Dander Research Articles

The Practice of Allergen Immunotherapy among Allergists in the Philippines

Background: Allergic conditions continue to increase globally. Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT) is a therapeutic option for allergic rhinitis and asthma. This treatment can alter the natural course of the disease and provide potential cure. In the early 1970s, allergists in the Philippines began using AIT, specifically Subcutaneous Immunotherapy (SCIT). Forty years later, Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT) was introduced. To date, there are still no published studies on the clinical practice of AIT among allergists in the Philippines. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the practice of allergen immunotherapy among allergists in the Philippines. Methodology: This cross-sectional study surveyed Filipino allergists in 2019. The survey consisted of a 15-point questionnaire administered to active members of the Philippine Society of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Results: Sixty allergists responded to the survey. Ninety percent of these allergists prescribed immunotherapy to their patients. Extracts used are mostly house dust mite, cockroach, grass, and animal dander. The subcutaneous route was the most frequently used (68.5%), followed by both subcutaneous and sublingual (27.8%), then sublingual alone (3.7%). Although 41 out of 60 (68.3%) allergists surveyed have not tried SLIT for their patients, these same allergists were open to the idea of using SLIT in the future. Conclusion: Despite difficulties in the procurement of AIT materials, Filipino allergists have been prescribing AIT for patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma as recommended by global guidelines. SCIT is more widely used than SLIT.

Analysis of the sensitization characteristics and changes trend of common allergens in a hospital of pediatric in Beijing City from 2019 to 2023

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the test results and changing trend of specific IgE (sIgE) for common allergens in children in the hospital from 2019 to 2023, so as to provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases in children. Methods: The test results of children who were admitted to Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University and underwent serum allergen sIgE quantitative detection (Immuno CAP system) from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2023 were retrospectively included. According to the allergen type, the allergens were divided into food allergens and inhaled allergens (dust mite group, mold group, animal dander group and pollen group). The trends in sIgE positive rates across different years, age-related differences, and monthly distribution characteristics were analyzed. Results: A total of 44 633 allergen sIgE quantitative test results were included in the study. Among them, 23 024 samples were tested for food allergen sIgE and 21 609 samples were tested for inhaled allergen sIgE. The positive rates of food allergens (egg white, milk, wheat, peanut, soybean, shrimp) sIgE increased year by year, and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=97.3, 78.9, 95.6, 122.4, 84.7, 24.5, P<0.001). The positive rate of inhaled allergen sIgE also increased year by year, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=36.2, 326.2, 432.2, 973.2, P<0.001). There were significant differences in the sensitization patterns of food and inhaled allergens among different age groups. The most common food allergen was egg white in infant group (<1 year old) (23.0%), milk in young children group (1-2 years old) (40.7%), and egg white in preschool group (3-6 years old) (28.8%). Peanut was the most common allergen in school-age group (7-12 years old) and adolescent group (13-18 years old) (16.9% and 14.1%, respectively). Among the inhaled allergens, animal dander (3.6%) was the most common allergen in the infant group (<1 year old), and mold (15.3%) was the most common allergen in the young child group (1-2 years old). The most common allergens in preschool group (3-6 years old), school-age group (7-12 years old) and adolescent group (13-18 years old) were pollen (39.7%, 53.0%, 53.5%). There were significant differences in the positive rates of inhaled allergens (dust mite, mold, animal dander, pollen) sIgE in the 12 months of 2023 (χ2=26.9, 26.7, 56.7, 55.5, P=0.005, 0.005,<0.001,<0.001). The positive rate of pollen sIgE was the highest, with peaks in April (54.8%) and September (60.5%). The positive rate of sIgE for molds peaks in June (46.4%). Conclusion: The trends in sIgE levels among children visiting Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, from 2019 to 2023, suggests to a certain extent that the prevalence of allergic diseases among children in Beijing City is increasing annually. There were significant age differences in sIgE sensitization patterns among children of different ages, and the distribution of sIgE positive rates for inhaled allergens was also different in different months. In clinical practice, the allergen test report is interpreted comprehensively according to the patient's medical history, age, visit month and other factors.

Different Aspects of COVID-19: "Stay at Home" Increased Cat and Mite Sensitivity in Preschool Children.

Indoor allergen exposure and senitization is expected to increase significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of this altered allergen exposure on allergen sensitivity patterns in children with asthma. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and laboratory findings of asthmatic children aged 5 years and younger were assessed May 2019 to May 2020, 1 year after the start of lockdown measures. Those asthmatic children were compared with age- and sex-matched asthmatic peers assessed before the pandemic. Group I included asthmatic children who underwent skin testing within 12 months of the start of the lockdown (n = 112), while Group II included asthmatic children whose skin testing was done before the lockdown (n = 224). A total of 336 preschool children diagnosed with asthma were evaluated. House dust mite (HDM) and animal dander (cat, dog) senitization rates were significantly higher in Group I than in Group II (66.1% vs. 42.9%; OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.6-4.1, p < 0.001 and 8.0% vs. 1.3%; OR: 6.4, CI: 1.7-24.2, p = 0.006, respectively). However, the number of asthma attacks requiring systemic corticosteroid treatment was higher in Group I than in Group II (p = 0.001). The duration of lockdown emerged as a significant risk factor for HDM senitization (p < 0.001, OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.6-4.1) and animal allergen senitization (p = 0.006, OR: 6.4, 95% CI: 1.7-27.3). During the pandemic, senitization to indoor allergens, including HDM and animal dander, increased significantly in asthmatic children. This may be attributed to changes in lifestyle, increased time spent indoors and increased pet ownership.

The role of sensitization to aeroallergens and its determination in children with asthma in Ukraine

Asthma is a very common respiratory disease in the world. In particular, asthma has a great impact on the health of children. In this study, the distribution of sensitization among children with asthma has been analyzed. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of sensitization among children with asthma in the Ukrainian population. Materials and methods. The study involved patients (n=98) with asthma aged from 12 to 18 years (median 6 (3;10)). During the examination, children underwent skin prick testing for common aeroallergens. A positive skin prick test was defined as a blister ≥3 mm in diameter after 15 minutes. Results. Among 98 patients, skin testing with aeroallergens showed a positive result in 76 (77.6%) people: 18 (18.4%) had positive skin testing for at least one allergen, and 58 (59.2%) had polysensitization. Among those sensitized children, 54 (55.1%) were sensitive to pollen allergens, 29 (29.6%) patients were sensitive to cats, 32 (32.6%) to dogs, 30 (30.6%) to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, 27 (27.6%) to Dermatophagoides farinae, and 10 (10.2%) to Alternaria. Conclusion. The most important inhalant allergens for patients with bronchial asthma are pollens (trees, grasses, and weeds), house dust mites, molds, and animal dander. Identifying causative allergens allows for monitoring allergy triggers and determining which asthma patients will be candidates for allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT). Today, most children with asthma do not receive ASIT because of the lack of awareness at the primary care level, a lack of testing for aeroallergen sensitization, and financial inaccessibility of examination and treatment in Ukraine. The study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethical Committee of these institutions. The informed consent of the children's parents was obtained for the research. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Hay Fever: Diagnosis and Management

Hay fever (allergic rhinitis) is a common condition with symptoms similar to those of a cold. It is an allergic reaction to environmental allergens such as pollens, dust mite, molds and animal dander. Avoiding allergic triggers and taking appropriate treatments are the best ways to reduce the frequency of hay fever symptoms.

SMAP: Design And Development Of A Sustainable Modular Air Purifier For Energy-Efficient Indoor Air Quality Management

This paper presents the design and development of the Sustainable Modular Air Purifier (SMAP), an innovative solution aimed at improving indoor air quality while minimizing energy consumption. The system features a modular architecture that allows for customizable and targeted air purification based on specific pollutants, including particulate matter, mold spores, and animal dander. Each module is equipped with specialized filters—high-efficiency particulate air, UV-C sterilization, and activated carbon—and operates selectively based on real-time air quality data from advanced sensors. This intelligent activation mechanism is aimed to reduce energy consumption, thus enhancing the system’s sustainability. Its modularity also allows for easy maintenance and adaptability to different indoor environments, making it scalable to a variety of use cases. Through a combination of energy-efficient components and a user-friendly interface, the SMAP ensures high purification efficiency and also contributes to the broader goal of environmental sustainability. The system’s performance, flexibility, and low energy footprint offer a promising solution for maintaining healthy indoor air quality in an environmentally responsible manner

Allergen Immunotherapy and Atopic Dermatitis: Updated Guidance

Atopic dermatitis (AD), also commonly referred to as atopic eczema, is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Research over the past 30 years has revealed that it affects approximately 13% of children and 7% of adults worldwide. Among the growing number of treatment options for AD, the role of allergy to aeroallergens, such as house dust mite (HDM) pollens or animal dander, in driving this condition has remained uncertain for a long time. Consequently, so too has been the therapeutic role of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) for AD. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma &amp; Immunology (AAAAI)/American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) Joint Task Force (JTF) on Practice Parameters recently updated their AD guidelines. This update included a systematic review of the effectiveness and safety of AIT, including subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) versus no AIT for patients with AD. This article summarizes the systematic review findings, guideline update, and future directions.

Allergic rhinitis – a review of current diagnostic and therapeutic methods

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disease characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa caused by exposure to allergens such as pollen, house dust mites, animal dander, and molds. Symptoms include sneezing, nasal itching, watery discharge, and nasal congestion, often associated with conjunctivitis. AR can significantly reduce patients' quality of life, affecting their ability to perform daily activities and causing sleep disturbances and fatigue. Diagnosis of AR is based on a past medical history, assessment of clinical symptoms, and allergy tests, such as skin tests, and measure of specific class E (IgE) immunoglobulins in blood serum level. Treatment includes allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy, and allergen immunotherapy. Antihistamines, intranasal glucocorticosteroids, cromones, and anti-leukotriene drugs are the basis of pharmacotherapy, helping to control symptoms and improve a patient's quality of life. Allergen immunotherapy, both subcutaneous and sublingual, is effective in modifying the course of the disease and reducing hypersensitivity to allergens. New therapeutic and diagnostic approaches, such as biomarkers and biologics, are under investigation and may offer more personalized and effective AR treatment in the future. A holistic approach to AR, including patient education and lifestyle modification, is crucial for long-term therapeutic success. The article aims to review current diagnostic and therapeutic methods used in AR.

ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS IN CHILDHOOD

Allergic conjunctivitis is an eye condition prevalent among children, characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva resulting from an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust, dust mites and animal dander. This disease is a manifestation of the immune system and causes symptoms such as intense itching, tearing, hyperemia and a sensation of a foreign body in the eyes. The management of allergic conjunctivitis ranges from simple measures, such as frequent eye washing and avoidance of allergens, to the use of medications such as antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers and topical corticosteroids. In childhood, the management of allergic conjunctivitis faces difficulties such as variability in response to treatment and the impossibility of completely avoiding exposure to allergens. The general objective of this study is to evaluate management strategies for allergic conjunctivitis in childhood, with an emphasis on the effectiveness of available treatments and the identification of factors that influence the response to treatment. Specific objectives include analyzing the effectiveness of different treatments, investigating the influence of environmental and individual factors on disease severity and recurrence, and discussing the management of allergic conjunctivitis. This study is relevant as appropriate management of allergic conjunctivitis can prevent complications and improve children’s well-being. Identifying factors that influence response to treatment can contribute to the development of more personalized and effective therapeutic approaches. Recent literature highlights the need to improve education of parents and caregivers about allergic conjunctivitis to ensure appropriate management of the disease. Studies show that understanding the immunological mechanisms underlying the disease is crucial for developing new therapies. Therefore, this research not only adds to scientific knowledge about childhood allergic conjunctivitis, but also provides valuable insights for clinical practice and health policy formulation.

Evaluation of Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin Level and Asthma Severity in Isolated Asthma in Comparison to Asthma with Allergic Comorbidity

Abstract Background Asthma and associated type 2 inflammation are observed in 50–70% of patients with asthma and eosinophilic inflammation is a common feature in many asthma patients, and is associated with a higher risk of a more severe disease. Esinophilic Derived Neurotoxin (EDN) it’s useful as a clinical biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of asthma. High levels of EDN have been observed in patients with asthma, with higher levels measured during asthma exacerbations than in those with stable asthma. Objective To compare the association of the level of Esinophilic Derived Neurotoxin and burden of asthma in patients with asthma with Allergic comorbidities such as rhinitis and / or eczema compared to patients with asthma alone. Methods A cross sectional study included 100 adult patients, 50 patients diagnosed as asthma according to GINA guidelines and 50 patients diagnosed as asthma with allergic comorbidity such as Allergic rhinitis and/or eczema were selected from those who presented to the Allergy and clinical immunology clinics at Ain Shams University Hospitals during the period between January to July 2022. Results 50% of the studied population had bronchial asthma alone while the remaining had asthma with allergic comorbidities with most of them had asthma with allergic rhinitis and Most of the patients with allergic rhinitis had mod/severe persistent AR. 77% of total patients had positive SPT and 23% had negative SPT. Most of the patients had positive result for dust mites (Dermatophagoides farina 35% and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 30%) followed by pollens (mugwort 27%, rye grass 26% and tobacco 13%) and Animal dander (horse hair 15%, sheep wool 14%, cat hair 13% and dog hair 12%). The Median (IQR) of absolute eosinophil count and total IgE were higher in patients with asthma with Allergic comorbidities [0.68 (0.58 – 0.83) cells/mm3 and 155 (120 – 350) IU/ml respectively] while patients with asthma alone were 0.25 (0.12 – 0.45) cells/mm3 and 68.5 (29 – 123) IU/ml respectively. Our study showed the Median (IQR) of Serum EDN level was higher in patients with asthma with Allergic comorbidities [34 (28 – 40) ng/ml] compared to the patients with asthma alone [15(11 – 18) ng/m]. The quality of life and asthma control test was poor in asthmatic patients with allergic comorbidities compared to patients with asthma alone. Conclusion Serum EDN, Absolute Eosinophilis and total IgE can be used as a marker of T2 inflammation of air ways as their levels were higher in asthma with Allergic comorbidities. Asthma with comorbidities has more symptom burden with poorer quality of life and lower asthma control test than asthma alone; with more concern to be taken for those patients with asthma comorbidities as they have more severe asthma and poorer quality of life

Evaluating allergic sensitization in pediatric patients: A cross-sectional multicentric analysis

Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The study aims to outline the allergic sensitization patterns among pediatric patients presenting with allergic manifestations in the allergy clinics of three Indian Armed Forces hospitals one each from North, West, and South India. It seeks to identify the common allergens affecting children aged 1–14 years who exhibit symptoms of allergic conditions. In addition, it evaluates the clinical manifestations associated with various allergen exposures and aims to provide valuable insights for personalized management and preventive strategies in managing allergic diseases. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving a detailed examination of children aged 1–14 years who presented with symptoms of allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma, eczema, and allergic conjunctivitis (AC). Skin prick tests were utilized to identify sensitization to common allergens including house dust mites (HDMs), pollens, spores, animal dander, and food allergens. RESULTS: The findings revealed that HDMs were the predominant allergens, followed by cockroach, mosquito, pollens, and animal dander. Clinical manifestations varied across different allergen exposures, with notable differences in the presentation of AR, asthma, eczema, and AC among the patients. CONCLUSION: This research underscores the importance of early diagnosis, targeted management, and preventive measures in mitigating the impact of allergies on children’s health. It highlights the necessity for healthcare providers in military settings to be aware of regional allergen patterns and adapt their clinical practices accordingly to improve patient outcomes.

Distributional Characteristics Analysis of Allergens in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis in Southern Fujian Province, China.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa. However, few studies focus on the distributional characteristics of allergens in AR patients in Southern Fujian Province, China. A skin prick test (SPT) was performed and eight common allergens including Dermatophagoides farinae (Df), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt), weeds, animal dander, molds, cockroaches, and mangoes were chosen. The positive reactions rate to the allergens was 65.79% in 6689 patients in Southern Fujian Province. Positive reactions to Df and Dpt had a negative association with age, whereas positive reactions to cockroach and weed had a positive association with age. A linear trend analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between positive reactions to various allergens from 2016 to 2019. Positive reactions to Df and Dpt were both correlated with the season. Positive reactions to Df, Dpt, cockroach and weed were related to disease duration and positive reactions to cockroach were correlated with city residence. Multivariate analysis revealed that male positive reactions gradually decreased with age (≤ 60), in contrast to female (≤ 60) positive reactions. Statistical difference was observed between the genders with regard to AR incidence from 2016 to 2019. The positive rate of skin tests was highest in summer in men, whereas in women it was lowest in summer. The gender composition ratios of positive cases in Xiamen, Zhangzhou, and Quanzhou cities differed significantly. The proportion of patients with positive reactions to the allergens in the three cities decreased with age. The highest proportions of patients with positive reactions all occurred during summer in the three cities. Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences in the age composition ratios across the seasons. This study analyzed the distributional characteristics of AR allergens in Southern Fujian Province, China. These findings will inform specific immunotherapy for AR patients.

Airborne indoor allergen serine proteases and their contribution to sensitisation and activation of innate immunity in allergic airway disease.

Common airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander and those from fungi and insects) are the main triggers of type I allergic disorder in the respiratory system and are associated with allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, as well as immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. These allergens promote IgE crosslinking, vasodilation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, mucosal barrier dysfunction, extracellular matrix deposition and smooth muscle spasm, which collectively cause remodelling of the airways. Fungus and insect (house dust mite and cockroaches) indoor allergens are particularly rich in proteases. Indeed, more than 40 different types of aeroallergen proteases, which have both IgE-neutralising and tissue-destructive activities, have been documented in the Allergen Nomenclature database. Of all the inhaled protease allergens, 85% are classed as serine protease activities and include trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like and collagenolytic serine proteases. In this article, we review and compare the allergenicity and proteolytic effect of allergen serine proteases as listed in the Allergen Nomenclature and MEROPS databases and highlight their contribution to allergic sensitisation, disruption of the epithelial barrier and activation of innate immunity in allergic airways disease. The utility of small-molecule inhibitors of allergen serine proteases as a potential treatment strategy for allergic airways disease will also be discussed.

Prevalence of aeroallergen sensitization in children in Northern China

Objective This study aimed to analyze the sensitization rate of different aeroallergens in children of different age, sex, and disease groups, describe the changing trend of different aeroallergens in different ages, and analyze the sensitization risk factors for asthma. Methods Children (<18 years old) with suspected atopic diseases who visited the Department of Allergy of Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics and underwent a skin prick test (SPT) were retrospectively enrolled from January 2019 to November 2021. Results A total of 5465 patients (3514 boys, 1951 girls; mean age, 7 ± 3 years) were enrolled. Of them, 3703 patients (67.8%) were sensitized to at least one aeroallergen. Before 4 years of age, mold was the most prevalent aeroallergen (103/380 [27.1%]), whereas after 4 years of age, weed pollen was the most prevalent aeroallergen. After 6 years of age, tree pollen became the second most prevalent aeroallergen. After 12 years of age, the sensitization rate of indoor aeroallergens was lower than that of outdoor aeroallergens. Logistic regression showed that sensitization to mold (odds ratio [OR]:1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–1.7, p < 0.001), animal dander (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.4–1.9, p < 0.001), and polysensitization (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0–1.8, p = 0.038) were potential sensitization risk factors for asthma. Conclusions Mold is an important allergen in early life. Different kinds of allergens affect different age groups. Patients who are sensitized to mold or animal dander or experience polysensitization should be carefully monitored for asthma risk.

Identification and semi-quantification of protein allergens in complex mixtures using proteomic and AllerCatPro 2.0 bioinformatic analyses: a proof-of-concept investigation

The demand for botanicals and natural substances in consumer products has increased in recent years. These substances usually contain proteins and these, in turn, can pose a risk for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated sensitization and allergy. However, no method has yet been accepted or validated for assessment of potential allergenic hazards in such materials. In the studies here, a dual proteomic-bioinformatic approach is proposed to evaluate holistically allergenic hazards in complex mixtures of plants, insects, or animal proteins. Twelve commercial preparations of source materials (plant products, dust mite extract, and preparations of animal dander) known to contain allergenic proteins were analyzed by label-free proteomic analyses to identify and semi-quantify proteins. These were then evaluated by bioinformatics using AllerCatPro 2.0 (https://allercatpro.bii.a-star.edu.sg/) to predict no, weak, or strong evidence for allergenicity and similarity to source-specific allergens. In total, 4,586 protein sequences were identified in the 12 source materials combined. Of these, 1,665 sequences were predicted with weak or strong evidence for allergenic potential. This first-tier approach provided top-level information about the occurrence and abundance of proteins and potential allergens. With regards to source-specific allergens, 129 allergens were identified. The sum of the relative abundance of these allergens ranged from 0.8% (lamb’s quarters) to 63% (olive pollen). It is proposed here that this dual proteomic-bioinformatic approach has the potential to provide detailed information on the presence and relative abundance of allergens, and can play an important role in identifying potential allergenic hazards in complex protein mixtures for the purposes of safety assessments.

Ayurvedic Management of Vataja Pratishyaya w.s.r to Allergic Rhinitis (AR)- A Single Case Study

Introduction- In Ayurveda it is said that Nasa is the gate way of Shirah. There are 31 and 18 Nasa roga described by Acharya Sushruta and Acharya Vagbhatta respectively. There are 5 types of Pratishyaya described by Acharya Sushruta and Acharya Vagbhatta i.e Vataja, Pittaja, Kaphaja, Raktaja and Sannipataja. The Vataja Pratishyaya can be correlated with Allergic Rhinitis (AR). The management of Vataja Pratishyaya can be done by various treatment methods like Gritapana, Nasya, Dhumapana, Swedana, Internal medication. Aim-To evaluate the effect of Vaspa Swedana(Steam inhalation), Anutaila Marsha Nasya (Nasal instillation) , Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha (Orally) in the management of Vataja Pratishyaya (Allergic Rhinitis). Materials and Methods: The subject approached to Shalakya Tantra ENT OPD of Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda (I.T.R.A), Jamnagar, with the symptoms of Running nose, Excessive Sneezing, Nasal obstruction, Itching of the nasal cavity since 15 days was systemically reviewed and Vaspa Swedana (Steam Inhaltion), Anutaila Marsha Nasya (Nasal Instillation), Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha (Orally) were prescribed. Results: The adopted Ayurvedic treatment showed complete remission in the disease Vataja Pratishyaya (Allergic Rhinitis) within 28 days. Discussion: Allergic Rhinitis is an allergic inflammation of the nasal membrane. It occurs when an allergen like pollen, dust or animal dander is inhaled by a private with a sensitized system. The symptoms of Vata- Kaphaj Pratishaya resembles most of Rhinitis. In Ayurveda the concept of allergy is widely elaborated under the concept of Ama, concept of Asatmya &amp; concept of Viruddha Aahara.Conclusion:.Here the treatment methods which are opted has Vata -Kapha Samana properties and has given a satisfactory result within 28 days.

Research on the Impact of Breathing Exercises and Aerobic Exercises on Quality of Life in Patients with Bronchial Asthma: A Comparative Study

Background: Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disorder of airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction causing cough, wheeze, chest tightness and shortness of breath Crompton et al7Asthmatic attacks are set up by exposure to specific allergens such as house dust mite, pollen and animal dander. Some other factors are exercise particularly running, dyes, air pollution, infection, cigarette smoke, dry inhaled air, certain foods such as fish, eggs, yeast, and wheat which presumably reach the bronchi via blood stream. There is noticeable increase in healthcare burden from asthma in several areas of world .The most frequently mentioned aims of breathing exercises are to ‘normalize’ breathing pattern by adopting a slower respiratory rate with longer expiration and reduction of hyperventilation and hyperinflation. Training also frequently involves encouraging nasal breathing and a diaphragmatic breathing pattern.AQLQ AND SF36 questionnaire was used as outcome measure.Methods: The sample size of this study was 30 subjects with 15 subjects in each group. The group A was given breathing exercises interventions and group B was given aerobic exercises intervention. A written consent was taken from each before their participation into the study. Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) and SF-36 quality of life Questionnaire of both the groups were taken in 0 week and both groups were assigned treatment interventions and after 3 weeks the AQLQ and SF-36 quality of life questionnaire has been repeated.The independent variables in the study were Aerobic Exercises and Breathing Exercises.Conclusion: The breathing exercise intervention was effective in improving the quality of life in asthmatic patients.The aerobic exercise intervention was also effective in improving the quality of life in asthmatic patients.However, the quantum of reduction in lung obstruction and therefore, the overall improvement in quality of life found to be more significant with the aerobic exercise intervention than breathing exercise intervention. Thus,a combination of the breathing exercises and aerobic exercise should be incorporated into the pulmonary rehabilitation program of the asthmatic patients.

Clinical characteristics of allergic conjunctivitis in the Southern region of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study.

Allergic conjunctivitis is a prevalent ocular condition characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva due to hypersensitivity reactions to various allergens. Understanding its epidemiology and clinical characteristics is crucial for effective management and public health interventions. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence, triggers, and associated factors of allergic conjunctivitis among residents of the Southern region of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered through Google Forms. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS, including descriptive statistics and bivariable/multivariable analyses. A total of 693 participants were recruited through convenience sampling via online platforms. Among the participants, 73.9% reported ocular symptoms, while 26.1% did not. Dust emerged as the most common trigger for ocular symptoms (32.9%), followed by eye drops/contact lenses (8.7%), animal dander (6.9%), and chemicals (5.8%). Notably, 39.7% reported experiencing ocular symptoms throughout the year. Despite the prevalence of ocular symptoms, only 26.7% consulted an ophthalmologist. Multivariable analysis revealed that gender and seasonal variation in symptoms were associated with allergic conjunctivitis diagnosis. Females showed a lower odds ratio (OR) of being diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis compared to males (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.29-1.31), and participants experiencing symptoms with no specific season had significantly lower odds of being diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.11-0.72). A history of allergic rhinitis demonstrated a strong positive association with allergic conjunctivitis diagnosis (OR: 3.77, 95% CI: 1.83-7.75). The study highlights the considerable burden of allergic conjunctivitis and the underutilization of healthcare services among affected individuals in the Southern region of Saudi Arabia. Tailored interventions and increased awareness are essential for effective management and mitigation of allergic conjunctivitis's impact on affected individuals and healthcare systems.

Hypoallergenic animals: A promise of hope for allergic patients?

Furry pets are beloved companion animals; horse riding is a popular leisure activity. So-called hypoallergenic animals have gained high interest as sensitization to animal dander and allergy to furry animals are widespread. Allergen immunotherapy to furry animals is still limited, and allergen avoidance in addition to symptomatic pharmaceutical treatment is often the only available option. Patients with an existing allergy to furry animals or with an atopic background are seeking for a hypoallergenic alternative. This review summarizes current knowledge and discusses future strategies.

A Methodical Review on Allergens and Allergic Reactions

Allergic reactions can lead to a variety of symptoms, like rhinorrhoea, nasal congestion, and sneezing; eye and ear irritation, too few apparent symptoms include throat problems, cough, asthma and breathlessness and eczema. The major side effect of older antihistamines is drowsiness. Recent antihistamines normally do not cause drowsiness. Human develops hypersensitivity as a result of their immune system being overactive. Gamma globulins are created in excess during an allergic reaction. Normally, the purpose of these gamma globulins is to combat microbial infections. IgE gamma globulin functions abnormally in case of allergic onset. Various allergens (pollens, animal dander) are considered as a foreign material. IgE try to “destroy” the allergens. A series of chemical reactions take place when IgE attaches to the allergens which involves the release of histamine into the body from mast cells and results in various allergic symptoms. In this review, various allergic causes, symptoms, allergens, and treatments for allergic reactions are summarized.