Dangerous Phenomena Research Articles

CALCULATION OF THE SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF THE START-UP AIR SYSTEM OF RDES

The earth beneath our feet is alive, even though it is a rocky planet. Despite the fact that geological activity cannot be felt, sometimes it manifests itself sharply and dangerously. Earthquakes and seismic phenomena are responsible for the transmission of these tectonic shocks and have forced people to be prepared for different situations with the oscillation of the earth's crust. Seismic shocks cause many dangerous phenomena: landslides and avalanches in the mountains, flood waves (tsunamis) on the shores of seas and oceans, cracks and liquefaction on the land surface. Depending on the magnitude of the earthquakes, each year there are from one to two dozen earthquakes with a power of more than 7 points according to the Richter scale. How can the destruction of building equipment, disasters and deaths be prevented and what is "seismic resistance" is the question of our research. In order to confirm that the equipment is guaranteed to perform its functions under seismic conditions, equipment qualification is performed. The assessment of the initial state of seismic qualification consists in comparing the seismic qualification characteristics with the seismic qualification requirements, as well as establishing the availability of information in the factory and project documentation regarding the fastening of the equipment, and allows to establish whether the qualification requirements presented in the process of seismic qualification were taken into account during development and staging for production, manufacturing and installation. Seismic qualification characteristics are contained in the design documentation of equipment developers and manufacturers and can be specified in different forms: values of acceleration amplitudes; the intensity of the earthquake and the level of installation of equipment above the zero mark; test parameters, mechanical performance groups, etc. If the qualification characteristics of the equipment meet the defined or calculated qualification requirements, then the qualification of such equipment for earthquake resistance is established.

Evaluation of the Egner–Riehm DL and Mehlich 3 Tests for the Determination of Phosphorus: The Influence of Soil Properties on Extraction Efficiency and Test Conversion

The leaching of phosphorus (P), together with nitrogen (N), into deep water and runoff from fields into surface water has caused the dangerous phenomenon of eutrophication, which threatens the Baltic Sea. This process has led to a revision of fertilizer recommendations for farmers in most European countries. The basis for proper recommendations is the determination of soil P using a soil test. There are many different soil tests used in Europe for the determination of plant-available P in soil, which is primarily the result of the different soil conditions in the individual countries. In Poland, two soil P tests are currently used: the Egner–Riehm DL (DL) test and the Mehlich 3 (M3) test. The aim of our study was to determine the extraction efficiency of the DL and M3 tests, to explore the possibility of converting the results of one test to another, and to compare the diagnostic value of the tests. For this purpose, a collection of 237 soil–plant sample pairs was taken from maize fields in Poland. The phosphorus content was determined in all the soil and plant samples, with two methods used in the soil samples: DL and M3. The results of our study show that it is not possible to state unequivocally which test extracts more P from the soil. The extraction efficiency of the tests depends on the specific soil properties, particularly pH and texture. The most reliable conversion of DL test results to M3 is possible for soils that contain a 21–35% fraction characterized by particles less than 0.02 mm in diameter, regardless of soil pH. Furthermore, the DL test has better diagnostic value than M3, especially for alkaline soils.

The Impact of the Shunt Reactor(s) Location on Offshore Wind Farm Power Export System on Zero-Missing Phenomenon and Switching Overvoltages—The Case of a Polish Power System

The observed development of offshore wind farms has resulted in an increasing presence of long extra-high voltage cables, with lengths ranging from 10 to 200 km. These cable lines are compensated for by a shunt reactor(s). The transient states that accompany switching operations, in this type of line, cause a number of challenges. There are slightly different and more dangerous phenomena than in classic uncompensated lines. One such phenomenon is the zero-missing phenomenon. The most effective methods for mitigating these phenomena are still under investigation and comparison to identify the optimal countermeasures. Applying a single minimization countermeasure often leads to avoiding one phenomenon (e.g., zero-missing phenomenon) while enhancing another (e.g., switching overvoltages). This can challenge designers, as they must consider the trade-offs between these competing objectives. The added value of this article is an analysis of the impact of the compensation level and its distribution (shunt reactor(s) location) in the offshore wind farm power export systems on zero-missing phenomenon and switching overvoltages. These analyses are supported by simulation cases mapping the case of the Polish power system. The results of the presented analysis are very important in light of a dynamic development of offshore wind farms and may be utilized by designers of power export systems, and can mitigate the significant risks occurring in such systems during energization cable lines.

Prevention of corruption in the acts of the national police of Ukraine: administrative and legal dimension

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the existing issue of preventing corruption among police officers is not only a problem of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, but also a national issue, in particular. The purpose of the article is to analyze the typology of corruption in the bodies of the National Police of Ukraine. In the context of scientific intelligence, a number of general scientific and sectoral methods are applied, in particular, the method of analysis, synthesis, historical and logical, dialectical, historical and synergistic, systemic methods. It is noted that corruption in police bodies is a phenomenon that poses a risk not only to established members of the structural divisions of law enforcement agencies, but also to one that, in its individual content, exerts a negative influence on the breakdown of social relations, the breakdown of the state, which presents individual rights as such on the dominance of the doctrines of the rule of law, equality of all before the law, which are characteristic of a democratic legal state. The article states that the prevention of corruption in the ranks of law enforcement officers is a component of the state’s general anti-corruption policy, which correlates with the state’s intentions to prevent this negative phenomenon, includes its own strategy for the development of public and legal relations regarding the neutralization or localization of the actions of officials of the NP of Ukraine (factors ) corruption and consequential influence with the support of the congruence of the legal toolkit in order to achieve the set goal, which is established in the field of implementation of the tasks set before it by the National Police of Ukraine. At the same time, an important factor in preventing corruption offenses among police officers is the growth of their civic consciousness. Attention was drawn to the fact that corruption offenses among police officers are an extremely dangerous phenomenon, which, unfortunately, is characteristic of foreign police officers as well. It is noted that corruption can be overcome under circumstances when each police officer will feel a direct responsibility for the fulfillment of a common desire - the formation of a police that is actually independent from corruption. It is noted that a significant number of foreign countries managed to form a modern effective mechanism for preventing corruption offenses among police officers. Considering the European choice of our state, there is a definite need to develop and implement an innovative anti­corruption policy taking into account the positive factors of the existing international experience.

Degree of Impact of Applying Environmental Cost Accounting on Tax Revenues from Oil Companies Operating in Iraq

Protecting the environment and its natural resources is an issue of great importance at the local and global levels. The phenomenon of environmental pollution resulting from the work of oil companies is one of the dangerous phenomena facing the environment in Iraq in general, and the environment of Kirkuk Governorate in particular, as the latter is considered one of the governorates rich in mineral resources, especially oil, as it contains six oil fields, and it contains the largest oil field in Iraq. Estimates indicate that it produces (40%) of the total Iraqi oil, so it suffers from a significant increase in the proportions of toxic and environmentally polluting gases resulting from the work of these companies in it. The work of oil companies from exploration, extraction and refining oil will naturally result in the emission of many gases that are highly toxic, dangerous and harmful to human health. The most important of these gases are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbon compounds, hydrogen sulfide and other gases that pollute the environment, which has resulted in the spread and increase in the number of patients with respiratory diseases in a clear and increasing manner in the governorate. This increase in environmental costs falls on society as a whole, so it was necessary to identify and measure environmental costs from the society’s point of view and work to re-charge them to oil companies by applying the environmental tax.

‘That Kind of Role Models it!’ Dynamics of Intergenerational Reinforcement and Disruption of Stigma Towards People Who Use Drugs

Background Stigma towards people who use drugs (PWUD) is a dangerous phenomenon with far-reaching effects. Research shows that parents play a powerful role in the shaping of their children's views of people with mental illness, but no similar research exists to investigate the shaping of views towards PWUD. This qualitative study explores dynamics of intergenerational reinforcement and disruption of stigma towards PWUD. Methods Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with eight people split equally into two categories: 1) Participant-children: people between 18 and 30 and 2) Participant-parents: people of any age with experience as a parent of a child. Participants had some experience of using drugs or alcohol, but this was not a criterion for selection. Interviews elucidated the influence of parents’ views, opinions, narratives, discussions, and disclosures on views towards PWUD. Interviews included questions about stigma and its intergenerational development. Grounded theory was used to analyze the data. Results Three major themes in theory development were elicited for their role in the reinforcement and disruption of stigma towards PWUD: 1) conflation of drug use with other stigmatized characteristics; 2) the telling of stories around problematic drug use; and 3) the use of secrecy or disclosure of personal drug use. Conclusion The results of the study provide an understanding of the dynamics of stigma reinforcement and disruption. Each of the actions described in the themes can work towards either reinforcing or disrupting stigma.

Solar Alpha Particle Radiation Increases Human Mortality – Examples from the Neoplasms Mortality in the Europe and Mediterranean

A dangerous phenomenon for humanity is described. In the joint analysis of data from satellites in orbit around the Earth and from the health statistics source EUROSTAT, it became clear that, by some mechanism, flows of positively charged particles with high energy entering the Earth's orbit increase mortality on the planet's surface. The increase in mortality is in a band of maximum risk in the Northern Hemisphere, parallel to the Equator and bounded by the parallels of 30° and 50° north latitude. Examples are given for the European Union mortality from neoplasms, confirming the described phenomenon. A hypothetical mechanism based on observational evidence has been proposed, according to which this dangerous phenomenon is due to solar alpha particles of high energy sufficient to overcome the atmosphere's resistance and reach the Earth's surface in a limited area of maximum death impact.

Experimental studies on mechanism whereby premixed chamber length and equivalence ratio collaboratively influence self‐excited thermoacoustic instability

AbstractSelf‐excited thermoacoustic instability (SETAI) is a dangerous phenomenon in combustion equipment. While it is widely acknowledged that SETAI behavior is determined by the couple between pressure and heat release oscillation, their phase difference is difficult to predict, which impedes the development of SETAI control technology. With the aim of passive control technology development, this paper conducted experiment on a premixed hedge combustor to explore the mechanism whereby premixed chamber length (LP) and equivalence ratio (φ) collaboratively influence SETAI behavior. Results showed LP mainly affects the pressure mode shape within premixed chamber and consequently alters the phase difference between pressure and flowrate oscillation at combustion chamber inlet. Changing φ gives rise to different reaction time‐lag (τ), thus altering the phase difference between flowrate and reaction heat release oscillation. By introducing this flowrate oscillation, how LP and φ collaboratively determine phase difference between pressure oscillation and heat release oscillation was clarified. The mechanisms identified in this study are consistent with the emerging rationalization of the factors contributing to SETAI, and also provides better understanding on Rayleigh criterion and guidance for SETAI control. With further work on heat release and flow rate measurement, as well as the development on τ description, SETAI can be better predicted and controlled.

A Perspective of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Inhibitors to Overcome Drug-resistance in Breast Cancer Therapy.

The heterogeneous disease, breast cancer (BC), is a frequently detected cancer today, including hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive (HER2+), and triple-negative (ER-, PR-, HER2-) BC. Advanced endocrine therapies could improve about 85% HR+ BC patient survival. Still, 20% - 30% of cases of endocrine therapy resistance are observed. For all kinds of breast cancer, drug resistance is a common and dangerous phenomenon, comprised of two types: de novo resistance and acquired resistance (prolonged exposure). According to recent works of literature, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has become an emerging target for overcoming drug resistance in BC therapy due to its close association with tumour growth and resistance from current therapies. Activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was found to promote multidrug resistance by elevating drugs' outflow. The first orally active PI3K inhibitor, Alpelisib (BYL-719) in fulvestrant combination, was approved for treating HR+/ HER2- metastatic BC. Therefore, utilizing PI3K/mTOR/AKT inhibitors in combination with currently available strategies could be an optimistic approach to overcoming drug resistance and resensitizing drug-resistant tumor cells of BC. Here, in this perspective, BC cancer therapies related to drug resistance, the involvement of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in drug resistance and multi-drug resistance, and the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in getting rid of drug resistance have been illuminated.

Space Alpha Particle Fluxes Towards the Earth Increase Human Mortality. Is It Possible an Intervention of Non-Human Intelligence?

In the present work, a dangerous phenomenon for mankind is described, increasing mortality, mainly from the most deadly diseases on the planet – circulatory diseases, in particular ischemic heart diseases. In the joint analysis of data from satellites in orbit around the Earth and from the health statistics sources EUROSTAT and US medical statistics, it became clear that, by some mechanism, flows of positively charged particles with high energy entering the Earth's orbit increase human mortality, mainly from diseases of the circulatory system, but also from diseases of many other organs and systems of the human body. The circulatory disease mortality increase as a result of said alpha radiation is by an average of 5% to 15% in a zone of maximum risk in the Northern Hemisphere, parallel to the equator and bounded by the parallels of 30° and 50° north latitude. A hypothetical mechanism based on observational evidence has been proposed, according to which this dangerous phenomenon is due to solar alpha particles of high energy sufficient to overcome the resistance of the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface in a limited area of maximum death impact. The impact is most often short-lasting – for minutes, hours, or sometimes a few days. In the area with maximum risk, alpha particles have a detrimental effect on the human body. The area with maximum risk is limited in area and in time by two conditions 1. the path of the particles through the atmosphere to the Earth's surface is as short as possible (during the local culmination of the Sun, local noon) and 2. the direction of the incoming alpha particles coincides with the direction of the vector of geomagnetic induction at the point of maximum risk, where alpha particles are not affected by the deflecting force of the geomagnetic field. Such a coincidence between the culmination of the Sun, which changes during the year, and the direction of the geomagnetic induction vector, which is unchanged for a given point of observation, occurs twice a year for points with a geographical latitude of 30° – 50° N. Examples are given confirming the proposed mechanism of action. In the second part of the study, attention is paid to the nature of alpha particle streams reaching the Earth's orbit. In addition to those emitted by the Sun as a result of natural processes, there are also series of pulses lasting less than 5 minutes, with strict periodicity in the series day or week, with the same moment of registration of the pulses and coincidence of the pulses in the series by magnitude over extended time intervals, sometimes over the lifetime of the series from months to years. The alpha particles from each pulse in the series bombard the Earth's surface always in the same place. There are many such series, differing in time of recording and period, each of which is focused on a certain region of the Earth's surface. Such are, in particular, the series of pulses affecting the territory of the USA, Europe, and Central Asia. There is statistical confirmation in the US health statistics that the series of pulses affecting the country cause an increase in the mortality of ischemic heart disease by up to 5%. The lack of free access to detailed statistics on the cases of death in the other countries affected by the phenomenon does not allow a conclusion of the impact of the series of pulses of alpha particles on the health of their inhabitants. The strange characteristics of the mentioned series of pulses of alpha particles do not exclude the hypothesis that they are artificially generated from a non-human mind. The level of technological development of human civilization does not imply the possibility for it to generate such large-scale processes as the series of pulses of alpha particles, i.e. the highly developed non-human mind that generates them has nothing to do with human civilization. The series of pulses may be navigational signals causing unwitting casualties to humanity, but they may also be a form of murderous contact with a higher civilization that we have long sought, expecting only benefits after its realization, not suspecting that we live in this nightmarish contact indefinitely.

Связь отношения к читерству с социальными верованиями и предполагаемым отношением других у старшеклассников

<p>Academic dishonesty is a widespread but dangerous phenomenon, as it forms tolerance for fraud in other areas, including through tolerance of the dishonesty of others. The article is devoted to the analysis of the correlation between the subjective assessment of the permissibility of academic dishonesty and belief in a competitive world (BCW), the supposed assessment of peers and adults among schoolchildren, loyal and not loyal to dishonesty. It is considered both the attitude towards cheating itself (active dishonesty), as well as the message about the dishonesty of others and the refusal to help in dishonesty (passive dishonesty). 507 people were recruited for the research, 296 of them girls, aged from 13 to 18 years, average age of 15,6 (±1,38), who completed the questionnaire online. The level of BCW was measured using the questionnaire "Scale of belief in a competitive world, short version" by J. Dakkit adapted by O.A. Gulevich and colleagues. To assess the permissibility of cheating, were used vignettes, which described dishonest behavior and judgments about this behavior. Participants were supposed to assess them on a Likert scale from 1 to 9. Each type of dishonesty (cheating itself, reporting cheating and refusing to help with cheating) was represented by 3 vignettes. The results showed that the assessments of the admissibility of certain aspects of cheating are not related to each other and have a different structure of links with the BCW and the intended assessment of others. The results confirm the data on the greater complexity of honesty compared to dishonesty. For the disloyal, the permissibility of cheating is associated with more factors than for the loyal. Active dishonesty in loyal people is associated with prevalence, in disloyal people – with BCW and the opinion of parents.</p>

COMMERCE IN THE SHADOWS: EXPLORING DARK WEB BLACK MARKETS

In the twenty-first century, several negative moments have accompanied many positive technological progress events. With the development of the digital world, criminals with special knowledge – cybercriminals have become active and have developed many means in the depths of cyberspace, with the help of which they achieve their criminal and illegal goals. The presented paper aims to analyze in detail and in-depth the system and working principles of digital black markets created by cybercriminals on the dark side of the Internet. The paper also looks at what tools and products are available on the digital black market and why digital black markets are hazardous to operate successfully. The paper analyzes practical cases, legal studies, and other interdisciplinary studies to present the problems in the legal struggle against digital black markets as of the day it was written. The paper’s primary purpose is to show why the unimpeded functioning of digital black markets on the dark web is dangerous – both for the ordinary citizen and the state structures. In the final part of the article, based on the analysis of the processed literature and practical cases, recommendations will be presented, the use of which is of particular importance to make the legal fight against digital black markets successful and to prevent such a dangerous phenomenon as digital black markets from existing in any part of the digital world.

Convective Phenomenes in the Context of Meso-β-scale Convective Structures

This review article presents the results of radar studies of convective phenomena in Moldavia and the North Caucasus using Eulerian (ECS) and Lagrangian (LCS) coordinate systems. Application of the Lagrangian approach allowed us to exclude the influence of the tropospheric displacement and to obtain integral grid patterns of thunderstorm-hail processes. These structures are especially well manifested at small wind shears (up to 1 m/sec/km). At large shears, the mesh structures are transformed predominantly into linear structures. The methodology for obtaining integral pictures of radio echoes of thunderstorm processes is described. Intersections of linear elements, which we call faces, occur at nodes. The latter plays a particularly important role in the dynamics and kinematics of convective storms. The latter play a particularly important role in the dynamics and kinematics of convective storms. The development of storms occurs along the facets and at the nodes of meso-β-scale convective structures (MMCS), which explains the mechanisms of splitting and merging of storms: in the first case the facets diverge, in the second case they converge. The relations of motion vectors for different types of storms are obtained. It is shown that the direction of the radio echo canopy coincides with the storm motion trajectory; the evolution vector (propagation) for the most powerful storms deviates from the storm displacement direction by 80°–135°. The structure of the updated band within which the Flanking Line is formed for supercells and multicells is studied. Mnemonic rules have been derived that allow one to infer from instantaneous patterns of anvil orientation and the mutual location of storms whether they are converging or diverging, and to identify left- or right-moving storms. A hypothesis on the internal structure of the cold front of the 2nd kind is stated. The main conclusion of the work is that the evolution of storms is determined by the configuration of meso-β-scale convective structures. This explains various convective phenomena from unified positions. The results are applicable in works on modification of convective cloudiness, for ultra-short-term forecasts of dangerous phenomena, storm warnings of the population, rescue services, etc.

Analysis of Ferroresonance Mitigation Effectiveness in Auxiliary Power Systems of High-Voltage Substations

Ferroresonance in power networks is a dangerous phenomenon, which may result in overcurrents and overvoltages, causing damage to power equipment and the faulty operation of protection systems. For this reason, the possibility of the occurrence of ferroresonance has to be identified, and adequate methods need to be incorporated to eliminate or reduce its effects. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of ferroresonance damping in auxiliary power systems of high-voltage substations by selected damping devices. Laboratory experiments, the results of which created bases for the development of models of selected damping devices, are presented. These models were used to simulate the effectiveness of ferroresonance damping in an auxiliary power system of a 220/110 kV substation in the EMTP-ATP program. The analyses showed that control systems with different algorithms of operation are used in damping devices. This knowledge is important when selecting parameters and settings of the applied damping devices for a given network and the disturbances in it. The presented research results have proved the effectiveness of commercially available damping devices, provided their parameters are correctly coordinated with the settings of the power system protection.

INNOVATIVE TESTING STAND FOR CONTACT WITH FLAME - EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

One of the most important factors affecting the safety of firefighters is protection against heatwhile fighting a fire. Flame is considered the most dangerous phenomenon that can quickly causedamage to fire-resistant clothing and injury to a firefighter. The article presents testing methodsfor protective clothing. An innovative method of testing the impact of flame on protective clothingfabrics, developed at the State Fire Service Aspirants’ School in Krakow, was presented. The samplewas exposed to a flame from a burner powered by propane-butane gas. Temperature measurementswere executed with a thermal imaging camera Flir T430sc and K-type thermocouples, and thetime to reach the so-called pain threshold (temperature 60C) by a person wearing protectiveclothing. The tests were carried out on material samples of fabrics produced by ANDROPOL withreflective layers of nanocomposites applied and subjected to impregnation.

Comparison of stochastic stability boundaries for parametrically forced systems with application to ship rolling motion

Numerous accidents caused by parametric rolling have been reported on container ships and pure car carriers (PCCs). Considering this dangerous phenomenon, the parametric rolling in irregular seas is examined in this paper based on the stability of the systems origin, which corresponds to the upright condition of the vessel. It provides a novel theoretical explanation of the instability mechanism for two cases: white-noise parametric excitation and colored-noise parametric excitation. Moreover, the authors confirm the usefulness of the previously provided formulae by Roberts and Dostal by means of numerical examples.

Flood Risk Assessment for Better City Resilience; Case of The Bab El Oued Agglomeration, Algiers (Algeria)

The concept of natural risk represents a challenge to the economic and social development of a given territory, which leads to the adoption of a rational and studied approach to addressing the critical situation imposed by risks. Flooding is one of the most dangerous phenomena, capable of causing enormous damage to life, the economy, and the environment. The locality of Bab el Oued experienced a painful episode in its history in terms of flood damage during the year 2001. The risk in this locality is classified as very high, which implies that it is necessary to continuously reassess preventive measures and disaster management strategies if flooding occurs. This should be based on both natural and human factors, making risk a devastating reality and a constraint on sustainable development. Through this article, attempts have been made to find intelligent solutions for flood disaster management in the highly threatened neighbourhood of Bab El Oued within the framework of current legislation and regulations, following a likely scenario.

Solar Alpha Particle Radiation Increases Human Mortality – an example from the HIV disease mortality in the European Union

A dangerous phenomenon for humanity is described. In the joint analysis of data from satellites in orbit around the Earth and from the health statistics source EUROSTAT, it became clear that, by some mechanism, flows of positively charged particles with high energy entering the Earth's orbit increase mortality on the planet's surface. The increase in mortality is in a zone of maximum risk in the Northern Hemisphere, parallel to the equator and bounded by the parallels of 30° and 50° north latitude. Examples are given for the European Union mortality from HIV disease confirming the described phenomenon. A hypothetical mechanism based on observational evidence has been proposed, according to which this dangerous phenomenon is due to solar alpha particles of high energy sufficient to overcome the atmosphere's resistance and reach the Earth's surface in a limited area of maximum death impact.

Lahar events in the last 2000 years from Vesuvius eruptions – Part 1: Distribution and impact on densely inhabited territory estimated from field data analysis

Abstract. Lahars represent some of the most dangerous phenomena in volcanic areas for their destructive power, causing dramatic changes in the landscape with no premonitory signs and impacting the population and infrastructure. In this regard, the Campanian Plain turns out to be very prone to the development of these phenomena, since the slopes of the Somma–Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei volcanoes, along with the Apennine reliefs, are mantled by pyroclastic deposits that can be easily remobilized, especially after intense and/or prolonged rainfall. This study focuses on the analysis of pyroclastic fall and flow deposits and of the syn- and post-eruptive lahar deposits related to two sub-Plinian eruptions of Vesuvius in 472 CE (Pollena) and 1631. To begin with, historical and field data from the existing literature and from hundreds of outcrops were collected and organized into a database, which was integrated with several new pieces of data. In particular, stratigraphic, sedimentological (facies analysis and laboratory), and archeological analyses were carried out, in addition to rock magnetic investigations and impact parameter calculations. The new data are also referenced to the finding of ash beds in more distal areas, which were included in new isopach maps for the two sub-Plinian eruptions. The results show that for both eruptions the distribution of the primary deposits is wider than previously known. A consequence of these results is that a wider areal impact should be expected in terms of civil protection, as the sub-Plinian scenario is the reference one for a future large eruption of Vesuvius. Such a distribution of the pyroclastic deposits directly affects the one of the lahar deposits, also because a significant remobilization took place during and after the studied eruptions, which involved distal phreatomagmatic ash. From these integrated analyses, it was possible to constrain the timing of the deposition and the kind of deposits remobilized (pyroclastic fall vs. flow), and it was possible to calculate the velocities and dynamic pressures of the lahars and ultimately infer the lahar transport and emplacement mechanisms. The multidisciplinary approach adopted in this work shows how it is crucial to assess the impact of lahars in densely populated areas even at distances of several to tens of kilometers from active volcanoes. This especially applies to large parts of the densely populated areas around Somma–Vesuvius up to the nearby Apennine valleys.

Solar Alpha Particle Radiation Increases Human Mortality – An Example from the Ischemic Heart Diseases mortality in the European Union

A dangerous phenomenon for humanity is described. In the joint analysis of data from satellites in orbit around the Earth and from the health statistics source EUROSTAT, it became clear that, by some mechanism, flows of positively charged particles with high energy entering the Earth's orbit increase mortality on the planet's surface. The increase in mortality is in a zone of maximum risk in the Northern Hemisphere, parallel to the Equator and bounded by the parallels of 30° and 50° north latitude. Examples are given for the European Union mortality from Ischemic heart diseases confirming the described phenomenon. A hypothetical mechanism based on observational evidence has been proposed, according to which this dangerous phenomenon is due to solar alpha particles of high energy sufficient to overcome the atmosphere's resistance and reach the Earth's surface in a limited area of maximum death impact.