Dangerous Infectious Diseases Research Articles

The science of microbiology: black and white

The article provides information about outstanding scientists who selflessly fought against the causative agents of the most dangerous infectious diseases over the centuries of human existence. The contribution to the fight against epidemics of Russian and Soviet scientists is shown, who experimented with self-infection on themselves, testing new vaccines and methods of nonspecific prevention of severe infections.

Epidemiological situation of natural focal infections in the Volgograd region in 2023

Objective: analysis of epizootiological and epidemiological aspects of natural focal infections, namely plague, tularemia, HFRS, West Nile fever, Crimean hemorrhagic fever, Ixodic tick-borne borreliosis, Cu fever, leptospirosis and rabies, in the Volgograd region over 10 months in 2023.Materials and methods: the article analyzes the epidemiological manifestations of natural focal infections (NFI) in the Volgograd region for 10 months of 2023. The work uses official statistical data from institutions of Rospotrebnadzor of the Volgograd region on NFI for 2023. The main research method is epidemiological analysis.Results: the numbers of small mammals, potential carriers of NFI, on the territory of the Volgograd region in the 2023 season were within the same indicators of the previous year (SIPY), while the number of ticks in the spring-summer period was higher than the SIPY, but in the fall the number of arthropods in stationary points was lower than in previous seasons. The number of mosquitoes carrying arbovirus infections exceeded the long-term average. When studying environmental objects for the presence of markers of NFI pathogens, a slight decrease in the proportion of positive samples was noted compared to SIPY for all nosological forms. Over the 10 months of this year, there has been a deterioration in the epidemiological situation in the Volgograd region for several infections compared to the same period in 2022. There were 18 cases of West Nile fever (WNF), 10 cases of ixodid tick-borne borreliosis (ITB), and 6 cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). No patients with plague, tularemia, rabies, leptospirosis, Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF) and Q fever were identified.Conclusion: the presence of natural foci of dangerous infectious diseases of varying degrees of activity on the territory of the Volgograd region requires constant monitoring and an adequate response to changes in the foci in order to prevent complications of the epidemiological situation due to NFI.

Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes ricinus collected from dogs in eastern Poland

Abstract Introduction Ixodes ricinus ticks are an important vector and reservoir of pathogenic microorganisms causing dangerous infectious diseases in humans and animals. The presence of ticks in urban greenery is a particularly important public health concern due to the potential for humans and companion animals to be exposed to tick-borne diseases there. The study assessed the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in I. ricinus ticks feeding on dogs. Material and Methods The study consisted in analyses of I. ricinus ticks collected in 2018–2020 from owned and stray dogs in the north-eastern part of Lubelskie province (eastern Poland). An AmpliSens PCR kit was used for qualitative detection and differentiation of tick-borne infections. Results Infections of B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum were detected in 10.9% and 12.9% of the examined ticks, respectively. One tick (0.7%) was co-infected by both pathogens. Infection with B. burgdorferi was significantly more highly prevalent in ticks collected from the owned dogs than from the strays (18.7% and 2.8%, respectively), whereas the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum was similar in both groups (12.0% and 13.9%, respectively). Conclusion The co-infection observed in the study suggests the possibility of simultaneous infection by both pathogens from a single tick bite. The presence of pathogens in ticks collected from dogs is a factor in assessing infection risk not only to companion animals but also to their owners, who are in close contact with their dogs and visit the same green areas recreationally.

Serological monitoring of actual natural focal infections in the Rostov Region (2020–2022)

Objective: to study the level of the immune layer of the population to pathogens of natural focal infectious diseases in order to establish the epidemic activity of natural foci of particularly dangerous infectious diseases in the Rostov region.Materials and methods: blood serums of healthy donors living in the administrative territories of the region were collected in the period from 2020 to 2022. Specific antibodies in blood sera were determined by the ELISA method. Serum specific IgG class immunoglobulins were used as a serological marker of the transmitted infection.Results: IgG to the Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus was not detected in 2020. In 2021, the share of seropositive results was 0.7%, in 2022 — 2.0%. The proportion of IgG to West Nile virus in 2020 was 8.7%, in 2021 — 9.9%, in 2022 — 12.4%. Serological testing revealed an immune layer to ixodic tick–borne borreliosis in 2020–2022: 3.1%, 2.6% and 2.0%, respectively. Antibodies to hantaviruses, pathogens of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the blood of residents of the region in 2020 were found in 7.0% of samples, in 2021 — 4.5%, in 2022 — 7.1%. The share of positive samples in the study for Ku fever in 2022 was 2.3%. Conclusion: Seropositive samples were detected for all studied natural focal infections. The greatest variety of natural focal infections confirmed by serological monitoring data was detected in cities (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Zernograd, Kamensk-Shakhtinsky) and districts of RO (Salsky, Neklinovsky, Remontnensky).Conclusion. The results of the serological monitoring made it possible to identify the circulation of pathogens of KGL, LZN, ICB, Ku fever, hantaviruses in the territory of two districts of the region. The detection of specific antibodies in the blood sera of healthy donors indicates the epidemic activity of natural foci. Also, a comprehensive study of healthy donors expanded the understanding of the area of the most relevant natural focal infections such as (KGL, LZN, ICB), and less frequently registered at present (HFRS and Ku fever).

Effectiveness of A Web-Based Course on Vaccination Competence in Higher Education: The Eduvac Erasmus+ Project

Immunization is a highly cost-effective investment in health, proven to be an effective tool in controlling and eliminating dangerous infectious diseases. Health science students require evidence-based knowledge to tackle challenges in healthcare, particularly in the field of vaccination. 
 
 The aim of the current study is to asses students’ knowledge on vaccinations and further explore their feedback after attending Educating Vaccination Competence web-based course (EDUVAC web-based course). 
 
 Students from five Higher Educational Institutes voluntarily participated in the EDUVAC web-based course. The course provided various study materials, including PowerPoint presentations, videos, quizzes, texts, and references to reputable websites. It also offered small assignments and self-tests for self-evaluation. An online questionnaire was available to students before and after they completed the EDUVAC web-based course. 
 
 The mean knowledge score on vaccines increased significantly after the EDUVAC web-based course (p<0.001). The majority of the students (95%) felt that the web-based course has benefitted them for their future career and 96.4% would encourage other students to attend the EDUVAC web-based course. Overall, our findings suggest that EDUVAC is a valuable resource for those seeking to enhance their understanding of vaccination.

Predictors of hospital nursing staff’s adherence to safe injection guidelines: application of the protection motivation theory in Fars province, Iran

BackgroundNeedle stick injuries (NSI) can lead to dangerous infectious diseases for health care workers. This study aimed to determine the predictors of observance of safe injection guidelines in hospital nursing staff, based on protection motivation theory.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on the nursing staff of five randomly selected teaching and general hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars province, Iran, in 2021. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire which was developed based on protection motivation theory. Data were processed and analyzed using SPSS 22 and Amos 24 at a significance level of < 0.05. Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Multiple linear regression, and Structural Equation Modeling were used.ResultsThe mean age of the participants (No = 280) was 32.5 ± 8.09 years. Most of the participants [80%] had encountered NSI, patients’ blood, or body fluids at least once. Protection motivation was the only predictor of protective behaviors (β = 0.573), while perceived efficacy (β = 0.142) and perceived rewards (β = -0.229) were the strongest predictors of motivation. The structural equation modeling analysis showed that standardized total effects of protection motivation, perceived response costs, rewards, and efficacy on the protective behaviors were 0.573, -0.159, -.104, and 0.81, respectively. While standardized total effects of perceived rewards, efficacy, and response cost on protection motivation were -0.229, 0.142, and -0.033, respectively. The model fit indices indicated the acceptable final model fit.ConclusionThe results suggest that perceived efficacy, perceived effectiveness, and perceived rewards were the most important predictors of adherence to Safe Injection Guidelines in nursing staff.

Dangerous bacterial infections of farm animals in Russia and the Tyumen region

In the 21st century, there is a clear trend of growth in quantitative and qualitative indicators of Russian animal husbandry. The Tyumen region is distinguished by the sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex. In conditions of intensive development of animal husbandry in Russia and the Tyumen region, it is of particular importance to preserve the health of livestock at enterprises and in private subsidiary farms. The article examines particularly dangerous bacterial infectious diseases of farm animals. Such diseases include anthrax, tuberculosis, brucellosis and leptospirosis. The main epidemic characteristics in dynamics over the past five years, including the incidence of animals and the spread of infections in Russia and the Tyumen region, have been analyzed, peaks in morbidity and main trends have been identified. Brief characteristics of diseases are presented, the main preventive measures and measures provided for by legislation are analyzed.

Методичне забезпечення оцінки якості нефінансової звітності підприємств

Introduction. Currently, the task of harmonizing domestic legislation in the field of accounting and reporting with the directive requirements of the EU has arisen, in particular in terms of conceptual and terminological differences, the mechanism for collecting and processing data from non-financial reports of enterprises and the lack of a proper system for ensuring their quality. Problem Statement. The existence of a wide variety of approaches to the preparation of non-financial reporting by enterprises ,on the one hand , and the lack of regulation in domestic legislation of approaches to disclosure of information on sustainable development by business entities lead to a decrease in the quality of reporting data (comparability, transparency, reliability), on the other hand. The purpose is to scientifically substantiate the methodological tools for assessing the quality of non-financial reporting of enterprises. Methods: bibliographic analysis, graphical method as well as analysis and synthesis methods were used. Results. In the context of the development of the concept of quality of non-financial reporting and its reflection in regulatory documents of various levels, it has been identified that, despite the global level of its distribution, there is currently no clear understanding of the definition of quality of non-financial reporting as the basis for building a system for its assessment. The authors have developed the conceptual and categorical apparatus in the studied area by formulating a definition of the concept of “quality of non-financial reporting”. Conclusions. The paper proposes a draft Methodology for entities’ non-financial reporting quality assessment with regard to disclosure of information to justify the provision of state support to overcome the consequences of the pandemic of particularly dangerous infectious diseases (draft Methodology) is an attempt to solve it. The document is based on internationally recognised standards for corporate sustainability disclosures: IFRS S1 “General Requirements for Disclosure of Sustainability-related Financial Information”; IFRS S2 “Climate-related Disclosures”; European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS 1 “General Principles”). The draft Methodology proposed in this paper includes three sections: General provisions; Procedure for assessing the quality of non-financial reporting; Organisation of the quality assessment of non-financial reporting at the enterprise.

New prospects in the treatment of HIV infection: results of clinical trials of drugs

HIV infection is one of the most dangerous and widespread infectious diseases in the world. According to the latest update from the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, as of 2021, the number of people living with HIV infection was 38.4 million, and the number of new infections reached 1.5 million. [1] In Russia, according to Rosstat, the incidence of HIV infection increased by more than 20 % in January 2023, compared to January 2022. This means that the problem of HIV infection is still relevant, and additional efforts are required to combat this disease. Due to the development of medicine and pharmacology, new prospects have now emerged in the treatment of HIV infections. This paper examines the results of clinical trials of drugs that open up new opportunities in the fight against HIV infection. The authors set out to examine the latest advances in the treatment of HIV infection based on the results of clinical drug trials over the past 5 years.

Population health as a component of public security: the experience of the European Union and Ukraine

The scientific article, taking into account the original concept of public safety, examines the European experience and domestic approaches to public health protection in a comprehensive, risk-oriented and preventive mode. The urgency of the investigated issues is shown not only in national, but also in international dimensions. The EU initiative on health security (2020-2025), which aims to create a regional workforce responsible for the prevention and control of infectious disease challenges and strengthen regional cooperation to overcome cross-border health security threats, has been positively evaluated. It is established that the outbreak of COVID-19 in the world has created new "opportunities" for organized criminal groups, given that law enforcement agencies are actively involved in resolving crisis situations in order to reduce the further spread of viral infection.&#x0D; From the standpoint of legal comparative analyses, the Ukrainian approach to public health protection within the national public safety program is highlighted. In particular, in Ukraine, the sphere of public security includes relations related to compliance with quarantine rules and the fight against particularly dangerous infectious diseases and epidemics. It was noted that the task of the Ukrainian authorities in the context of countering the spread and consequences of the corona crisis was not only the introduction of administrative and strengthening of criminal liability, but also the introduction at the local level of clear and specific rules of conduct during quarantine and timely and full communication of their content to the population.&#x0D; It is emphasized that the duty of citizens during large-scale threats to health is to strictly comply with regulations and requirements of competent authorities. It was determined that this directly depends, first of all, on the clear interaction of such state institutions as the bodies of the National Police, the State Emergency Service, the National Guard, local self-government bodies, communal enterprises, health care institutions, transport, human rights organizations, public associations for the protection of law and order among themselves and with the public.

TO THE QUESTION OF THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION TO COUNTER THE THREAT OF THE SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

The article brought to the attention of the reader examines the history of the adoption and subsequent formation of a system of global international legal acts that ensured the formation of a modern international legal framework for the mechanism of countering, both by individual states and the world community as a whole, the spread of infectious diseases dangerous to life and health. Special attention is paid to a number of international legal acts in this area that have their effect at the level of any geographical region of the globe. The analysis of the international legal documents cited in the article allows us to formulate a number of conclusions showing the stages of evolution of the international legal regulation of combating the spread of infectious diseases: from the priority of the purely national economic interests of states to the declaration and consolidation in international documents of the legal obligations of states to ensure social equality in the implementation of the right to health. A significant stage in this evolution was the consequences of the Second World War and the tragic experience of totalitarian regimes that contributed to a qualitative leap in the development of the institution of human rights. In particular, in shaping the perception of the international obligations of states to counteract the spread of dangerous infectious diseases as a form of realization of the right to health. In conclusion, the author substantiates the need for the formation, as a natural continuation, of a new legal thinking aimed at perceiving the right to health as a global right “without state borders”.

Provision of sanitary standards by the gendarmerie railway police of the Russian Empire in the late XIX-early XX centuries.

The article is devoted to the reconstruction of the historical experience of the participation of gendarmerie police officers in ensuring sanitary order on the railways of the Russian Empire. The purpose of this article is to study measures to prevent the spread of dangerous infectious diseases taken by the railway gendarmerie, both in cooperation with medical and sanitary services, and independently. The object of the study is the historical experience of the official activities of the gendarmerie railway police of the Russian Empire. The subject is the role of gendarmes in ensuring sanitary standards on railways. Along with general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and concretization, the author used historical-systemic and historical-genetic research methods. The theoretical basis of the study, along with the published materials, were the office documents of the gendarmerie railway police, which are stored in the State Archives of the Russian Federation. It is concluded that the ranks of the gendarmerie railway police performed a significant role in ensuring sanitary standards by bypassing the entrusted sites, assisting doctors in veterinary examinations, inspections of premises for the detention of prisoners of war, preventing outbreaks of epidemics on the railways that would pose a threat to the health and life of the population on a global scale.

Experience in the treatment and prevention of cholera in the XIX century (based on reports and publications of doctors of the Saratov province)

The article is devoted to the study of medical practice and treatment methods used by Saratov doctors in the fight against cholera epidemics in the XIX century. The relevance of the study is determined by the increased interest of the broad strata of Russian society and representatives of government structures in the search for effective practices in the treatment and counteraction to the spread of dangerous infectious diseases (including cholera). Epidemics and pandemics of infectious diseases pose a serious potential danger to human life and health, as well as create increased risk and socio-economic threats to modern humanity. These challenges actualize the appeal to the chosen topic. This article discusses a multidimensional problem concerning the methods of treatment that doctors used in the fight against the terrifying and deadliest disease of that time – cholera. This problem is considered on the example of the cholera epidemics of 1847 and 1892 and the fight against them on the territory of the Saratov Volga region. The main research perspective is focused on the analysis of archival sources identified by the author – the diaries of Saratov doctors, on the pages of which they not only presented an official report to the provincial medical board, but also shared their experience in treating cholera patients. The results of the study allow us to conclude that as a result of many years of medical practice of city and county doctors of the Saratov province, as well as generalization of empirical materials based on their diary entries, optimal solutions for the prevention and control of cholera epidemics were developed, and at the same time, general methods of treating cholera patients were gradually formed in the XIX century. not only on the territory of the Saratov Volga region, but also throughout the country.

Case Report of Leprosy in the Russian Federation

A clinical case of leprosy diagnosis in a citizen of the Republic of Chad (lepra-endemic region), а 24 year old male, student is presented. In 2019 the patient received permission to stay in the Russian Federation for educational purposes, entered one of the federal universities, and studied in Moscow, living in a hostel. During these years, he applied to various clinics, complaining of skin rashes and other symptoms characteristic of leprosy, without the effect of the prescribed treatment. In 2023, after contacting the clinic of skin diseases of the First Moscow State Medical University named after I.I. I.M. Sechenov was first sent to the The Federal State Research Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology of the Ministry of Health of Russia with suspicion of leprosy.&#x0D; The results of clinical and laboratory studies including bacterioscopic examination of skin scarifications and pathohistological study of the skin confirmed the diagnosis: A30.5 Leprosy, multibacterial form, lepromatous type, active stage.&#x0D; This case presentation testifies to the lack of alertness regarding leprosy, especially among doctors conducting medical examinations of foreign citizens in order to obtain permission to stay in the Russian Federation, which may cause the spread of dangerous infectious diseases on the territory of the Russian Federation&#x0D; KEYWORDS&#x0D; Leprosy, bacterioscopic examination, epidemiological history, endemic region

The Automated Information System “Perimeter” is a Tool for the Modernization of Information and Technical Support of Sanitary and Quarantine Control

Sanitary and quarantine control (SQC) at the state border of the Russian Federation is the first barrier to the importation and subsequent spread of diseases on the territory of the country. Every year the number of registered outbreaks of infectious diseases in the countries of the world increases, which entails an increase in published information, some of which is unreliable and requires verification. At the same time, against the background of the development of international tourism, increase in passenger traffic, the risk of infectious diseases importation into the territory of Russia rises manifold, which creates the need for modernization of information and technical support of the SQC. In connection with the above, the aim of the work was to develop a scientifically substantiated system of informatization and digitalization of SQC, which resulted in the introduction of an automated risk assessment system as regards importation of dangerous infectious diseases (AIS “Perimeter”) at all sanitary-quarantine checkpoints (SQP). Materials and methods. The information system was created using the following software platforms: Laravel, VueJs. The official websites of the Ministries of Health of the respective countries, data from the official regional websites of WHO, regional centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), and data from the ProMED-mail system were used as sources of information on infectious morbidity in the countries of the world. Results and discussion. Implementation of AIS “Perimeter” has brought about the maximum possible efficiency in the targeted informing of SQP officials about the current epidemiological situation in the countries of the world; an effective tool for monitoring the situation at the federal level in real-time mode. It facilitates the work of SQP, staff related to conducting standard operational procedures, due to considerable decrease in the volume of routine activities to keep records. The proposed in the AIS expert risk assessment as regards importation of infectious diseases allows SQP employees, based on reliable information, to make timely decisions on the need to conduct SQC and exclude erroneous actions in the essential set of measures within the framework of SQC implementation, while minimizing subjectivity with respect to decision making.

Formation and Development of Organizational and Legal Foundations of Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of Russia

The article covers the formation and the most important stages of Rospotrebnadzor development. The period under consideration makes up 100 years: from 1922 till present days, during which the search for the most effective and optimal forms of the service activity organization was carried out. The article also analyzes the legal provision of sanitary-epidemiological service both in the process of formation and in the period of its reforming. As it is mentioned in the article, the State sanitary-and-epidemiologic supervision activity as a measure aimed at preventing and liquidating foci of infectious diseases, as well as improving sanitary condition in the country is considered to exist since the Decree of the Soviet of National Commissars of the RSFSR of September 15, 1922, “On sanitary bodies of the Republic” was issued. The pre-war period of the state work in the direction of sanitary provision of the country is characterized by the active construction of the system of centralized SES. After the Great Patriotic War the health care reform was carried out. Up to the collapse of the Soviet Union the specialists were creating vaccines against dangerous infectious diseases and developing the efficient rules of their control. The experience of Soviet medics is widely used today; in particular, it was Russian scientists who were the first in the world to create a vaccine against a new coronavirus infection. To combat the spread of COVID-19, a high-preparedness regime was developed and introduced, the results of which should be reflected in the Russian legal system in the future.

Changing the Epidemiology and Pattern of Hepatitis B and C in the South of Fars Province, Southern Iran: 2015 - 2021

Background: Hepatitis B and C are now recognized worldwide as dangerous infectious diseases which impose many physical and economic problems on individuals, families, and society. Objectives: This research was designed to demonstrate the trends of hepatitis B and C in the south of Fars province, southern Iran, from 2015 to 2021. Methods: The current research was a cross-sectional analytical study. All patients infected with hepatitis B and C from 2015 to mid-2021 were enrolled, and their information was registered in the health department of the Larestan Faculty of Medical Sciences. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to determine hepatitis B and C incidences. Results: A total of 306 cases of hepatitis B and 128 cases of hepatitis C were registered. The mean age of the individuals with hepatitis B was 40.15 ± 18.95 years, and that of those with hepatitis C was 45.12 ± 13.31 years. The overall incidence of hepatitis B and C was estimated at 18.44 and 7.71 per 100,000 population, respectively. The highest incidence of hepatitis B was observed, with 50.91 and 26.01 per 100,000 population in 2019 and 2018, respectively, and the lowest incidence was reported in 2016 (1.46 cases per 100,000 population). The highest incidence of hepatitis C, with 17.94 and 15.01 per 100,000 people, was reported in 2018 and 2019, respectively, and the lowest incidence (0.36 per 100,000 population) was in 2016. The finding of the Cochrane-Armitage trend test for both types of hepatitis B and C indicated that the trend of hepatitis incidence from 2015 to 2021 had significantly increased (P Trend &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: In general, the incidence of hepatitis B and C has increased significantly; therefore, it is necessary to implement preventive and control programs.

The Plague in Crete During the 19th Century.

The plague is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases that can affect mankind.The disease has caused countless pandemics over the centuries in many parts of the world, mainly Asia, Africa, and Europe, and has caused over 200 million deaths, making it one of the greatest scourges of mankind throughout the ages. Similar to the rest of Greece, Crete was affected for many years by the plague during the 19th century, which caused significant mortality, both in the cities and the countryside. The lack of doctors, the absence of organized health systems, the ignorance of the origin and modes of transmission, and the belief of the island's Muslim conquerors in destiny and God-given diseasesmade the spread of the plague very easy, while simultaneously making its control, with measures to protect public health, extremely difficult. This led to the repeated decimation of the island's population, with immeasurable social and economic consequences for its progression and future development.

The main groups of adjuvants and the prospects of their use for the specific prevention of particularly dangerous and other infectious diseases

The purpose of this review is to analyze scientific data on the adjuvant properties of substances of various origin and chemical nature (adjuvants) published in recent decades and to evaluate the effectiveness of their use in the vaccination against various infections, including particularly dangerous ones.&#x0D; The analysis of the literature data available in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, eLibrary databases, indicates that the search for new substances and drugs with the ability to enhance the immune response to antigens that are part of antibacterial and antiviral registered vaccines, as well as experimental preventive drugs, is an important and promising direction. The use of various substances and compounds as adjuvants enhances the immunogenic and protective properties of vaccines, reduces the antigenic load on the human body and causes a tense immune response in individuals with reduced functioning of immune system and in the elderly. When choosing an adjuvant, it is necessary to take into account the direction of its action on the formation of both local and systemic specific immune response, depending on the nature of the pathogen.

Complete Basic Immunization of Children 12-23 Months Based on Geographical Differences and Determinants of Utilization

Although immunization has been proven to be cost-effective in preventing dangerous infectious diseases, its complete utilization is not optimal. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the Complete Basic Immunization (CBI) coverage among children aged 12-23 months based on differences in geographical characteristics areas, and factors influencing its utilization. This was an analytic study conducted with a quantitative method and cross-sectional approach, and was carried out in 31 districts in Central Java Province, which were categorized into coastal and mountainous areas. The target population included all children aged 12-23 months, and a sample of 685 children was selected using a purposive sampling technique. The collected data were analyzed using independent t-test for numerical, and chi-square for categorical data. Based on the results, the CBI coverage did not differ between children living in coastal and mountainous areas, except for HB-0, BCG, and DPT/HB/HiB-1 immunizations which were significantly different. Furthermore, the mean score of attitudes, perceptions (about barriers, AEFI, multiple injections), information sources, motivation, and service satisfaction among children living in coastal areas were higher and proved to be significantly different from those living in mountainous areas. Access to healthcare facilities and their availability also emerged as a differentiating factor between the two areas. To improve CBI utilization, effective strategies include using appropriate communication, information, and socialization media, particularly through internet technology. These strategies should be integrated into Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) program, alongside improving access and immunization service systems.&#x0D;