Dangerous Waste Research Articles

From dangerous wastes to green construction materials, as thermally stable-radiation blocker, in presence of meso-porous magnesia and alumina

The nominal objective behind this study is to recycle iron-rich slag (GGBFS) and lead-rich glass waste (LRGW) as industrial solid wastes in the presence of meso-porous magnesia or alumina to produce sustainable, eco-friendly, and high-performance binding materials. Four NaOH-activated composites (AACs) pastes have been prepared: Pure alkali-activated slag (AAS), AAS-20%LRGW, AAS-20%LRGW-3% meso-porous MgO, and AAS-20%LRGW-3% meso-porous Al2O3. After the hardening process, the compressive strength was measured at 1, 7 and 28-days of normal curing (high humidity at 25 °C). Thermal stability test for all AACs, after 28-days, was conducted at 250, 500 and 750 °C. Two different radio-active isotopes (Cs-137 and Co-60) were used, as gamma radiation sources, to investigate the attenuation performance of all prepared AACs. The results confirmed that, among the four composites, AAS-20%LRGW-3% meso-porous MgO composite pastes possessed the highest compressive strength (29.3 MPa), highest thermal stability (25 MPa, 18.2 MPa and 10 MPa at 250 °C, 500 °C and 750 °C, respectively). Moreover, this composite has the highest gamma radiation shielding performance, whatever the intensity of the gamma-ray or firing temperature. At cesium isotope, it was found that the μ values were 0.199 ± 0.003, 0.197 ± 0.003, 0.194 ± 0.005 and 0.188 ± 0.005 cm−1 at 25, 250, 500 and 750 °C, respectively. This efficiency is attributed to the role of meso-porous MgO; it has a high surface area (8891 cm2/g), high adsorption capacity (2.042 cm3/g), and low average pore diameter (37.17 nm); these textural characteristics helped much in the generation of additional hydrates/binding phases such as calcium-silicate-hydrates (CSHs), calcium-aluminate-hydrates (CAHs), calcium-alumino-silicate hydrates (CASHs as gehlenite or hydrogarnet), hydrotalcite, magnesium silicate hydrates (MSHs) as well as sodium-alumino-silicate-hydrates (NASHs) and lead silicates (Pb3SiO5). All these phases were detected via XRD, TGA/DTG as well as SEM/EDX techniques. Moreover, the inclusion of meso-porous MgO enhanced the immobilization of hazardous lead according to the obtained data from the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP). Hence, we recommend using AAS-20%LRGW-3%MgO composite as gamma-radiation blocker in medical fields and concrete landfills containing dangerous radioactive wastes.

Lixo e descarte em Terras Indígenas: a experiência dos Gavião Pyhcop Catiji com resíduos sólidos na Amazônia (Brasil)

Abstract The volume of solid waste that accumulates in Indigenous Lands in the Amazon today increases the ecological and political problems of the indigenous peoples, requiring reflection and action against garbage coming from urban areas. This article aims to describe how the Gavião people deal with the garbage discarded within the Governor Indigenous Land, identifying management practices and classification schemes according to the Gavião. Over 60 years of disposal in the Governor Indigenous Land, waste has been linked to periods of proximity and distance from the urban centers, requiring specific management practices. The categories 'poisonous waste', 'dangerous waste', and 'our waste' indicate dimensions of agency present in the waste, and imply different ways of dealing with each waste. Reflecting on different human abilities in dealing with waste enables us to take a new look at our problems with petroleum derivatives and human life on the planet.

GC/MS analiza otpadnih ulja i njihova karakterizacija

Waste oils are dangerous waste, because they can contain high concentrations of metals, hydrocarbons, PAHs, chlorinated compounds, phenols and other substances that come from additives and are created as a result of the operation of different types of engines. This type of waste can cause major problems and contamination of the environment, both soil and water, if they are not treated in the right way and they are wasted. Their identification and further characterization as hazardous waste according to the waste regulations of the Republic of Serbia - Rulebook on categories, testing and classification of waste ("Official Gazette of the RS" no. 56/2010, 93/2019, 39/2021) and Rulebook on the conditions, method and procedure of waste oil management ("Official Gazette of the RS", no. 71/2010). In this paper, GC/MS analysis of different types of waste oils (engine, hydraulic, machine, mineral non-chlorinated oil, synthetic oil) was performed. The obtained chromatograms were compared with the chromatogram of the standard (Dr. Ehrenstorfer) which contains the same ratio of diesel oil and mineral oil without additives. In this way, the analysis of the so-called "fingerprint" and characterization for different types of waste oils was performed, which is very important for comparison with analysis of oil in natural samples (water, soil) in order to determine the original source of pollution.

Value-added products from jarosite hazardous waste: A review

Jarosite produces from zinc electrolytic processing industries directly affects the environment, and its universal disposal has become a major environmental issue. Jarosite sludge is categorized as hazardous waste by the European Waste Catalogue due to higher concentrations of toxic elements such as iron, lead, zinc, sulfur, cadmium, chromium, copper, etc. The primary source of jarosite is electrolytic zinc processing globally, which causes significant issues due to its category as dangerous waste. Besides, jarosite waste often contains many other essential metals. Thus, attention to reprocessing jarosite waste to recover valuable products has also increased during the last few years. Furthermore, it is reviewed that the jarosite can be converted into useful materials, such as nano-particles, pigments, filling materials, acidic reagents, adsorption materials, catalytic materials, construction materials, etc.

Evaluation of the Immobilization of Fly Ash from the Incineration of Municipal Waste in Cement Mortar Incorporating Nanomaterials—A Case Study

Fly ash generated in the process of combustion of municipal waste is classified as hazardous waste. Its management today has become a significant problem. One of the methods of safe management of such ash may be using it for the production of concrete as a partial replacement for cement. Using immobilization, the number of hazardous compounds could be limited so that the obtained new material would be safe for the natural environment. Recovery of byproducts—in this case, fly ash—complies with the business models applied in the production cycle in the circular economy model. Such a solution may result in saving energy, limiting CO2 emissions, reducing the use of natural resources, and management of dangerous waste. It should be added that concretes with the addition of hazardous waste would be used for industrial purposes according to the binding legal regulations. This article presents the influence of the addition of fly ash on the selected mechanical properties of concrete. Fly ash from the incineration of municipal waste was used as a partial replacement of CEM I concrete at amounts of 4%, 8%, and 18% of its mass. The compressive strength and flexural strength of such concretes were tested after 28 days of concrete curing. This article also presents the tests of the leachability of contaminants from fly ash and concretes produced with Portland cement CEM I. The test results confirm that immobilization is an effective process that limits the amount of contamination in the water extract. Zinc, lead, and chrome were almost completely immobilized by the C-S-H (calcium silicate hydrate) concrete phase, with their immobilization degree exceeding 99%. Chloride content also underwent immobilization at a similar level of 99%. The sulfates were immobilized at the level of 96%. The subject matter discussed in this article is essential because, to protect the natural environment and, thus, reduce the use of natural resources, it is increasingly necessary to reuse raw materials—not natural, but recycled from the industry. Waste often contains hazardous compounds. A proposal for their safe disposal is their immobilization in a cement matrix. An important aspect is reducing leachability from concrete as much as possible, e.g., using nanomaterials. The effectiveness of reducing the leachability of hazardous compounds with the proposed method was checked in this study.

AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT DENTAL BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS OF GUJARAT, INDIA

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to medical waste management (MWM) among healthcare workers in clinics. Methods: The introduced study was an enlightening cross-sectional study. A self-directed poll was intended to record age, sex, kind of training, long stretches of training, extra preparation, information and practices on risky dental waste and information, and practice of security measures against cross-disease. The review populace included dental specialists and other medical services laborers of our emergency clinic. No data were accessible about the information on dental specialists with respect to the board of dangerous waste. From each state on India, Health-care laborers were chosen haphazardly from the rundown. A self-controlled poll was asked to the 200 medical care laborers. Overall response rate was 63% (n=200). Identity of the respondents was kept confidential. Results: A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed. Returns were 150 questionnaires with 55% males and 45% females. Only 42% of respondents were aware of the existence of guidelines of waste management. From this study, it was found that majority of study populations were not aware about the management of biomedical waste. Conclusion: Our study showed that although the attitude toward biomedical waste management was highly positive among students and they understood the importance of managing hazardous waste, the knowledge and practice still have scope for improvement. Regular monitoring and training are required at all levels for the management of hazardous dental wastes. Waste management program should be a part of academic curriculum and continuing dental education.

Attitudes and practices of healthcare workers regarding of medical waste management in hospitals of Al-Najaf Governorate

Background: Iraq suffers from many pollutants in its environment. One of these pollutants is medical waste (MW) from hospitals, which is considered the second most dangerous waste after radioactive waste and needs to be properly managed by trained healthcare workers. Aims: This study aimed to assess the attitudes and practices of healthcare workers on medical waste management (MWM) and determine the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics of healthcare worker with their attitudes and practices. Instruments and methods: A descriptive; cross sectional study conducted at the government hospitals of Al-Najaf governorate, Iraq. The study include 443 participants (93 medical staff, 310 paramedical staff, and 40 housekeeping staff) collected through period from 2nd January until 31th March 2022 using a structured questionnaire depends on the National Guide to Infection Control in the Iraqi Health Institution and the previous studies. Findings: The study was conducted on 443 participants with the mean ± SD of their ages was 29.18 ±7.68 years. The age group 20-29 years had the highest percentage (69.1%), female were represented (58.9%) of the studied sample compared to (41.1%) male. The highest percentage of the studied sample had Baccalaureate certification (44%) and period of experience (1-5) years (62.98%).

Preface: The 4th International Conference on Environmental Resources Management (ICERM) 2021

Landscape is very dynamic [1,2,3]. In line with the development of an increasingly climate change [4] and high population, the dynamics of the landscape have also changed due to an increase in the intensity of the population in utilizing land. The condition of the corona virus pandemic since the beginning of 2020 has resulted in two impacts to the environment. On the one hand it has provided a positive impact in the form of improving environmental conditions due to reduction on population mobility and natural resources exploitation, but on the other hand it has also increased the number of dangerous waste, e.g. increasing mask waste accumulation.The Faculty of Geography Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta-Indonesia, notably the Department of Environmental Geography has been working for a long time on environmental issues. In order to highlight the topic of environmental resource management in the global region and to broaden perspectives on this subject, the Faculty will organize the 4th International Conference on Environmental Resources Management in Global Region (ICERM).List of ICERM 2021 Committee are available in this pdf.

CFD Simulation Analysis of Sub-Component in Municipal Solid Waste Gasification Using Plasma Downdraft Technique

Plasma gasification technology is one of the potential methods to decompose dangerous wastes and turn them into non-leachable slag due to it greater energy efficiency and bottom ash prevention concerns. However, a fundamental study of CFD simulation on the reaction flow characteristic using the operational of plasma gasification process was scarce. The present study aims to investigate the gasification characteristic of municipal solid waste (MSW) component including food waste, paper, and yard waste to produce synthesis gas using a 3-dimensional CFD simulation method in the downdraft plasma gasifier. The reaction model of non-premixed combustion, Euler-Lagrangian approach and K- ε turbulence model was used as a setup parameter. Plasma being consider as hot gas with 1173K, coal as 293K and air inlet on 673K. Flowrate of feedstocks, plasma gas flow and air flowrate are set to 0.029 kg/s, 0.0438kg/s, and 0.0029kg/s respectively. Based on the result and comparison between those feedstocks, food waste typically produced higher CH4, CO, and CO2 than paper and yard. Yard wastes yield the highest H2 content which consist of 0.544 mole fraction, with 539.24% higher than food waste and 79.76% higher than paper. The result showed that gasification of different component from MSW produced different characteristic of syngas based on the properties of the feedstock.

Application of poly(amidoxime)/scrap facemasks in extraction of uranium from seawater: from dangerous waste to nuclear power.

To effectively kill microorganisms on scrap facemasks (FMs) surface and provide new material for extracting uranium (U(VI)) from seawater, scrap FMs was treated by N2 capacitance coupled (CCP) plasma and modified with polyamidoxime (PAO). The obtained PAO/FMs was well characterized and applied as an adsorbent in the extraction of U(VI) from seawater. The effects of environmental conditions on the adsorption capability of PAO/FMs for U(VI) were briefly studied. Results showed that plasma technique can synchronously kill microorganisms and induce acrylonitrile (AN) polymerization on FMs surface. The prepared PAO/FMs presented excellent adsorption capability for U(VI). The experimental results highlighted the application of plasma technique in the management of scrap FMs, and PAO/FMs in the extraction of U(VI) from seawater.

Utilization of rice husks as a fuel for gasification – A review

Rice husks are widely known as a fuel for electricity generation through gasification technology. Rice husks are abundant in agricultural countries, especially in South and Southeast Asia. Although it is useful, if it is not handled properly, rice husks can become dangerous waste. Abandoning them at large amounts of wastes in fields can damage soil and water contaminated, increase the emission of methane due to its natural decomposition, and produces rainwater leachates. Rice husks are produced from 20% of the weight of rice produced. The content of rice husk is cellulose (50%), lignin (25-30%), silica (15-20%), and moisture content (10-15%). Rice husks have low bulk density by the range of 90-150 kg/m3. From studies obtained equivalent ratio (ER) is range 0.15-0.35, gasifier temperature was conducted at 600-900°C. This paper presents a review of studies conducted on rice husk gasification. Recent research has been reviewed, and key findings are highlighted based on each result of syngas produced. Syngas produced from gasification has a low heating value of 1373.18 kcal/Nm3 – 2603 kcal/Nm3. Syngas compositions are CO, CO2, CH4, and H2. Rice husks syngas are used as a fuel to the internal combustion engine (ICE) as the prime mover to produce electricity.

Efek suhu sintering dan komposisi bahan terhadap karakteristik mekanik komposit berbahan limbah aluminium dan kaca menggunakan metode metalurgi serbuk

The waste has been a big problem for human and environment and has become a hot issue until recently. One of the wastes that we often encounter is aluminum waste. Aluminum waste can indeed be re-melted, but the results of the smelting will produce even more dangerous waste, namely Toxic Hazardous Material) waste. In addition to aluminum waste, there is also a lot of waste that we encounter in our daily lives, namely glass waste. This study aims to maximize the potential of aluminum waste and glass waste by examining the effect of variations in sintering temperature and material composition on the hardness and compressive strength of the composite. This research is started by crushing the solid material into the mesh of 100, the next stage is mixing the powder and then print it with 7 tons pressure load. The last step is sintering the specimens at temperatures of 390oC, 490oC, and 590oC with 60 minutes holding time. The results show that the highest hardness value is 60 HRF and the highest compressive strength value is 235.59 MPa. Macrostructure observation shows that there is greater porosity in the specimen with lower mechanical properties. Variation of sintering temperature has a directly proportional effect on the hardness and compressive strength values. Variation in the composition of material gives an inversely proportional effect on the two tests of mechanical properties when viewed from the percent addition of glass powder.

BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT - AN UPDATE ON COVID 19

The concept of environmental hygiene and sanitation has been there in India since the time of Rig Veda. Biomedical waste is the most dangerous waste in the world . It pose a significant impact on health and the environment. Management of the bio medical waste which is becoming a challenging issue in India. Since the implementation of biomedical waste management rule 1998, every concerned health care professional should have knowledge about proper management and disposal of the biomedical waste. Protected and effective execution of waste management rules is not only a legal necessity but also a social liability. There is urgent need of extensive study on this medical waste and its management aspects. Proper waste management strategy is needed to ensure health and environmental safety.

Effect of HCl on a sorption of mercury from flue gas evolved during incineration of hospital waste using entrained flow adsorbers

Small incinerators of dangerous wastes, including those from hospitals, are a source of emissions of highly variable compositions and concentrations. Mercury is a very dangerous pollutant causing neurotoxicity in human organism. The effect of HCl concentration on adsorption of mercury on activated carbon-based sorbent was studied for the incineration of hospital waste in a 250 kg/h capacity unit. The maximum concentration of adsorbed mercury on activated carbon was determined as a function of concentration of Hg and HCl in combustion products. Based on the expected chemical reactions and the thermodynamics, the adsorption of mercury from flue gases in oxidising atmosphere has been explained. The activated carbon-based sorbent was also capable of adsorbing acid gases like HCl. The efficiency of removal of mercury from combustion products increased up to 85–87% with the concentration of HCl in flue gases. The addition of calcium hydroxide increased the amount of mercury trapped on the sorbent only by about 10%. These tests proved that an entrained flow adsorber is a suitable unit for the removal of mercury from combustion products. The consumption of activated carbon for the mercury removal was from 0.1 to 0.15 mg/Nm3 of flue gas. The advantage of an entrained flow adsorber lies in its easy continuous operation. Therefore, it is a suitable unit for small and medium size incinerators of municipal and hospital waste.

Dangerous biological waste in the agro-industrial complex: classification and methods of disposal

Dangerous biological waste in the agro-industrial complex: classification and methods of disposal

Problems of customs control over the movement of hazardous waste across the customs border of the Eurasian Economic Union

Hazardous waste is a trigger of the environmental crisis, especially at the stage of increasing production and consumption of goods, leading to a significant increase in industrial waste and its movement across customs borders. The cross-border movement of hazardous waste is controlled by the state, customs authorities are entrusted with the tasks of protecting national security, human life and health, animal and plant life, the environment, including protection against the illegal import of hazardous waste. The transboundary movement of hazardous wastes is carried out within the framework of the permissive procedure. Such a unified licensing procedure has also been adopted in the EAEU with respect to the import into the customs territory, transit, export from the customs territory of dangerous wastes. This procedure assumes that the declarant submits to an official of the authorized body a license of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation or a permit for the transboundary movement of hazardous waste of the Federal Service for Supervision of Environmental Management. However, despite the efforts of the international community in the fight against hazardous waste, the dynamics of illegal movement of certain types of waste continues to grow, which indicates the existence of a number of unresolved problems. In the course of the study, the conceptual and categorical apparatus in the field of hazardous waste is analyzed, the main provisions of the procedure for moving this category of goods across the customs border of the EAEU are considered. The basis for national legislation in terms of the conceptual apparatus and regulation of the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes through the customs territory of the EAEU is the norms of international law, while a comparative analysis confirms the ambiguity of their recognition and classification in the EAEU member states. The analysis of the dynamics of the movement of hazardous waste, including used pneumatic tires and tires, showed that every year the problems of environmental protection become more acute. As a result of the study, specific problems in the field of transboundary movement of hazardous wastes were identified and recommendations for their solution were given.

Assistance in the implementation of the waste bank information system at the waste bank “Wiguna”, Sugihmas

The waste generated by industry and households promotes intensive waste management. However, because the government fails to manage the waste, the community must play an active role in assisting. Plastic waste is a dangerous waste if not managed properly, so that the Wiguna Waste Bank is present with anxiety about the dangers of waste. The administrative management of the Wiguna waste bank still uses conventional bookkeeping. As a result, an information system was created to aid in the administration of the waste bank. The system was designed with the primary features of personal data, waste data, deposit notes, and savings. Waste bank managers benefit from the information system because reports can be easily generated, allowing the principle of accountability to be met.

Hydrogen-Rich Gas Produced by the Chemical Neutralization of Reactive By-Products from the Screening Processes of the Secondary Aluminum Industry

In the framework of the industry of secondary aluminum, the chemical neutralization of highly reactive materials that come from the pre-treatment screening processes of scraps (beverage cans and domestic appliances) was investigated through experiments in aqueous alkaline solutions. Metallic aluminum-rich by-products are classified, according to EU law, as dangerous waste, as they can potentially develop flammable gases capable of forming explosive mixtures with air. In this way they cannot be disposed of in landfills for non-hazardous wastes if chemical neutralization is not planned and performed beforehand. In this way, these experiments were mainly aimed at unraveling the oxidation rate and at quantifying the production of hydrogen-rich gases from the reactions of the metallic aluminum-rich by-products in a water-rich alkaline (liquid or vapor) environment. Reactions were carried out in a stainless-steel batch mini-reactor with metering and sampling valves, with the resulting gases analyzed by gas-chromatography (GC). The experimental setup was planned to avoid the following issues: (i) the corrosion of the reactor by the alkaline solution and (ii) the permeability of the system to hydrogen (i.e., possible leaks of H2), related to the fast kinetics and short duration of the reactions (which may hinder a pile-up-effect) between the solid by-products and the liquid. The procedure was defined by a controlled interaction process between metals and liquid, using NaOH to increase reaction rates. The experimental runs performed in the mini-reactor proved to be effective for eliminating the reactive metallic aluminum, reaching a maximum hydrogen production of 96% of the total gases produced in the experiments. The relations between gas generation (up to 55 bar of H2 in the experiments, which lasted for four days) and each specific parameter variation are discussed. All the obtained results can be transferred and applied to (i) the possible industrialization of the method for the chemical neutralization of these dangerous by-products, increasing sustainability and workplace safety, (ii) the use of the resulting hydrogen as a source of energy for the furnaces of the secondary aluminum industry itself, and (iii) new technological materials (e.g., “foamed geopolymers”), by using hydrogen as a foaming agent, coupled with aluminosilicate materials, during geopolymeric reactions.

Environment and pharmaceutical products case study: Biocatalysis of L-DOPA

Pharmaceuticals cure and treat diseases, and represent the benefit of modern society. However, their lifetime is much longer than many of us are aware. They are not fully absorbed or degraded in the body and their residues are the problem when they enter the sewage treatment systems. Drugs and their residues, in extremely low concentrations, can be detected in the environment: soil and water due to advances in analytical chemistry. Though their concentrations are low, they are a threat to the living organisms. Most of their long-term effects on living cells are unknown but many are known as negative. Not all pharmaceuticals are used; many drugs disappear and end up in the regular domestic waste, which is also a problem, because they present a hazardous waste, and should be treated as such. Dangerous waste is also emerging during the production of pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the clean chemical synthesis is one of the world’s priorities at this time. Among the methods, achieving this goal is the use of enzymes and whole cells as catalysts in chemical processes. So, if you look at the entire process of production of drugs and their consumption it can be seen that, although the benefits from the use of drugs for the human race beyond doubt, there are a lot of work to reduce their negative side-effects in the environment and living organisms. Chemists and engineers should keep in mind these ideas in the development and production of new drugs, like all of us who use drugs in our favour. This paper will describe the successful therapeutics – LDOPA - which is known as a remedy for alleviating the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, and its advantages and potential dangers. Industrial production of L-DOPA will also be discussed, as well as its impact on the environment.

Hubungan Antara Status Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat dengan Sanitasi di Desa Ampekale Kecamatan Bontoa Kabupaten Maros

Abstract. One of the basic needs for every human being is health. The environment is one of important factor that greatly influences human health, because the environment is a place where humans do all their activities. Every effort made by humans to avoid dangerous waste materials with the aim of improving the quality of the environment is called sanitation. The purpose of this study was to determ ine the relationship between the socio-economic conditions of the community and sanitation. The research design used in this study was a correlational research design using the Spearman Rank analysis technique for variables of education level and income level, while the analysis of the relationship between types of work and sanitation was analyzed using Cramer's contingency coefficient analysis technique. Samples taken were randomly selected by using cluster random sampling technique with a total sample of 120 samples. The results showed that as many as 97 (80%) of respondents had a low level of education ie graduating from elementary school. In the sub-variable type of work, the type of work most frequently done was fishermen with 41 respondents with a percentage of 34.16%. In the income level sub-variable, the highest percentage was 58 (48.3%) of respondents in the low income category. Based on the results of the correlation test between the socioeconomic level sub variables with sanitation, the results obtained are there is a relationship between the level of education with sanitation with a syg value of 0.010, there is a relationship between the type of work with sanitation with a syg value of 0.007, and there is a relationship between the level of income with sanitation with syg value of 0.005.Keywords: Education level, type of job, income level, sanitation.