Dangerous Spots Research Articles

시각장애인 유도 로봇의 자기 위치 추적 시스템 및 사용자 인터페이스 개발

시각 장애인용 유도 로봇을 안전하게 유도하기 위해서는 경로를 검색하기 위해 사용되는 전자지도가 섬세해야 하며 위험한 위치에 대한 정보를 가지고 있어야 한다. 또한 GPS와 INS에 의해 획득한 위치정보를 통하여 안전하면서도 빠른 최단 경로를 검색해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 시각 장애인의 인식 능력의 차이에 따라 시각 장애인에게 경로의 안내 및 위치정보만을 제공하는 이동경로 생성 및 확인을 위한 자기 위치 추적 시스템과 주변 환경정보인식 및 GPS 오차보정기능을 가진 유도로봇과 통합된 시각장애인용 전역항법시스템을 구현하였다. 이 시스템을 통하여 시각 장애인이 비교적 짧은 거리를 이동하고자 할 때 활용할 수 있으며, 실외 환경에서는 GPS의 보조 항법 시스템으로 위치의 보정을 할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. To guide the guiding robot for the visually impaired carefully, the digital map to be used to search a path must be detailed and has some information about dangerous spots. It also has to search not only safe but also short path through the position data by GPS and INS sensors. In this paper, as the difference of the ability that the visually unpaired can recognize, we have developed the localization tracking system so that it can make a movement path and verify position information, and the global navigation system for the visually impaired using the GPS and INS. This system can be used when the visually impaired move short path relatively. We had also verified that the system was able to correct the position as the assistant navigation system of the GPS on the outside.

An Investigation of Motorists' Perceptions of Trucks on the Highways

Abstract The logistic activity most visible to the general population is the presence of trucks transporting goods across the nation's highways. Transportation also represents the largest portion of total logistics costs and a large percentage of the problems. At times, these problems arise in the form of accidents, even tragedies, as trucks collide with automobiles. Car-truck accidents, though expensive, are an unfortunate cost of doing business and motorists' behaviors are out of the control of the transportation manager. Recently, the federal government and private industry have attempted to educate motorists concerning dangerous spots around trucks. Programs such as the Share the Road campaign, though mildly successful at directing behaviors of motorists near trucks, do not address motorists' perceptions of trucks—which may determine how they behave around the larger vehicles. This article is one of the first that directly examines motorists' perceptions of trucks on the highway and the effect these perceptions have on support for stricter safety regulation of the trucking industry. Based on a national random sample of U.S. motorists, these results suggest that the general U.S. driving population's perception of trucks is predominately negative, and these perceptions are significant predictors of support for stricter truck speed regulation.

An Investigation of Motorists' Perceptions of Trucks on the Highways

Abstract The logistic activity most visible to the general population is the presence of trucks transporting goods across the nation's highways. Transportation also represents the largest portion of total logistics costs and a large percentage of the problems. At times, these problems arise in the form of accidents, even tragedies, as trucks collide with automobiles. Car-truck accidents, though expensive, are an unfortunate cost of doing business and motorists' behaviors are out of the control of the transportation manager. Recently, the federal government and private industry have attempted to educate motorists concerning dangerous spots around trucks. Programs such as the Share the Road campaign, though mildly successful at directing behaviors of motorists near trucks, do not address motorists' perceptions of trucks—which may determine how they behave around the larger vehicles. This article is one of the first that directly examines motorists' perceptions of trucks on the highway and the effect these perceptions have on support for stricter safety regulation of the trucking industry. Based on a national random sample of U.S. motorists, these results suggest that the general U.S. driving population's perception of trucks is predominately negative, and these perceptions are significant predictors of support for stricter truck speed regulation.

Reducing MRSA

Hospital-acquired infections have rarely been out of the papers over the past year. I work in south London where our local acute trust was subjected to intense, ongoing publicity from a national tabloid newspaper about MRSA. This campaign raised concerns for patients needing to be admitted to the hospital and their relatives. In fact, this particular hospital is far from being the danger spot that the media suggested. The hospital has undertaken a structured and sustained programme to reduce hospital-aquired infections over a long period. As a result, it has one of the lowest rates for MRSA.

Penetrating Wounds of the Torso

Penetrating trauma is on the increase as a result of interpersonal violence throughout the world. It is essential that military surgeons are familiar with such injuries and trained not only...

New Historicism: Postmodern Historiography Between Narrativism and Heterology

In recent discussionsof the work of new historicist critics like Stephen Greenblatt and Louis Montrose, it has oftenbeen remarked that the theory of history underlying their reading practice closely resembles thatof postmodern historiographers like Hayden White and Frank Ankersmit. Taking off from onesuch remark, the aim of the present article is twofold. First, I intend to provide a theoretical basisfrom which to substantiate the idea that new historicism can indeed be taken to be the literary‐critical variant of what Frank Ankersmit has termed the “new historiography.” Inthe second half of the article, this theoretical foundation will serve as the starting point of afurther analysis of both the theory and practice of new historicism in terms of its distinctlypostmodern historiographical project. I will argue that in order to fully characterize the newhistoricist reading method, we do well to distinguish between two variants of postmodernhistoricism: a narrativist one (best represented in the work of Michel Foucault) and aheterological one (of which Michel de Certeau's writings serve as a supreme example). Abrief survey of the two methodological options associated with these variants (discursive versuspsychoanalytical) is followed by an analysis of the work of the central representative of newhistoricism, Stephen Greenblatt. While the significant use of historical anecdotes in his workleaves unresolved the question to which of either approaches Greenblatt belongs, the distinctiondoes serve a clear heuristic purpose. In both cases, it points to the dangerous spot where the newhistoricism threatens to fall prey to the evils of the traditional historicism against which it defineditself.

Seismic hazard maps for the U.K.

Past studies of seismic hazard in the U.K. that have used modern probabilistic methods of hazard assessment have been site-specific studies, mostly in connection with nuclear installations. There has been a need for general-purpose maps of seismic hazard to show relative variation of exposure within the U.K. and to give some guidance on absolute values. Such maps have now been produced, incorporating, for the first time, the wealth of new information on historical earthquakes in Britain that has been gathered over the last 15 years. The hazard calculations were undertaken using a new computer code based on the USGS program SEISRISK III, but incorporating a ‘logic tree’ approach to model variation in the input parameters (e.g. focal depth) or uncertainty in the formulation of the model (e.g. attenuation parameters). An innovative approach was taken to the formulation of seismic source zones, in which two overlapping models were employed. The first of these uses relatively broad source zones based loosely on an interpretation of seismicity and tectonics, while the second uses numerous small zones that reflect the locations of past significant earthquakes. This double approach (using the logic tree methodology) has the merit of both considering the general trend of earthquake activity as well as focusing in on known danger spots. The results show that the areas of highest hazard are western Scotland, north-western England and Wales, where the intensity with 90% probability of non-exceedance in 50 years is 6 EMS.

U.S.-India Tensions: Misperceptions on Nuclear Proliferation

Nonproliferation Treaty, that India is vulnerable to technology-denying efforts, and that it can be equated with its neigh bor, Pakistan. These perceptions take on added import because of the assumption by American policymakers that South Asia is the most dangerous nuclear hot spot. Implicitly, India's image also con tinues to be that of a revisionist state des tined to be at odds with the United States, a status quo global power. These are misperceptions that deserve atten tion, as only four months remain for con structive dialogue before the npt conference convenes to review the expir ing 30-year-old treaty. The npt has come to represent the core of U.S. nonproliferation efforts. The Clinton administration has promised to spare no effort to get an indefinite exten sion. The United States sees India's con tinuing opposition to signing what New Delhi considers an inherently discrimina tory npt as symptomatic of India's ten dency to obstruct global arms control efforts. This view, however, discounts India's numerous disarmament initiatives (in the United Nations and elsewhere) and its adherence to the principles that underlie the npt.

Vehicle Safety—a Review for 1993

The decreases in road accident casualties in Great Britain and other European countries should not obscure the likelihood that numbers will increase in the long term unless vehicle speeds are reduced at potential danger spots. There is also the need to take whatever safety measures are available. The Thirteenth International Experimental Safety Vehicles Conference in Paris at the end of 1991 provided an opportunity to review the technical progress that has recently been made towards improved vehicle safety measures. This paper attempts to review much of the work presented to the conference and to suggest the best way forward for many aspects of vehicle safety. These range from accident studies to developments in vehicle control and handling, protection for the legs of motorcyclists, the opportunity for introducing measures to protect pedestrians and the latest advances in the protection for car occupants. Overall the need is seen to develop vehicle safety measures rapidly to permit the introduction of environmental restrictions on vehicle fuel consumption and design without cancelling the advances being made in casualty reduction.

Pier Paolo Pasolini: Cinema as Heresy (review)

194Philosophy and Literature Pier Paolo Pasolini: Cinema as Heresy, by Naomi Greene; xiii & 249 pp. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990, $35.00. Pier Paolo Pasolini made a career of having many different, often warring identities. His mystical, lyric longings, his leftist, libertarian combats, his homosexuality and the self-loathing it often forced upon him made him a visible, often strident presence on the Italian intellectual scene. When he turned increasingly to the cinema, it was because, as Naomi Greene remarks early in this masterful study, he felt the medium allowed him, in his own words, "to reach life more completely. To appropriate it, to live it through recreating it" (p. 19). As the avowal intimates, this perennial outsider often felt removed, alienated from life. Film thus became an intensely personal matter for Pasolini, whose most fundamental conflicts were encoded in the difficult, provocative cinema he created over a prolific fourteen-year period. His multi-faceted, difficult work kept both public and critics off guard, for the only constant feature of Pasolini's cinema is its resdess need for change. In seven dense chapters, Greene charts the course of Pasolini's unpredictable evolution, beginning with a brief sketch of his youth. Acknowledging the autobiographical dimension of his cinema, she astutely suggests paradigms for its understanding in the fusion of his Catholicism, his Marxist allegiance to the downtrodden, and his expulsion from the Communist party in the wake of a traumatic homosexual scandal. This key incident had the immediate effect of forcing Pasolini to flee from his provincial Casarsa to Rome where, via scriptwriting for directors like Bolognini and Fellini, he finally came to film direction with Accatone in 1961 and Mamma Roma the following year. Greene demonstrates that these first works instandy set Pasolini apart as a director with a studied, intellectual involvement in the medium. He consciously breaks with the powerful tradition of neorealism, even though both works involve crafty reminiscences of fundamental neorealist themes. Instead, using Gramsci to reject orthodox Marxism, Pasolini takes his first steps towards a poetic and allegorical cinema that will still "call into question . . . political and historical tendencies" (p. 33). In subsequent chapters, and via close readings of films like // Vangelo secondo Matteo, Uccelhcci e Uccellini or Teorema, she emphasizes how Pasolini used cinema as a weapon for the "indictment of daily life" (pp. 84-86). But before studying the films of the late sixties and seventies, Greene pauses in chapter IV for an unusual entr'acte: she delves deeply into Pasolini's cinematic theories, showing that the theorist and the practitioner were never far apart in his work. Using the director's own extensive writings, and playing them off against theoretical tools like Bakhtin's dialogics, or the more recent positions ofGilles Deleuze, she defines Pasolini's originality in terms ofhis preoccupation Reviews195 with filmic discourse, and his often intuitive capacity to comprehend how cinema addresses desire, the unconscious, the body. The chapter makes for arduous reading, but the reward comes in the rigor with which Greene then approaches the myths and eroticism of the eight feature films Pasolini produced during the last ten years of his life. Paradoxically, they include some of his most successful commercial cinema, like The Decameron, as well as the bleak and forbidding Salò. Greene notes that Pasolini's "embrace of the 'danger spots' [Foucault] of sexuality and politics had always rendered him a figure of controversy" (p. 173). They were the fundamental features of an oppositional discourse that led him to the extremism ofSalò, and its repellent cruelties. But in her treatment of the most heretical aspects of Pasolini's cinema (a theme, incidentally, that she does not emphasize enough, despite her subtitle) Naomi Greene forces controversy into the background by listening sharply to the "radical and prophetic " (p. 223) voice that speaks through these films. Hearing that voice sends us back to this challenging cinema with renewed interest and many new questions . Skidmore CollegeJohn Anzalone Medieval Literary Theory and Criticism, c. 1100-c. 1375: The Commentary Tradition, edited by A. J. Minnis and A. B. Scott, with the assistance of David Wallace; xvi & 538 pp. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988, $145.00. Many literary criticism textbooks either ignore or devalue...

Volcanic plume thermal radiation: 1972 eruption of piton de la fournaise, Réunion Island

Using an infrared radiometer, the authors measured the infrared radiation emitted by the plume during the 1972 Piton de la Fournaise (Réunion Island) eruption in the 9.1- to 11.9-μm range. Eight histograms summarize twenty hours of continuous measurements and show a flux between 0.557 and 1.279 W/cm 2 with an average of 0.88 W/cm 2. The greatest number of events correspond to the flux emitted by lava fountains, while the high and rare flux values (4–6 W/cm 2) correspond to detonations of chemical explosions, probably of H 2 and O 2. After calibration in the laboratory on a reference black body and in the field by correlation with field observations, such a technique can be used to follow changes of volcanic activity in remote and dangerous spots. Information on the number of explosions, their magnitude, and the presence and relative significance of hot magma can be transmitted continuously to a safe place.

Population and Resources in Japan: A 1949 Forecast

In a recent article in this Review, Nathan Keyfitz argued that looking up and studying failed forecasts, however embarrassing these may be to the practitioner and to the profession, should be an important methodological tool in trying to understand how social processes work (Vol. 6, 1, pp. 62-63). Few topics provide more notable specimens of the clouded crystal ball than past prognoses on the population and resource problems faced by Japan. The paper reprinted below, an example of the genre, was presented at a conference in 1949 under the title Future adjustments of population to resources in (Modernization Programs in Relation to Human Resources and Population Problems, Milbank Memorial Fund, New York, 1950, pp. 142-153). Its author, Warren S. Thompson (1887-1973), a noted American demographer, was director of the Scripps Foundation for Research in Population Problems from 1922 to 1953. (A long-time student of the Far East, after World War II he also served briefly in Japan on the staff of General MacArthur as an advisor on census and population policy.) In a book published in 1930 (Danger Spots in World Population), Thompson posed the question: can Japan become a great manufacturing nation? His answer was a barely qualified no. Returning to this theme 20 years later his conclusions on Japan's economic propsects were no less pessimistic. In retrospect, it is easy to see where Thompson went wrong. He failed to foresee the productivity gains that were to be achieved by Japanese agriculture, exaggerated the importance of materials and mineral resources in industrial development, and greatly underestimated the qualities of the Japanese labor force and Japanese entrepreneurship and organizational ability. His crucial misjudgment, however, concerned the framework in which international economic relations were to be conducted in the years to come. Thompson

On the Theory of the Stress-Strain State in Adhesive Joints

Abstract The stress-strain state in adhesive joints is analyzed for normal stressing and an exact solution is obtained for the elastic-theory problem in these three-layer systems. The differential equations of equilibrium and boundary conditions are satisfied exactly or (on the surface where the stresses are given) integrally. The solution indicates that in addition to the tensile stresses codirectional with the external force field, stresses perpendicular to the latter (i.e. codirectional with the joint itself) are also produced: compressive in the adherend, tensile in the adhesive. In addition, tangential stresses are produced in the end zone of each layer, rendering this zone the most dangerous. The classical strength theory shows that the worst danger spot is the bulk of the adhesive rather than the interface. Failure criteria are obtained for the system in question, as well as conditions of strength equivalence of its components. The latter is effected by reducing the thickness of the adhesive layer as well as by regulating its physico-chemical characteristics

Fractures in children

In summary, fractures in children and the texture of children's bones are different, and the growth potentiality is great, so that considerable degrees of displacements and shortenings can be corrected in time. Even angulation up to 20 to 30 degrees can be expected to disappear, but rotation deformities are apt to remain. The fact that epiphyses are growth centers makes them danger spots to injury, particularly in the elbow where most exceptions to our general rules occur. Children's bones invariably heal, particularly the long tubular bones. Nonunion is very rare, except when plates or screws have been employed. General principles in the treatment of children's fractures need to be taught to laymen and physicians so that errors of treatment may be avoided.

A New Method for Determining the Dangerous Area for Cold Damage of Citrus Trees

In warm districts of Japan, we have a great many of citrus plantations. Recently, many planters in these districts are desirous to enlarge their orchards to increase their incomes.The local climate, however, is markedly various in each location even in a small area of just one orchard. Especially in winter the cold air subsides to the lower parts of the slope land, making such places very dangerous for citrus plantation because of cold damage. Therefore, when planters plan to make new citrus orchards, it is very important to choose suitable locations, especially to omit, in their planed location, all dangerous spots where cold damage may occur. Therefore, it will become an important problem for the planters to find such dangerous spots before planting citrus trees.The author offers a new method of determining dangerous spots for new plantations. The method is based on the following four factors:(1) return period at the nearest meteorological observatory, (2) the relationship of the low air temperatures between the investigating area in question and the observatory, (3) the critical minimum temperature limit, and(4) the distribution of low temperatures in the location.1. The return period of the minimum temperature in winter, which will happen once every 10 years, can be got from the statistics of the past 30 or more years at the observatory near the investigating location.2. The relationship of low temperatures between the observatory and the base station newly set up in the location may be obtained from the regression formula. This formula is made up from the minimum temperatures registered at the two stations on clear, calm nights during which the most cold damage usually occurs.In order to carry out this investigation, the minimum temperatures at the new base station built on the investigating location, have to be observed every day during the winter.3. The critical minimum temperature causing the cold damage will be decided through investigating both physiological and economical conditions in each prefecture in warm districts. The critical minimum temperature from a physiological point of view is shown to be -7°C, from the past records of investigations and experimental researches.4. The distribution of the minimum temperatures in the investigating location has to be got from the result of new observations on several clear and calm nights.To make clear this distribution, many new observation points must be set up around the entire area of the location. From these results the planters will be able to show some spots apt to be relatively colder than other spots on clear and calm nights in winter.Through the discussion of these results, some dangerous spots in the lacation may be pointed out.The author emphasizes, furthermore, that a more important fact is the pointing out of practical measures to improve microclimatological conditions at such dangerous spots, which make them safer by, for example, arranging some belts of hedges or woods on upper parts of the slope to change the cold air flow, or cutting them off on the lower parts to exhaust cold air accumulated there.It is very important, therefore, not only to point out the dangerous spots in the investigating location, but also to give practical ways and means for clearing away a so-called cold air pond to explain. how and why such cold air ponds are created.

Population Pressure and India's Five Year Plans

(1960). Population Pressure and India's Five Year Plans. Review of Social Economy: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 161-177.

Articles in Quaker Periodicals

Articles in Quaker Periodicals By Lyman W. Riley The American Friend The merging of Nebraska Central College, Central City, Nebraska, with William Penn College, Oskaloosa, Iowa, is the occasion for a brief review of the history of Nebraska Central, mentioning some of its benefactors , teachers, and alumni. The article is contributed by J. Evelynn Schutz.—Oct. 30, 1958, pp. 343-344. From the Journal of Negro History, January 1947, there is reprinted a letter from a Philadelphia Friend, Joseph Drinker, pleading for more racial justice on the part of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting.—Dec. 11, 1958, p. 396. The Friend Ruth G. Burtt gives a "Salute to Our Ancestors," which, unexpectedly, is a tribute to their artistic tastes. The article is a description of the household possessions of four Quaker families of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.—August 22, 1958, pp. 1062-1063. "The Lake Poets and Their Circle: Friendships Among Quakers" by Elsie Whitehurst describes briefly the relationships between Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Lamb and Friends Thomas Wilkinson, Charles and Robert Lloyd, the Savoury family of Pentonville, and Bernard Barton; also, Catherine Clarkson (wife of Thomas) , not a Friend but closely associated with the Society.-—August 22, 1958, pp. 1070-1072. For Beatrice Saxon Snell "A Buried Treasure" is a letter of Benjamin Cole of Reading, written from prison in 1675 to a minister in Reading. She quotes extensively from the letter, which defends the Quaker faith against its detractors and persecutors.—August 29, 1958, pp. 1101-1102. Friends fournal Letter from the Past No. 172 is called "Frustration in Site Seeking." It gives references to sources in a long controversy over the identification of John Woolman's two houses in Mt. Holly, N. J. and prints in full a newspaper item of 1883 which reports the burning of one of them in that year. It concludes, however, that the identification still "adds up to a big question mark."—June 28, 1958, pp. 411-412. A full note on the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the building of Byberry Meetinghouse, Philadelphia, contains much information about the Meeting's history.—June 28, 1958, pp. 413-414. Louise Osgood Koopman writes delightful anecdotes of her "Visits to Whittier and Amesbury Meeting" in the early 1870's.—July 12, 1958, pp. 427-428. 79 80Bulletin of Friends Historical Association A note on Paul Cuffee (1759-1817) by Zephaniah W. Pease is an excerpt from a pamphlet on Dartmouth, Mass., history published in 1932. —July 12, 1958, p. 429. Two of the greatest figures in English history, one in politics, the other in religion, happened to be contemporaries and met each other several times. Letter from the Past No. 174 comments on Oliver Cromwell and George Fox, and suggests that Friends need a new and somewhat more sympathetic understanding of Cromwell.—November 8, 1958, pp. 646-647. The Friends' Quarterly Robert C. Taylor writes of his great-great-grandfather, Henry Taylor (1737-1821), "A Quaker Seaman," describing some of his exciting adventures at sea and his determined efforts to have certain lights placed at danger spots along the coast of England. The article is based on Captain Taylor's Memoirs, published in 1811.—October 1958, pp. 170-176. Journal of the Friends' Historical Society In "James Nayler's 'Last Words' " Ormerod Greenwood presents evidence from pamphlets printed in 1660 which tends to show that the famous deathbed utterances were actually Nayler's, and that the longer version, based on a 1678 publication by Robert Rich, is the more likely one.—48 (1958), 199-203. Roger Thomas describes seven "Letters of William Penn and Richard Baxter," two of them unpublished. The letters were written in 1675 and refer to a debate between the two on October 5 of that year. Another letter is cited to point to the possibility of a meeting between the two during 1674.—48 (1958), 204-207. Isabel Ross writes of "A Newly-Found Quaker Friend of Wordsworth: William Bennett (1804-73)." She quotes from a manuscript by Bennett that tells of visits made to Wordsworth in 1846. It not only describes the poet's appearance and manner, but also records his comments on the Society of Friends.—48 (1958), 209...

Theoretical investigation of colored lenses for snow goggles.

Safe driving or skiing in the “arctic whiteout” depends frequently upon the early detection of crevasses, fissures, ditches, or other sudden changes of elevation in the snow field. It has been believed that there might exist a certain colored glass for snow goggles which would provide a better perception of dangerous spots in snow. However, no definite answer was available as to what color the lenses ought to be.The purpose of this paper is to investigate this problem from the theoretical point of view. It is found that compared with an essentially neutral glass none of the colored glasses ordinarily used in snow goggles improves the ability of the eye to detect sudden changes of elevation in a snow field. Even red glasses of extreme purity—which according to the present theory would be expected to give a maximum of improvement, are not significantly more effective than neutral glasses.

Danger Spots in the Pattern of American Security

Speculation about the future, particularly about the nature and character of the problems which Americans may have to face in foreign policy, is admittedly risky. It is particularly so at a time when international society is far from static and domestic policy in a score of states may at any moment directly influence and even fundamentally change the balance of power as it now exists. Nevertheless, such speculation can be justified. However effective present policy may be judged to be, few would be brash enough to assert that “we planned it that way.” Postwar American policy, in the main, has not been planned: it has consisted until very recently of a series of reactions to the diplomatic and military initiative exercised by the Soviet Union and its satellites. These reactions have created a current pattern of policy for the United States which contains more long-range commitments for this country than at any previous time in American history. Future policy obviously must operate within the limits established by these commitments. Yet these are fairly broad in character in many areas of the world and any one of a number of policies might be chosen. It is not too soon to begin to plan now for some of the problems the United States will face in the very near future.

Danger Spot of Europe

Danger Spot of Europe