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Zebrafish Research Articles

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13731 Articles

Published in last 50 years

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  • Zebrafish Embryos
  • Zebrafish Embryos
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  • Adult Zebrafish
  • Zebrafish Larvae
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Articles published on Zebrafish

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Chilling injury mechanism in the immature oocytes of zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Immature zebrafish oocytes are sensitive to chilling, and their survival is markedly reduced by exposure to 0°C. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of cold-sensitive channels and lipid mediators in chilling injury in immature zebrafish oocytes. The oocytes were injected with inhibitors of a cold-sensitive channel (TRPA1), cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α), cyclooxygenases (COXs), arachidonate lipoxygenase 5 (ALOX5), and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2). The cells were then chilled at 0-12°C for 5-30 min, incubated at 25°C for 2 h, and stained with propidium iodide. Oocytes were damaged when exposed to temperatures below 12°C. When oocytes were chilled at 0°C for 15 min, the survival rate was very low (9%). However, when the oocytes were injected with a TRPA1-specific inhibitor, their survival markedly improved (70%). This strongly suggests that activation of the cold-sensitive TRPA1 channel triggers chilling injury in oocytes. When a cPLA2α-specific inhibitor was injected, the survival of chilled oocytes markedly improved (60%). This strongly suggests that lipid mediators are involved in chilling injury in oocytes. When oocytes were injected with specific inhibitors of COXs, ALOX5, and LPCAT2, the survival of chilled oocytes significantly improved by 47%, 28%, and 43%, respectively. These results strongly suggest that eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor are involved in the chilling injury in oocytes. The results of this study may facilitate advancements in successful cryopreservation of fish oocytes.

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  • Journal IconThe Journal of reproduction and development
  • Publication Date IconJul 17, 2025
  • Author Icon Yanuar Achadri + 4
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Analysis of the Antagonistic Effect of Dibutyl Phthalate on Magnaporthe oryzae through Bioassay and Omics Data.

The fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) triggers rice blast, significantly endangering the agricultural production. We identified a potential antifungal metabolite, Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP), from the fermentation broth of Stenotrophomonas genitulata WXY53 through mass spectrometry analysis. DBP inhibited the growth of M. oryzae hyphae by 44.52%, inhibited the formation of appressorium with an inhibition rate of 85.07% at 8 h and 68.97% at 24 h, and directly delaying the colonization of invasive hyphae on plants. Treatment with DBP substantially decreased the lesion count by 57.61% and 43.77% in rice and barley, respectively. The metabolomics and transcriptome sequencing analyses showed that DBP affects lipid metabolism, the MAPK signaling pathway, carbohydrate metabolism, and other metabolic processes of M. oryzae. Significant differences were found in the levels of reactive oxygen species, enzymatic activity, lipid metabolism, conductivity, extracellular protein content and membrane fluidity after DBP treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the hyphae and conidia fractured, wrinkled, and deformed. DBP does not significantly affect plant seedlings growth and has an LC50 of 11.93 mg/L for Danio rerio. And DBP may have broad-spectrum antifungal activity. In this study, we provided a reference for the ability of DBP to inhibit M. oryzae and revealed its antifungal mechanism.

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  • Journal IconJournal of agricultural and food chemistry
  • Publication Date IconJul 17, 2025
  • Author Icon Yingfei Qin + 5
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Multistage Molecular Simulations, Design, Synthesis, and Anticonvulsant Evaluation of 2-(Isoindolin-2-yl) Esters of Aromatic Amino Acids Targeting GABAA Receptors via π-π Stacking

Epilepsy remains a widespread neurological disorder, with approximately 30% of patients showing resistance to current antiepileptic therapies. To address this unmet need, a series of 2-(isoindolin-2-yl) esters derived from natural amino acids were designed and evaluated for their potential interaction with the GABAA receptor. Sixteen derivatives were subjected to in silico assessments, including physicochemical and ADMET profiling, virtual screening–ensemble docking, and enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations (metadynamics calculations). Among these, compounds derived from the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and histidine, exhibited superior predicted affinity, attributed to π–π stacking interactions at the benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptor. Based on computational performance, the tyrosine and tryptophan derivatives were synthesized and further assessed in vivo using the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The tryptophan derivative produced comparable behavioral seizure reduction to the reference drug diazepam at the tested concentrations. The results implies that aromatic amino acid-derived isoindoline esters are promising anticonvulsant candidates and support the hypothesis that π–π interactions may play a critical role in modulating GABAA receptor binding affinity.

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  • Journal IconInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences
  • Publication Date IconJul 15, 2025
  • Author Icon Santiago González-Periañez + 10
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Integrated Behavioral and Proteomic Characterization of MPP+-Induced Early Neurodegeneration and Parkinsonism in Zebrafish Larvae

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) combine accessible behavioral phenotypes with conserved neurochemical pathways and molecular features of vertebrate brain function, positioning them as a powerful model for investigating early neurodegenerative processes and screening neuroprotective strategies. In this context, integrated behavioral and proteomic analyses provide valuable insights into the initial pathophysiological events shared by conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and related disorders—including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and synaptic impairment—which emerge before overt neuronal loss and offer a crucial window to understand disease progression and evaluate therapeutic candidates prior to irreversible damage. To investigate this early window of dysfunction, zebrafish larvae were exposed to 500 μM 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) from 1 to 5 days post-fertilization and evaluated through integrated behavioral and label-free proteomic analyses. MPP+-treated larvae exhibited hypokinesia, characterized by significantly reduced total distance traveled, fewer movement bursts, prolonged immobility, and a near-complete absence of light-evoked responses—mirroring features of early Parkinsonian-like motor dysfunction. Label-free proteomic profiling revealed 40 differentially expressed proteins related to mitochondrial metabolism, redox regulation, proteasomal activity, and synaptic organization. Enrichment analysis indicated broad molecular alterations, including pathways such as mitochondrial translation and vesicle-mediated transport. A focused subset of Parkinsonism-related proteins—such as DJ-1 (PARK7), succinate dehydrogenase (SDHA), and multiple 26S proteasome subunits—exhibited coordinated dysregulation, as visualized through protein–protein interaction mapping. The upregulation of proteasome components and antioxidant proteins suggests an early-stage stress response, while the downregulation of mitochondrial enzymes and synaptic regulators reflects canonical PD-related neurodegeneration. Together, these findings provide a comprehensive functional and molecular characterization of MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae, supporting its use as a relevant in vivo system to investigate early-stage Parkinson’s disease mechanisms and shared neurodegenerative pathways, as well as for screening candidate therapeutics in a developmentally responsive context.

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  • Journal IconInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences
  • Publication Date IconJul 15, 2025
  • Author Icon Adolfo Luis Almeida Maleski + 3
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High-Salt Exposure Disrupts Cardiovascular Development in Zebrafish Embryos, Brachyodanio rerio, via Calcium and MAPK Signaling Pathways

Cardiovascular disease and hypertension are major global health challenges, and increasing dietary salt intake is a known contributor. Emerging evidence suggests that excessive salt exposure during pregnancy may impact fetal development, yet its effects on early embryogenesis remain poorly understood. In this study, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos as a model to investigate the developmental and molecular consequences of high-salt exposure during early vertebrate development. Embryos subjected to elevated salt levels exhibited delayed hatching, reduced heart rates, and significant alterations in gene expression profiles. Transcriptomic analysis revealed over 4000 differentially expressed genes, with key disruptions identified in calcium signaling, MAPK signaling, cardiac muscle development, and vascular smooth muscle contraction pathways. These findings indicate that early salt exposure can perturb crucial developmental processes and signaling networks, offering insights into how prenatal environmental factors may contribute to long-term cardiovascular risk.

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  • Journal IconJ
  • Publication Date IconJul 14, 2025
  • Author Icon Ebony Thompson + 2
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Chlorination and Bromination of Anthracene Affects Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation and Early Life Stage Mortality in Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to adversely affect fish through activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AhR). Most studies have focused on 16 priority PAHs, but chlorinated and brominated PAHs are more potent than the parent PAHs in studies using mammalian AhRs. Despite being detected in fish species in situ, no studies have examined their toxicity. The present study investigated the effect of positioning and degree of chlorination and bromination on potency relative to an unsubstituted PAH for in vitro activation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) AhR2 and potency for zebrafish early life-stage mortality. Anthracene did not activate the AhR2, but chlorination and bromination strongly affected potency in a position-dependent manner. Seven of 11 halogenated PAHs activated the AhR2 with potency generally increasing with number of substitutions. Bromination had a larger effect on potency than chlorination. Potency for early life-stage toxicity followed the same rank order as that for AhR2 activation. The domain of applicability of an existing cross-species predictive framework was expanded to include halogenated PAHs, representing a significant advancement in risk assessment with immediate utility. Due to their potency and occurrence in the environment, there is a need to objectively assess the risks posed by this class of chemicals.

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  • Journal IconEnvironmental science & technology
  • Publication Date IconJul 11, 2025
  • Author Icon Justin Dubiel + 11
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Effects of bisphenol A alternatives (BPS and BPAF) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) spermatogenesis ex vivo: meiosis damage and transcriptional deregulation of genes related to spermatogenic processes and epigenetic regulation.

Effects of bisphenol A alternatives (BPS and BPAF) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) spermatogenesis ex vivo: meiosis damage and transcriptional deregulation of genes related to spermatogenic processes and epigenetic regulation.

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  • Journal IconEnvironmental toxicology and pharmacology
  • Publication Date IconJul 10, 2025
  • Author Icon Daniel Fernandes Da Costa + 5
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Erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities and apoptotic gene dysregulation in zebrafish organs: Individual and combined genotoxic effects after lead and chromium exposure.

Erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities and apoptotic gene dysregulation in zebrafish organs: Individual and combined genotoxic effects after lead and chromium exposure.

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  • Journal IconThe Science of the total environment
  • Publication Date IconJul 10, 2025
  • Author Icon Olivia Sarkar + 3
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Design, Synthesis, and Insecticidal Activities of Novel Sulfone Derivatives.

The escalating global population and the resulting increase in food demand have been met with growing challenges from pest infestations, particularly lepidopteran pests, which significantly damage crops. Traditional chemical insecticides face issues such as the development of resistance and environmental harm. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel insecticides. Sulfone compounds, widely recognized for their utility in medicinal chemistry, have demonstrated potential in enhancing insecticidal efficacy while mitigating environmental impacts. In this study, we explored the design and synthesis of a novel series of sulfone compounds through scaffold hopping strategy and the principle of bioelectronics with the aim of improving insecticidal efficacy against key pests such as Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Spodoptera exigua. After evaluating the larvicidal activities, compounds W-27 (LC50 = 0.1205 mg/L) and W-29 (LC50 = 0.1262 mg/L) have emerged as standout performers, exhibiting outstanding larvicidal activity that not only meets but exceeds the potency of the positive control fluralaner (LC50 = 0.1862 mg/L). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis and molecular docking studies were conducted to explore the mechanisms underlying their activity. Additionally, a 3D-QSAR model was developed to predict the insecticidal potency of novel compounds. Toxicity testing on nontarget organisms, such as Solanum lycopersicum and Danio rerio, further confirmed the environmental safety of these compounds. This study paves the way for the development of a new class of agrochemicals, offering novel scaffolds for future pest control applications.

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  • Journal IconJournal of agricultural and food chemistry
  • Publication Date IconJul 10, 2025
  • Author Icon Feng Hao + 8
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Chloroxylenol causes cardiovascular toxicity and neurobehavioural abnormalities by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Chloroxylenol causes cardiovascular toxicity and neurobehavioural abnormalities by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

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  • Journal IconEnvironmental research
  • Publication Date IconJul 10, 2025
  • Author Icon Xiaoting Man + 5
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Developmental exposure to constant elevated temperatures and diel thermal variation alters microRNA expression and performance in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Developmental exposure to constant elevated temperatures and diel thermal variation alters microRNA expression and performance in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

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  • Journal IconComparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology
  • Publication Date IconJul 9, 2025
  • Author Icon Sana Gavarikar + 1
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Bilosomal Encapsulation of Binuclear Phosphino Ru(II)-Cu(II) Compounds Enhances Their Selectivity and Activity toward Lung and Prostate Cancers.

This study reports the synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of four novel heteronuclear Ru(II)-Cu(II) complexes with phosphine-fluoroquinolone conjugates. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction, density functional theory calculations, and various spectroscopic techniques confirmed the stability and coordination geometries. The cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro across multiple cancer cell lines (lung, breast, pancreatic, prostate) and noncancerous cells. In vivo toxicity was also assessed using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae model. The results demonstrated that Ru(II)-Cu(II) complexes exhibit greater anticancer activity compared with cisplatin while almost being nontoxic toward control cells in vitro. Mechanistic studies revealed that their action involves nuclei accumulation, reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. The expression ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 mRNA correlates with apoptotic cell death. Additionally, encapsulation of the one Ru(II)-Cu(II) complex in bilosomes significantly improved its stability, selectivity, and therapeutic efficacy in three-dimensional (3D) cancer spheroid models.

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  • Journal IconJournal of medicinal chemistry
  • Publication Date IconJul 9, 2025
  • Author Icon Sandra Kozieł + 12
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Multilevel Neurotoxicity of Venlafaxine in Zebrafish: Behavioral Impairment, Biomolecular Dysregulation, and Brain Tissue Damage.

Multilevel Neurotoxicity of Venlafaxine in Zebrafish: Behavioral Impairment, Biomolecular Dysregulation, and Brain Tissue Damage.

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  • Journal IconEnvironmental research
  • Publication Date IconJul 9, 2025
  • Author Icon Livier M Sanchez-Aceves + 8
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Effects of Environmental Temperature Variation on the Spatio-Temporal Shoaling Behaviour of Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio): A Two- and Three-Dimensional Analysis

Global warming is driving significant changes in aquatic ecosystems, where temperature fluctuations influence biological processes across multiple levels of organisation. As ectothermic organisms, fish are particularly susceptible, with even minor thermal shifts affecting their metabolism, behaviour, and overall fitness. Understanding these responses is essential for evaluating the ecological and evolutionary consequences of climate change. This study investigates the effects of acute (4-day) and chronic (21-day) exposure to three temperature regimes—18 °C (low), 26 °C (control), and 34 °C (high)—on the spatio-temporal shoaling behaviour of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Groups of four fish were tested for six minutes in water maintained at the same temperature as their prior acclimation. Shoaling behaviour was assessed by analysing shoal structure—encompassing shoal dimensions and cohesion—as well as spatial positioning. Parameters measured included inter-fish distance, shoal volume, shoal area, homogeneity index, distance to the centroid, and the shoal’s vertical and horizontal distribution. Results revealed complex behavioural changes influenced by both temperature and duration of exposure. At 18 °C, zebrafish showed a marked preference for the bottom zone and exhibited no significant temporal modulation in exploratory behaviour—patterns indicative of heightened anxiety-like responses. In contrast, exposure to 34 °C resulted in increased shoal cohesion, particularly under chronic conditions, and a progressive increase in environmental exploration over the six-minute test period. This enhancement in exploratory activity was especially evident when compared to the first minute of the test and was characterised by greater vertical movement—reflected in the increased use of the upper zone—and broader horizontal exploration, including more frequent occupation of peripheral areas. These findings align with previous research linking thermal variation to neurobiological and proteomic alterations in zebrafish. By elucidating how temperature modulates social behaviour in ectotherms, this study offers valuable insights into the potential behavioural impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystems.

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  • Journal IconAnimals
  • Publication Date IconJul 8, 2025
  • Author Icon Mattia Toni + 3
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Diverse prey capture strategies in teleost larvae.

Animal behavior is adapted to the sensory environment in which it evolved, while also being constrained by physical limits, evolutionary history, and developmental trajectories. The hunting behavior of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio), a cyprinid native to streams in Eastern India, has been well characterized. However, it is unknown if the complement and sequence of movements employed during prey capture by zebrafish is universal across freshwater teleosts. Here, we explore the syntax of prey capture behavior in larval fish belonging to the clade Percomorpha, whose last common ancestor with cyprinids lived ~240 mya. We compared the behavior of four cichlid species from Lake Tanganyika endemic to deep benthic parts of the lake (Lepidiolamprologus attenuatus, Lamprologus ocellatus, and Neolamprologus multifasciatus) or inhabiting rivers (Astatotilapia burtoni) with that of medaka (Oryzias latipes), a fish found in rice paddies in East Asia. Using high-speed videography and neural networks, we tracked eye movements and extracted swim kinematics during hunting from larvae of these five species. Notably, we found that the repertoire of hunting movements of cichlids is broader than that of zebrafish, but shares basic features, such as eye convergence, positioning of prey centrally in the binocular visual field, and discrete prey capture bouts, including two kinds of capture strikes. In contrast, medaka swim continuously, track the prey monocularly without eye convergence, and position prey laterally before capturing them with a side swing. This configuration of kinematic motifs suggests that medaka may judge distance to prey predominantly by motion parallax, while cichlids and zebrafish may mainly use binocular visual cues. Together, our study documents the diversification of locomotor and oculomotor adaptations among hunting teleost larvae.

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  • Journal IconeLife
  • Publication Date IconJul 8, 2025
  • Author Icon Duncan S Mearns + 5
Open Access Icon Open AccessJust Published Icon Just Published
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Diverse prey capture strategies in teleost larvae

Animal behavior is adapted to the sensory environment in which it evolved, while also being constrained by physical limits, evolutionary history, and developmental trajectories. The hunting behavior of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio), a cyprinid native to streams in Eastern India, has been well characterized. However, it is unknown if the complement and sequence of movements employed during prey capture by zebrafish is universal across freshwater teleosts. Here, we explore the syntax of prey capture behavior in larval fish belonging to the clade Percomorpha, whose last common ancestor with cyprinids lived ~240 mya. We compared the behavior of four cichlid species from Lake Tanganyika endemic to deep benthic parts of the lake (Lepidiolamprologus attenuatus, Lamprologus ocellatus, and Neolamprologus multifasciatus) or inhabiting rivers (Astatotilapia burtoni) with that of medaka (Oryzias latipes), a fish found in rice paddies in East Asia. Using high-speed videography and neural networks, we tracked eye movements and extracted swim kinematics during hunting from larvae of these five species. Notably, we found that the repertoire of hunting movements of cichlids is broader than that of zebrafish, but shares basic features, such as eye convergence, positioning of prey centrally in the binocular visual field, and discrete prey capture bouts, including two kinds of capture strikes. In contrast, medaka swim continuously, track the prey monocularly without eye convergence, and position prey laterally before capturing them with a side swing. This configuration of kinematic motifs suggests that medaka may judge distance to prey predominantly by motion parallax, while cichlids and zebrafish may mainly use binocular visual cues. Together, our study documents the diversification of locomotor and oculomotor adaptations among hunting teleost larvae.

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  • Journal IconeLife
  • Publication Date IconJul 8, 2025
  • Author Icon Duncan S Mearns + 5
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Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Nicandrin B Isolated From Datura ferox in Zebrafish.

Nicandrin B (Nic B), a withanolide isolated from Datura ferox leaves, was investigated for its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Animals treated with Nic B (4, 20, and 40mg/kg) showed no toxicity and maintained normal locomotor activity. The compound significantly reduced nociception induced by formalin and hypertonic saline; these effects were reversed by TRPA1 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 antagonists, indicating neuromodulation of these targets. Additionally, Nic B attenuated carrageenan-induced abdominal edema, reduced neutrophil recruitment, and decreased hepatic reactive oxygen species levels. Docking analysis confirmed a favorable binding affinity with TRPA1, supporting its therapeutic potential. These findings suggest that Nic B combines analgesic, anti-inflammatory activity, and toxicological safety, making it a promising drug candidate.

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  • Journal IconChemistry & biodiversity
  • Publication Date IconJul 5, 2025
  • Author Icon Jéssica Bezerra Maciel + 15
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Disrupted senses and social cues: Impacts of nanoplastics and methylmercury on zebrafish neurodevelopment.

Disrupted senses and social cues: Impacts of nanoplastics and methylmercury on zebrafish neurodevelopment.

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  • Journal IconAquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
  • Publication Date IconJul 4, 2025
  • Author Icon Mathilde J L Oger + 3
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Modeling Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Staphylococcus aureus interactions in zebrafish to assess the host inflammatory response upon co-infection

Investigating the interplay between polymicrobial colonization and host response in the context of chronic infections is a complex issue. The interaction between Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which frequently co-infect patients with chronic diseases like cystic fibrosis (CF), can be either competitive or coexistent. How these interaction states can influence the host response remains an open question for which relevant infection models are needed. In this study, we investigated co-infections by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in zebrafish (Danio rerio), a non-mammalian model well established for the study of the host innate immune response. Using a wound infection method and a trio of strains co-isolated from a CF patient, we provide an in vivo co-infection model that recapitulates the competitive and coexistent bacterial interactions observed in vitro. The inflammatory response, monitored through the expression of specific cytokines at the infection site or in the whole larvae, was stronger with P. aeruginosa than S. aureus in the context of mono-infection. Upon co-infection, a competitive or coexistent interaction between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus appeared to slightly modulate this response. Moreover, the RT-qPCR profile of cytokine response observed in zebrafish larvae was similar to the one observed after infection of human lung epithelial cells. Thus, the zebrafish embryo appears as a relevant model to study persistent co-infection with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, offering unique opportunities to address the host response in this polymicrobial context.

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  • Journal IconScientific Reports
  • Publication Date IconJul 4, 2025
  • Author Icon Floriane Costes + 5
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Screening of a Plant Extract Library from the Greek Flora for Biological Activities Related to Anti-Aging Applications

Characteristic manifestations of skin aging, due to either intrinsic or extrinsic factors, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidative stress, include cell senescence, alterations in collagen and elastin networks, and melanogenesis disorders. Natural products are considered a rich source of anti-aging molecules. Accordingly, the screening of a plant extract library from the Greek flora for a panel of biological activities related to skin aging is presented herein. In particular, 52 plant materials extracted using Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) were assessed for their effects on (1) human skin cell viability, (2) antioxidant activity—using both cell-free and cell-based methods—(3) photoprotective capacity, and (4) interference with collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase, as well as with proteasomal and lysosomal activities of human skin cells. In vivo phenotypic screens on Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos were also used for assessing melanogenesis. Many active extracts were identified, some of them for the first time, and others in agreement with previous reports. In general, ASE extracts exhibited higher activities than SFE ones. Seven extracts showed multiple activities, being highly effective in at least four different assays. These data support the potential use of these extracts against skin aging in medicinal and cosmetic applications.

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  • Journal IconAntioxidants
  • Publication Date IconJul 4, 2025
  • Author Icon Harris Pratsinis + 21
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