are limited data associating the NPi and iris colour. We examine the NPi and eye colour association. MethodsData were pooled from the Establishing Normative Data for Pupillometer Assessments in Neuroscience Intensive Care (END-PANIC) Registry. The analysis includes 14,168 observations collected from 865 patients with neurological conditions who were admitted to the intensive care unit. Summary statistics and statistical models were developed to examine the association using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) summary procedure. ResultsThe mean age of the cohort was 56 years (standard deviation = 17). Eye colour included dark brown (n = 339), blue (n = 234), brown (n = 173), green (n = 82), and other (n = 37). There was significant differences (p < 0.0001) between mean NPi values by eye colour [blue = 4.08 (0.92), brown = 3.34 (1.45), dark = 3.71 (1.33), green = 4.08 (0.67), other = 3.76 (1.25)]. However, a further random-effects mixed model after controlling for confounding variables revealed no significant difference in NPi values among different eye colour groups. ConclusionsThe pupillary light reflex, when assessed using the pupillometer, is not dependent on the eye colour. Practitioners are not required to consider eye colour as a confounder when they perform pupillary assessment for examining patients with neurological conditions.

What Do We Find Attractive about the Face?: Survey Study with Application to Aesthetic Surgery.

The appearance of the face is one of the most important factors influencing our perception of beauty. However, few studies have attempted to quantitate what one perceives as beauty. Therefore, this study was conducted with the goal of providing physicians with anatomical data that demonstrate which facial traits most influence our perception of one's attractiveness. In the first phase of the study, faces of 60 participants (30 males and 30 females) were photographed. Next, the photographs were shown to another group of 120 study members (60 males and 60 females), who evaluated the facial features using a Visual Analogue Scale. The highest rated facial parts were then measured using the ImageJ program. In men, the most attractive parts of the face were Type 1:2 lips, a Type IV nose of medium width, blue eyes, brown hair, and a very narrow face. Among females, the most attractive parts of the face were Type 2:1 lips, Type III and V noses of medium width, dark brown eyes, blonde hair, and a narrow face. This is the first study in which the most aesthetically important facial parts have been comprehensively examined. The results obtained in our study show a higher degree of representativeness compared to other studies due to a different methodological approach and can be used as an aesthetic guide and can help in the planning of aesthetic surgery such as lip augmentation and rhinoplasty. Clin. Anat. 33:214-222, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Iris Color Distribution and Its Relation with Refractive Errors, Amblyopia, and Strabismus in Children

Background: Despite the presence of various reports regarding the association between iris color and some ocular diseases in adults, there is little evidence of such relation in children. Objectives: Determine the distribution of iris color in seven-year-old children in Iran and its relation with refractive errors, amblyopia, and strabismus. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 3414 seven-year-old school children were selected from six cities through multistage random sampling. The iris color in this study was classified into dark brown, medium brown, light brown, yellow, green, gray, and blue. All subjects were examined for visual acuity, refraction, and binocular vision assessment. Results: Of the 3414 selected samples, 3030 children participated in the study (89% response rate). The prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 3.03% (2.30 - 3.99), 6.20% (4.40 - 8.65), and 17.42% (13.30 - 22.48), respectively. Amblyopia was detected in 1.85% (1.10 - 3.12) and the prevalence of strabismus was 2.50% (1.86 - 3.35). Dark brown was the most common iris color at 52.50% (50.06 - 54.93) in boys, 46.07% (43.49 - 48.68) in girls, and 49.50% (47.72 - 51.28) in the total sample population. According to logistic regression results, the odds ratio (95% CI) of hyperopia was 0.3 (0.15 - 0.6) in those with medium brown iris color and 0.23 (0.1 - 0.47) in those with dark brown eyes compared to the group with yellow or green iris colors. Conclusions: Approximately 90% of the studied subjects had dark or medium brown eyes. Given that people with yellow or green eyes are at a higher risk of hyperopia, it is recommended that these individuals be given attention in this regard during screening, and the presence of hyperopia be taken into consideration during refraction examinations for these children.

Cataract couching and the goat's eye.

At the start of the third century, a story told by Claudius Aelianus, Leonidas of Alexandria and pseudo-Galen held that couching originated when a goat with cataract punctured its eye with a thorn. The significance of this story is unknown. We reviewed Graeco-Roman texts to identify the relevance of the goat to the eye. In the works of Hippocrates, Aristotle and Galen, the goat's eye was an eye with intermediate brightness or colour. A dark brown eye with a black pupil was healthy and required no treatment. A bright glaukos eye, with extensive corneal edema or scarring, was not amenable to couching. An eye with a white cataract behind an undilated pupil would appear to have an intermediate brightness and was potentially amenable to couching. The origin myth probably arose when an instructor explained that couching works best for a goat's eye, that is, an eye with intermediate brightness.

Fathers\u2019 eye colour sways daughters\u2019 choice of both long- and short-term partners

In several species, mate choice is influenced by parental features through sexual imprinting, but in humans evidence is scarce and open to alternative explanations. We examined whether daughters’ preference for mates with light vs dark eyes is affected by the eye colour of parents. In an online study, over one thousand women rated the attractiveness of men as potential partners for either a long- or a short-term relationship. Each male face was shown twice, with light (blue or green) and with dark (brown or dark brown) eyes. Having a light-eyed father increased the preference for light-eyed men in both relationship contexts. Having light eyes increased this preference too, but only when men were regarded as potential long-term companions. Asymmetrically, in real life, father’s eye colour was the only predictor of partner’s eye colour; own colour was irrelevant. Mother’s eye colour never mattered, affecting neither preferences nor real-life choices. The effect of paternal eye colour was modulated by the quality of the relationship between father and daughter, suggesting (flexible) sexual imprinting rather than a simple inheritance of maternal preferences. Our data provide evidence that in humans, as in birds and sheep, visual experience of parental features shapes later sexual preferences.

Morphological Description of Drosophila melanogaster Wild Type (Diptera:Drosophilidae), Sepia and Plum Strain

Drosophila melanogaster is one of the insects which have a very important role in the development of the genetic science. Drosophila melanogaster have many mutation, recently there are many mutant such as sepia and plum strain. Morgan et al have found 85 strain mutan of Drosophila melanogaster. The purpose of these research was to characterize of morphological from the head, thorax, and abdomen. The result show that the morphological of Drosophilla melanogaster wild type, sepia and plum mutant have many similarities. The difference of them are the eyes color, Drosophila melanogaster wild type has red eye, sepia strain has a dark brown eye and plum has a dark purple eye.

The Genetic Overlap Between Hair and Eye Color.

We identified the genetic variants for eye color by Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) in a Dutch Caucasian family-based population sample and examined the genetic correlation between hair and eye color using data from unrelated participants from the Netherlands Twin Register. With the Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis software package, we found strong genetic correlations between various combinations of hair and eye colors. The strongest positive correlations were found for blue eyes with blond hair (0.87) and brown eyes with dark hair (0.71), whereas blue eyes with dark hair and brown eyes with blond hair showed the strongest negative correlations (-0.64 and -0.94, respectively). Red hair with green/hazel eyes showed the weakest correlation (-0.14). All analyses were corrected for age and sex, and we explored the effects of correcting for principal components (PCs) that represent ancestry and describe the genetic stratification of the Netherlands. When including the first three PCs as covariates, the genetic correlations between the phenotypes disappeared. This is not unexpected since hair and eye colors strongly indicate the ancestry of an individual. This makes it difficult to separate the effects of population stratification and the true genetic effects of variants on these particular phenotypes.

A case of cutaneous Arthrinium phaeospermum infection after lower limb amputation

A 59-year-old female patient, who received bilateral lower limb amputation 39 years ago, presented with eczematoid changes in both lower limbs for over 20 years, and with chronic granuloma-like lesions complicated by verrucous hyperplasia for more than 10 years. There were large areas of infiltrative and proliferative lesions with exudation and peripheral erythema at the amputation sites in both knee joints. The lesions were hard with tenderness on palpation. Microscopic examination of lesional scales with 10% KOH showed negative results for fungi. However, three times of culture on the Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) medium all grew the same kind of fungus, and the front side and reverse side of its filamentous colony were white and orange yellow respectively. Microculture showed that linear hyaline conidiophores came out from lageniform mother cells with conidia ascending alongside. The conidia looked like dark brown eye lens, with an equatorial germ slit. Based on these findings, this fungus was identified as Arthrinium phaeospermum. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining showed scattered hyphae in the stratum corneum. The internal transcribe spacer (ITS) sequence of the isolated fungus showed 99% consistency with that of Arthrinium phaeospermum. The patient was diagnosed with cutaneous Arthrinium phaeospermum infection, and treated with oral itraconazole capsules 200 mg/d for 16 days. One month later, follow-up showed satisfactory outcomes. Key words: Dermatomycoses; Amputation stumps; Infection; Itraconazole; Arthrinium phaeospermum

Phenotypic characterization of the indigenous chickens &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;(Gallus gallus)&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; in the northwest of Algeria

Abstract. This study was conducted to characterize local chickens in the northwest of Algeria based on some phenotypic traits and to look at prediction of body weight from morphometric measurements (linear body). The results indicated that the predominant comb colour was dark red (77.8 %), followed by light red (22.2 %). Tarsus colour was either white (40.9 %), grey (31 %), yellow (15.39 %), dark (8.05 %), or green (4.51 %). Most chickens (81.7 %) had orange eyes, while 10.37 and 7.92 % had yellow and dark-brown eyes, respectively. The dominant earlobe colour was white (73.96 %), followed by red (16.81 %). The remaining proportion included yellow and red-mottled yellow and black earlobes. Proportions of the adaptive genes were low. Incidences of Na, F, Pti, Cr, R, and P genes were 8.82, 0.45, 1.22, 5.54, 3.35, and 4.7 %, respectively. The calculated gene frequencies ranged from 0.002 to 0.045. Variations were also found in quantitative morphological traits. Sex-associated differences (P &lt; 0.001) were observed in almost all the parameters evaluated with higher values recorded for males. Phenotypic correlations of body weight and biometric traits ranged from −0.13 to 0.88 and −0.15 to 0.97 for males and females, respectively. From the factor analysis with varimax rotation of the intercorrelated traits, three principal components which accounted for 71.6 and 73.2 % of the total variance were extracted in males and females, respectively. Orthogonal body shape characters derived from the factor analysis accounted for 84.3 and 94.2 % of the variation in body weight of males and females, respectively. Information obtained from this study could be useful in an appropriate management, breeding programmes for selection and utilization of Algerian chicken genetic resources.

Phenotyping and Adolescence-to-Adulthood Transitions Among Latinos

Phenotyping the system of prejudice and discrimination, which gives preference to European physical characteristics and devalues those of Amerindians, Africans, and Asians, affects the lives of many Latinos in the United States. This study examines the impact of phenotyping on academic and employment outcomes among Latino adolescents/young adults. Outcomes examined include the odds of graduating from high school, finding full-time employment after completing high school, and attending college. Socioeconomic status (measured at individual and school levels), family structure, quality of parent–child relationships, immigrant generational status, and other measures are included as controls. Multilevel modeling and logistic regression are utilized as analytical tools. Results indicate that, among Latinos, light skin and blue eyes are associated with better academic outcomes than having dark skin and brown eyes, while those with darker skin enter the labor market earlier than their light-skinned co-ethnics.