Dangerous Times Research Articles

ZEEZER-An Emergency Communication Alert System for the Hearing Impaired

According to WHO (WHO, 2018) over 5% of the world population or 466 million people has disabling hearing loss which includes 34 million children. It is also estimated that by 2050 over 900 million people will have disabling hearing loss. Treat (2016) reports that 23.7% of Nigerians have hearing impairment (total deafness, hearing loss, or other hearing-related impairment) in a country of more than 155 million people. Also, up to 84% of deaf population in Nigeria remain undereducated and economically underdeveloped (Eleweke, Agboola, & Guteng, 2015). According to a study by Jaiyelo et. al. deaf people appear to be most vulnerable group in Nigeria as well (jaiyeola & Adeyemo, 2018).Thus, this research was carried out in the School for the Deaf, Abuja, Nigeria where questionnaires were distributed and interviews were conducted with the aid of a sign language interpreter. It was deduced that hearingimpaired individuals go about their daily lives just like every other individual in society. It was also observed that the hearing-impaired also make use of mobile devices, which is an essential medium for communication in today’s world. Hence, these deductions suggest that a mobile application which may help improve the lives of the hearing impaired can have a positive impact on their well-being. Thus, an app “Zeezer” was conceived and developed which can assist hearing-impaired individuals with a platform for real-time communication and also one that provides awareness in the form of alerts in times of danger and uncertainty.

Thinking of change in times of danger: The differential impact of job insecurity on innovative behavior

Thinking of change in times of danger: The differential impact of job insecurity on innovative behavior

ТАКСОНОМІЧНИЙ МЕТОД ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПОРЯДКУ ЕВАКУАЦІЇ ПОШКОДЖЕНИХ У ХОДІ БОЙОВИХ ДІЙ ЗРАЗКІВ ОЗБРОЄННЯ ТА ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ ТЕХНІКИ

An integral part of the recovery of weapons, military and special equipment (WMSE) that has failed, which has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the recovery process, is evacuation. At different stages of the operation, the volume of the evacuation fund will be different, which is due to the different load on the evacuation units. The time of evacuation of one car depends on the technical characteristics of the evacuation tractors and the evacuation arm. One of the problematic issues during the evacuation is that the evacuation can be carried out under enemy fire. The sequence of evacuation of WMSE is established depending on the situation, their location, condition and availability of evacuation means. First of all, vehicles are evacuated from under enemy fire, from areas or places threatened by enemy capture. First of all, vehicles that play an important role in the combat capability of a unit (unit) in a combat environment are evacuated, as well as those that require the smallest amount of repair and evacuation work. Cars with minor damage and cars that are not difficult to evacuate are the next to be evacuated. Equipment evacuation, in times of danger from the enemy, is carried out to the nearest shelter, and if possible and necessary - to the nearest road, to the evacuation routes, a temporary concentration point or to the collection point of damaged vehicles (CPDV). The existing sequence of evacuation of WMSE does not take into account the variety of samples, their importance and impact on the combat capability of a unit (subunit) in the presence of a large number of damaged WMSE. Thus, the problematic issue is the lack of a mathematically justified procedure for the evacuation of various types of WMSE, taking into account their impact on the combat effectiveness of the unit (subunit). Solving the problematic issue will reduce the time for the evacuation group (EG) to make a decision regarding the evacuation of various types of WMSE samples. A possible way to overcome the problematic issue is the use of taxonomic analysis to take into account the various characteristics of WMSE. The conducted taxonomic analysis made it possible to form the procedure for the evacuation of various types of weapons, military and special equipment damaged during hostilities according to the degree of their influence on the combat readiness of the unit (subunit). Taxonomic analysis was carried out according to one of many criteria, namely the degree of influence on the combat readiness of a unit (subunit), known taxonomic procedures do not allow taking into account the different degree of influence of various features on the final "efficiency" of multidimensional objects. The direction of further research may be the development of this method in order to eliminate the identified shortcoming.

Unruly Audience: Folk Interventions in Popular Media by Greg Kelley

Reviewed by: Unruly Audience: Folk Interventions in Popular Media by Greg Kelley Amanda Firestone (bio) Unruly Audience: Folk Interventions in Popular Media. By Greg Kelley, University Press of Colorado, 2020, 242 pp. Recently, I had a conversation with friends about running. We bemoaned the hard work of consistency and effort, and someone said, "sometimes it takes a while to get there, but it's so worth it." I quickly responded: "that's what she said!" Instances like this are the subject of Greg Kelley's Unruly Audience. Through six analysis chapters, he examines different texts and the interventions that audiences have made "in the face of hegemonic mediated discourse" (23). As someone who appreciates a well-placed, bawdy interjection, I was delighted to review this book. To begin, it's worth mentioning that the cover art for the book exemplifies Kelley's central thesis. It's an image of TRUST iCON's street art I Don't Believe in Fairy Tales (vii). It depicts a colorized, prone Disney's Snow White, and two CSI-esque Tyvek-suited figures, in stenciled black and white. One figure proffers a red apple that is missing a bite. The use of this image specifically connects to Chapter 2, which is about Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). It also visually renders how audiences can intervene with media. Kelley's introduction, "Reception and Resistance," is adequate and well-structured, setting up the literature review with an anecdote from his childhood about how he and his brothers would riff on TV commercials. "People [End Page 352] who chew Trident gum have 20 percent fewer cavities . . . because they have 40 percent fewer teeth" (4). This charming example reminds readers that from early days we interpolate media we encounter. Kelley explains that audiences have often been disruptive to the status quo, drawing attention to hypocrisies and inconsistencies. He focuses his analyses on moments when a folkloric interruption solidified as part of communal or public memory, which makes Kelley's work relevant to current discussions about communication, media literacy, and the metaphoric shelf life of popular culture artifacts. Chapter 1, "Colonel Bogey's Parade of Parody," focuses on a famous melody composed by Frederick Joseph Ricketts in 1914; it's best remembered as the march whistled in the film The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957). The military march quickly received a host of popular lyrics, largely invented by soldiers. Kelley notes that "by the mid-1930s the word bollocks figured prominently in many British renditions" (27). The tune has lived a lot of life, particularly through the ribald rhymes created by soldiers who needed levity in dark and dangerous times. As a fairy tale, "Snow White" receives significant analysis as a representation of "the tension between sexual innocence and sexual desire" (50), which is the subject of Chapter 2, "There's Dirty Work Afoot." Unsurprisingly, there's much speculation about the living situation for a teenaged girl and seven grown men who are dwarfs. The bulk of the chapter examines some of the "dirty" jokes born of those circumstances. While Walt Disney worked hard to keep his film "clean" of sexual allusions, the aware audience is not so innocent, resulting in lewd jokes that explicitly elucidate Snow White's ascension to sexual maturity. Chapter 3, "Haunting Visitors," transports readers to the Rose Hall Plantation near Montego Bay in Jamaica. A gruesome local legend involves the former mistress of the plantation, Annie Palmer, and her perpetual predilection for murdering her husbands and lovers. Of course, historically, this is untrue, but that doesn't matter in the face of capitalist (and folkloric) enterprise. A theatrical evening ghost tour supplies the greatest opportunity for "a nuanced and fluid relationship between narrative authority and creativity, between the predetermined and the emergent in this interactive cultural performance" (109). The Office (2005–13) became an American pop culture icon, largely aided by the character buffoonery of Michael Scott (Steve Carell). His signature catch phrase—"That's what she said!"—quickly leapt from TV to public use. Chapter 4 examines this one-liner from earlier incarnations like "said the actress to the bishop" to its widespread circulation as a call-back to the show...

PREVENTION OF NUCLEAR DAMAGE CAUSED BY IODINE AND CESIUM RADIONUCLIDES TO THE THYROID, PANCREAS AND OTHER ORGANS

In times of danger of severe international conflicts with fear of the use of atomic weapons and accidents in nuclear power plants, a so-called "Disaster Medicine" has been created to reduce the damage in affected populations and territories. Radionuclide contamination in terrestrial ecosystems has nowadays reached a dangerous level. The most frequent and studied artificial radionuclides are iodine (131-I) and cesium (137-Cs and 134-Cs), which are both on the rise in the world. In humans, these elements are captured and metabolized by the thyroid, pancreas, mammary and salivary glands, cerebrospinal fluid and brain, thymus and numerous other organs and excrete with stool and urine. In organs, these radionuclides are a serious danger that can cause cancers, and through inflammatory, carcinogenic and necrotic mechanisms also thyroiditis, pancreatitis and functional deficiencies as well as diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and mental damage. The Author reports autoradiographic and scintigraphic studies describing some, little-known, damage to organs caused by radionuclides and in particular, pancreatic and thyroid cancer, chronic pancreatitis, thyroiditis and diabetes mellitus, whose incidence rate is gradually rising worldwide. Some methods of radionuclide removal and cancer prevention are also suggested.

Humanitarian diplomacy

Problem setting. Ensuring constant access to humanitarian aid during military conflicts and complex emergencies has always been an important issue for politicians. Its solution is to guarantee the protection of civilians in times of danger and political instability. The practice of humanitarian negotiations led to the emergence of the concept of humanitarian diplomacy in the early 2000s. It was to persuade community leaders and high-ranking decision-makers to act in the interests of vulnerable populations in accordance with humanitarian principles. Humanitarian diplomacy is carried out by humanitarian actors and includes the organization of a safe presence of humanitarian organizations, access to negotiations with the civilian population, monitoring assistance programs, and respect for international law. The development of humanitarian aspects of diplomacy is linked to the protection of the most vulnerable groups – ethnic and religious minorities, women, children, refugees, victims of armed conflict, terrorism and environmental disasters. An important task facing scholars is to study the nature of diplomacy, the history of its development, as well as modern models and tools. Scholars draw attention to the need to return in international relations to the philosophy of morality and values. In our opinion, it is expedient to define the concept of humanitarian diplomacy, to show the formation and development of humanitarian diplomacy and the institute of humanitarian law, to consider the problems of humanitarian activity in the modern world. Analysis of recent researches and publications. K. Schmitt, H. Arendt, M. Foucault, D. Agamben, D. Butler, ES Gromoglasova, TV Zonova, OF Rusakova studied the strategic dimension of humanitarian diplomacy and humanitarian law in their works. In addition, the famous works of domestic scientists such as VF Antipenko, M. Gnatovsky, V. Gutnik, T. Korotky, A. Talalaev, O. Tiunov, I. Lukashuk, J. Zhukorska and others. Target of research is to define the concept of “humanitarian diplomacy”, analyze the historical development of the concept of humanitarian law and diplomacy, describe the current problems of functioning. Article’s main body. The article examines the prerequisites and features of the formation of humanitarian diplomacy and humanitarian law. The authors try to give a modern definition of “humanitarian diplomacy, analyze the historical development of the concept of international humanitarian law and diplomacy.” The role of international organizations in the implementation of humanitarian aid to vulnerable groups during armed conflicts is highlighted, the current problems of humanitarian diplomacy are described. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Given the above, the authors can conclude that the ways of formation and development of humanitarian diplomacy were quite difficult. Only in the middle of the XIX century were the norms and principles on the basis of which vulnerable groups are protected; the first international legal acts of humanitarian law were adopted; international organizations have sprung up to provide humanitarian assistance to all those in need. In modern conditions, in our opinion, humanitarian diplomacy is becoming a key element in providing assistance to all vulnerable groups, which is provided by many actors, such as states, international organizations, ordinary people and their initiatives.

Concern, Conception, and Consequence: Re-thinking the Paradigm of Higher Education in Dangerous Times

Discussion of the role of universities in relation to broad issues of sustainability has been current for some decades, although predominantly at the margins of debate and policy. Yet a recent rapid rise of concern—catalyzed by mounting evidence of climate crisis, biodiversity loss, pandemic disease and further systemic issues -is focusing renewed attention on the adequacy of the response of higher education to unprecedented times of urgency, uncertainty and threat. Whilst it is now widely acknowledged that the fate of the planet and of humanity hangs in the balance, there still remains an astonishing disconnect between pressing signs of global change, and the relatively closed world of higher education. A trend toward greening universities' operations is positive, but fails to engage or galvanize the cultural and value shift toward a holistic and ecologicalzeitgeistthat is now necessary to generate widespread institutional systemic change. This paper delves into deep causal factors that have historically impeded the ability of universities to respond fully and effectively to present and probable future realities, pointing to the foundations of Western thought such as reductionism, objectivism, dualism, individualism, anthropocentrism, rationalism, instrumentalism and technocentrism that shape mainstream education policy and practice, overlain and reinforced in more recent times by neo-liberal conceptions of the purpose of universities in a modern economy. It is argued that these elements of our culturally shared worldview constrain our ability to perceive and respond deeply, fully and wisely to the global predicament, but also maintain destructive patterns of development. Whilst there is increasing acceptance that education must “transform” in order to—in turn—be transformative in effect, there is less clarity about the guiding assumptions and ideas that inform mainstream policy and practice, and about the philosophic value bases that can facilitate transformative educational thinking, policy and practice. A framework of three broad and complementary components of paradigm—Concern, Conception, and Consequence—is employed to outline the shape of the systemic paradigmatic shift that universities need to urgently navigate in order to maximize their ability to respond fully to contemporary socio-economic and ecological conditions and trajectories.

Agents of Change: African American Contributions to Writing Centers

African Americans and their contributions to our field’s first pedagogical models and operational structures are absent from writing center histories. This archival research invokes their presence by recounting the stories of five African American innovators—Bess Bolden “B. B.” Walcott, Coragreene Johnstone, Anne Cooke, Hugh Gloster, and Percival Bertrand “Bert” Phillips—spanning four decades at three historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Their stories invite an expansive understanding of writing center work, moving beyond a focus on traditional tutoring and strictly alphabetic literacies and into “strategic literacies”—the survival skills needed to stand up for oneself and one’s community in the face of dangerous times and violently racist places. The writing center leaders described here saw writing as a tool to be used in concert with embodied performances for expression and survival to advance struggles for labor equity, legal justice, and civil rights. This conception of writing center work springs from sites of research such as HBCU archives and popular Black press archives that are less often examined by dominant disciplinary histories. From those sites, a timeline of African American writing center administrators emerges that spurs further research of these under-studied figures, who together constitute a remarkable legacy.

Kellie Lodging, 23 High Street, Pittenweem, Fife


 The widely held view that Kellie Lodging (23 High Street, Pittenweem) was built as a townhouse for the Earls of Kellie cannot be correct. The stability of burgage plots in this part of the street shows a reliable match with 16th-century archival data, allowing identification of the occupants of the house at the time it was built (c 1585). Drawings made by Reverend John Sime in 1829 reveal a close historical association between this house and its neighbour at 19–21 High Street, demolished soon after his survey. The occupants of both houses were burgesses, living at a time of acute tension in the town between members of the laird class and the merchants. The siting of the houses at the head of Water Wynd, leading directly to the mid shore, reflects a shift in the town’s focus from the defunct religious area in the Augustinian priory towards a trade-oriented zone around the harbour. Kellie Lodging was the first in the street to have a projecting stair-tower, built not just for display but also for protection in dangerous times. It was quickly followed (1590) by the building of 19–21 with its own stair-tower directly abutting that of Kellie Lodging. Sime’s side-by-side plans of the two houses show the simple L-plan house of Kellie Lodging to be a less ambitious structure than 19–21, which had space to incorporate an inner courtyard to the rear. The street frontage symmetry of the two gables, with an unusual abutment of projecting stair-towers, can be read as a display of solidarity and resolution, as the merchants emerged as the dominant force in the burgh.
 Canmore ID 34283

Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study among Palestinian students (10\u201318\xa0years)

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic considers a threat to students’ well-being and mental health. The current descriptive cross-sectional study aims to identify psychological distress among school students during the lockdown period.MethodsThis study was carried out in a sample of 420 primary and secondary school students from June 10 to July 13, 2020, in the Gaza Strip in Palestine. Data was collected using an online questionnaire that included informed consent, socio-demographic questions, and a psychometric scale (DASS-21).ResultsThe results revealed that most students experienced moderate to severe levels of anxiety (89.1%) and depression (72.1%), whereas less than half of them (35.7%) experienced moderate to severe stress. Stress, anxiety and depression scores were significantly different across gender, age groups, family size, and family's economic status. The results showed that gender (β = -0.174, p < 0.001), age (β = −0.155, p = 0.001) and economic level of family (β = −0.147, p = 0.002) were negative predictors correlated with stress. Family size (β = 0.156, p = 0.001) played a positive role in stress. It was found that gender (β = −0.105, p = 0.031), age (β = −0.135, p = 0.006) and economic level of family (β = −0.136, p = 0.005) were negative predictors correlated with anxiety, whereas family size (β = 0.139, p = 0.004) played a positive role in anxiety. For depression, gender (β = −0.162, p = 0.001), age (β = −0.160, p = 0.001) and economic level of family (β = −0.131, p = 0.007) were negative predictors correlated with depression, whereas family size (β = −0.133, p = 0.006) was found to be a positive predictor. Concerns about the influence of COVID-19 on economic, education, and daily life were positively correlated to the levels of depression, anxiety and stress, whereas the availability of social support was negatively correlated.ConclusionThe development of a health protocol for influenced students is urgently needed to maintain them remain resilient during dangerous times.

The reflective research diary: a tool for more ethical and engaged disaster research

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to highlight how keeping a reflective research journal can help disaster researchers to work in a more ethical and engaged way.Design/methodology/approachThe author analyses the reflective research diary to illustrate how keeping it has helped the author, a white, non-Indigenous researcher, navigate British academia whilst trying to plan a collaborative project with Indigenous peoples during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.FindingsThe author draws out some of the ways that academic institutions can undermine ethical research practice through opaque structures and by incentivising pressuring early-career researchers (ECRs) to conduct fieldwork in dangerous times. The author demonstrates ways the rpeers and author have tried to push against these structures, noting that this is not always possible and that their efforts are always limited without institutional support or change.Originality/valueMany ECRs and PhD students have written reflective accounts about the ethical challenges they have faced during fieldwork. In this article, the author adds to this by building on literature in disaster studies and positing how ethical and engaged research can be conducted within British (colonial) institutions.

Living in dangerous times

There is a time for everything,and a season for every activity under the heavens:a time to be born and a time to die,a time to plant and a time to uproot,a time to kill and a time to heal,a time to...

The Making of a Terrorist: Alexandre Rousselin and the French Revolution. By Jeff Horn

Not many people were tried on five different occasions during the French revolutionary Terror and lived to tell the tale. Alexandre Rousselin was probably the only one who went on to become a count. As Jeff Horn reveals at the beginning of this fast-paced biography, he also became the owner of the skull of Charlotte Corday, the woman who murdered Jean-Paul Marat in his bath in 1793. In later life he sometimes invited favoured guests to reminisce about those dangerous and unpredictable times in the veiled presence of her skull. Rousselin not only had an eye for unusual memorabilia but also, as Horn shows, an eye for the main chance. The two traits were, in fact, quite closely connected, because Rousselin probably obtained the skull when he was secretary to Georges Danton, Minister of the Interior at the time of Marat’s assassination. It was a position that marked the high...

Prediction of addiction based on procrastination, distress tolerance, and perceived competence in senior high school girl students

BACKGROUND: Transitional stages of life are one of the most dangerous times for more vulnerability to drug abuse. The purpose of this study was to predict addiction based on procrastination, distress tolerance, and perceived competence in senior high school girl students. METHODS: The method of study was descriptive and correlational. The population of this study consisted of all senior high school girl students of Divandarreh, Iran, during the academic year of 2018-2019. Among them, 266 students were included in the study using multi-stage cluster sampling. The Iranian Addiction Potential Scale (IAPS), Procrastination Scale, Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), and Perceived Competence Scale for Children (PCSC) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between addiction and negligence (P 0.010). Regression analysis revealed that 21% of the variance of addiction tendency could be explained by procrastination, distress tolerance, and perceived competence. CONCLUSION: According to the findings of this study, it is necessary to emphasize on these psychological characteristics in educational programs and prevention and treatment of addiction in schools.

How Media Literacy and Science Media Literacy Predicted the Adoption of Protective Behaviors Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

Individuals must navigate complex media environments filled with frequently changing and varyingly credible information to acquire and apply health information during times of uncertainty and danger. A process model tested in two U.S. national surveys in spring (N = 1220) and summer (N = 1264) of 2020 tested how three media literacy constructs (about sources, content, and science information) predicted the adoption of behaviors protective for COVID-19. Results showed that the three media literacy constructs were mediated by knowledge of COVID-19 (wave 1 TE = 0.190; wave 2 TE = 0.190) and expectancies (wave 1 TE = 0.496; wave 2 TE = 0.613). The model was confirmed as largely consistent across the two waves of data collection with independent samples. Results show the importance of expectancies for mediating the effects of media literacy, efficacy, and knowledge on behavior. The study suggests that media literacy and science media literacy skills aid health behavior adoption by contributing to knowledge gain and expectancies.

Literacies in Times of Crisis: A Trioethnography on Affective and Transgressive Practices

ABSTRACT Utilizing duoethnography (NORRIS; SAWYER, 2012), the authors explore challenges and opportunities for critical language teaching in times of crisis. Following a brief introduction of research methodology, the authors’ trioethnography dialogically examines three topical areas of particular concern in Brazil and Canada: 1. The potency of affect and its relevance for applied linguistics and language teacher education; 2. The re-emergence of “literacy wars” in education, with attention to their ideological and epistemological interconnections to social power relations; 3. Emerging implications for language and literacy pedagogies in which the authors share classroom experiences and transgressive strategies informed by plurilingual and affective insights. The complexity and variety of settings discussed in this final section help promote the possibilities for critical research and teaching in these difficult and dangerous times.

Smart Safety Gadgets for Women: A Survey

Sexual violence against women has become one of the most important social security problems in India. None of the existing humanitarian mobile application exactly contains the features that a victim need in times of danger or immediately after victimized. industries and other sectors of the commercial market, it is a necessity for women to travel at late hours and visit the distant and isolated location as a work region. However the expensive part of their increase in assault and attack against women posing a threat. The Defense isn’t the only measure that can help against this increasing abuse. A security solution that creates a sense of safety among women needs to be devised. In an instance of an attack, it is largely reported that women are immobilized. There is a need for simpler safely solutions that can be activated as simply as by pressing a switch and can instantly send out alerts to the near one of the victims. “When safety and security are concerned”, a smartphone becomes a powerful tool to prevent violence against women. Keeping these in mind, apps have been developed which is dedicated to providing relief to the person in trouble.

Dangerous Times? A Routine Activities Examination of the Temporal Patterns of Sexual Offenses over Time

Despite environmental criminologists emphasizing the role that both space and time play in the occurrence of crime, there is still only a small literature on the temporal rhythms of criminal behavior, especially those of sexual violence. Drawing from routine activities theory, this research uses circular statistics to investigate the temporal patterns of 2,260 sexual offenses from a Canadian police database at the seasonal-, monthly-, daily-, and hourly-levels, as well as their consistency over time. Findings suggest that there is a distinct temporal pattern when the unit of analysis is at the seasonal-, monthly-, and hourly-levels, but not at the daily-level. Furthermore, these temporal patterns are relatively consistent from year-to-year. These conclusions support the legitimacy of including a temporal element into current geographically-based sexual offender policies and practices. Pragmatically, these findings may also be used to better inform policing and situational crime prevention efforts to reduce the incidence of sexual crimes.

Flight, Climate Change, and Dangerous Times for Art and Pedagogy

Abstract In his last book Chaosmosis, Felix Guattari (1995, p. 129) argues that both “intellectuals and artists have got nothing to teach anyone,” and that they produce “toolkits composed of concepts, percepts and affects, which diverse publics will use at their convenience.” In this video presentation and accompanying article, the authors explore Guattari’s claim as a provocation for visual pedagogy and play with the idea that an artist might have nothing to teach anyone in relation to the idea of visual pedagogies. And, then, what happens when an artist and a teacher talk about visual pedagogies? To open up a dialogue, they employ the cliché, ‘I don’t know much about art but I know what I like’. This statement invites thoughts on the tensions between truth-telling, disciplinarity, and affect. Here the authors take the cliché a step further within the context of visual pedagogies and meaning making. They position this dialogue with the cinematic art work, Flight (2018), which aims to give the viewer a different sensation of the world, to render the familiar unfamiliar, and to let things be (Roder &amp; Sturm, 2017), in order to think differently.

The Deposition of History in Prehistory: Copper Objects on Sites and in the Landscape

A variable proportion of finds from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic of ‘Old Europe’ has come from places outside settlements, cemeteries, production sites, ritual sites, or caves. Such finds tend to be described as ‘chance/isolated/single/stray’ finds or, when in groups, as ‘hoards’. The frequent, modernist cause invoked for these finds is that they were either ‘hidden’ in times of mortal danger, represented a ‘gift to the gods’, or simply ‘lost’. One reason for these explanatory shortcomings is the over-attention to the types of objects deposited in the landscape and the frequent lack of attention to the often-distinctive place of deposition. We believe that we have misnamed, overlooked, or not accurately characterised an entire class of sites, which we term ‘landscape deposition sites’, whose defining feature was the transformation of a place by the deposition of a significant object or group of objects to create a qualitatively different place. The creation of such landscape deposit sites varied in time and space throughout Old Europe, but all sites were affected by this new dimension of the extended cultural domain.In this article, we consider the interpretations of metal deposition in North-west Europe and the light they shed on an earlier and geographically different region. The primary aim of this paper is an exploration of the variable relationships between landscape deposit sites and the coeval finds made in special deposits in settlements and cemeteries in the 5th and 4th millenniabc, which will lead to proposed new interpretations of landscape deposition sites.