Damage To Coral Reefs Research Articles

KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP STRATEGIS (KLHS) KAWASAN PERUNTUKAN PARIWISATA DI KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW

This research aims to (1) identify and review strategic priority issues of tourism in Bolaang Mongondow Regency, (2) identify, assess and analyze the impact of RTRW Program of tourism designation in BolaangMongondow Regency on the environment, (3) review efforts to minimize the negative impact that will occur as a result of the implementation of the Program in the area of tourism designation in Bolaang Mongondow District. The research was conducted in Bolaang Mongondow Regency of North Sulawesi Province, from September to October 2017. This research uses purposive sampling method with semi-detailed method based on field observation and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and key informant interview. Sources of data obtained are: primary data through interviews with key informants and implementation of Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Research results show that 1) The priority strategic issues of the tourism designation area in Bolaang Mongondow District are biodiversity,waste, distruption of security and comfort, Increasing prosperity, Damage of mangrove and coral reefs. (2) The positive impact is the increase of people's welfare with the business opportunities around the tourism area. Negative impacts caused by the implementation of the tourism area programming program in Bolaang Mongondow District are biodiversity, waste, disruption of security and comfort, mangrove damage and coral reefs. (3) Mitigation efforts to minimize negative impacts are making local regulations on the protection of biodiversity around the tourism area, preparing shelters and processing solid and liquid waste from tourism activities, preparing security officers and disaster management team teams around the tourism area, local regulations as a limiting factor of diving and coastal tourism activities to minimize mangrove and coral reef damage.

LIVING TOWER CONSTRUCTION AS FISH APARTMENT WITH GLASS POWDER/PET COMPOSITE BASIC TECHNOLOGY

Inorganic waste cannot decompose easily by nature, plastic bottles takes about 50-100 years while the glass bottle takes about 1 million years. At the moments, it will causes serious contamination into soil, water, or air if not treated properly. In addition, Indonesia has a coral reefs area reaching about 18% of the world coral reefs area. Fish populations and other marine biota Lived In coral reefs and recorded 2,200 or 31% species of reef fish in the world are in Indonesian waters. However, water pollution is the reason for about 70% of damaged coral reefs. Living Tower as a fish apartment made from glass and plastic bottle waste can overcome the amount of garbage that accumulates and provides a home for the existing marine fish population. Living Tower design has a unique shape, in which this Living Tower has 4 structural building poles around it made from glass powder/ PET composite technology with melting processes arranged so as to suit marine conditions, and has a main pole as a gathering place for fish made from natural fibers as a place to attach fish eggs. Making Living Tower is able to reduce the waste of glass bottles, and plastic bottles as much as 6.6 kg for every 1 unit produced. From this research we have publication and patent. In the future this technology will be needed because waste around us must be utilized, and there are several research that discuss about making concrete from this composite. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2017.33.142152 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

PERANAN PARTNERSHIPS IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FOR SEAS OF EAST ASIA (PEMSEA) MELALUI PROGRAM INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT (ICM) DALAM PENGENDALIAN KERUSAKAN EKOSISTEM TERUMBU KARANG DI INDONESIA

This study aims to determine the role of the Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) through Integrated Coastal Management Program (ICM) for Controlling the Damages of the Coral Reefs Ecosystem in Palabuhanratu, Sukabumi Regency, West Java. Researcher attempted to analyze the purpose of doing damage control program in coral reef ecosystems that occur in coastal areas Palabuhanratu, Sukabumi Regency, West Java. Author of the research methods used in this study is descriptive analysis method. Most of the datas have been gathered through library research, online data retrieval, documentation, interviews and observation. The results showed that the implementation of ICM in Palabuhanratu, Sukabumi, West Java has involved many sectors related to the management of the Marine and Coastal regions in Palabuhanratu Sukabumi, West Java, with the implementation of several development projects in the coastal region of Palbuhanratu since 2003. But technically still have not made a direct attempt to address the damage to the coral reefs that occur in Palabuhanratu because of the constraints faced. Efforts made in the control of coral reef damage is in the form of outreach to the local community Palabuhanratu coast of Kenya, West Java since 2004.

The role of the community in supporting coral reef restoration in Pemuteran, Bali, Indonesia

Coral reef restoration projects have been conducted worldwide to increase the viability of damaged coral reef ecosystems. Most failed to show significant results. A few have succeeded and gained international recognition for their great benefits to ecosystem services. This study evaluated reef restoration projects in North-west Bali from the perspective of the local community over the past 16 years. As community participation is a critical support system for coral reef restoration projects, the contributing factors which led to high community participation and positive perceptions are examined. Social surveys and statistical analysis were used to understand the correlations between community perception and participation. The findings showed a positive correlation between community perception and participation. The level of community participation also depended on how their work relates to coral reef ecosystems. They supported this project in many ways, from project planning to the religious ceremonies which they believe are fundamental to achieve a successful project. Several Balinese leaders became ‘the bridge’ between global science and local awareness. Without their leadership, this study argues that the project might not have achieved the significant local support that has restored both the environment and the tourism sector in North-West Bali.

ANALISIS PROGRAM KAMPANYE PUBLIC RELATIONS DALAM RANGKA KONSERVASI TERUMBU KARANG (Studi Deskriptif Program Penyadaran Masyarakat pada Yayasan Terumbu Karang Indonesia)

<p>Indonesia as the centre of biodiversity, especially in coral reefs, still exploit irresponsibly on coral reefs. Awareness and understanding of ecosystem, benefit, and impacts from damaged coral reefs is very low. The analysis data method in this research uses “Four Steps of Strategic Planning Public Relations” with the aim to find out and get a depth good result regarding the Public Awareness Program of The Indonesian Coral Reef Foundation. The result through this research has founded where the activities of Public Awareness Program has been executed based on The Indonesian Coral Reef Foundation vision, mission, and values. The effective communication strategies have been implemented such as active campaign socialization especially to its stakeholders and public in general. The conclusion based on the executed analyses in the research shows that the Public Awareness program is a Public Relations campaign strategy that show responsibility and commitment in every of its activities. According to The Indonesian Coral Reef Foundation, the result of this program also has positive responses in order to speak-out conservation message and manage sustainable resources.</p><p> </p><p>Keyword : Coral reefs, public relations, non profit</p>

Analysis of Susceptance Storey Level Damage of Coral Reefs in Territorial Water of Archipelago in Karimunjawa by Using Geographical Information System

This research aim to determine susceptance storey level damage of coral reefs in Territorial Water of Archipelago of Karimunjawa. Method which used in this research is special data analysis which in the form of data of sekunder by using Geographical Information System. Pursuant to analysis known that research area there are six especial stressor which menace coral reefs for example: Port, Airport, Center Dive, Coastal Wisata, Resident, and Appliance Catch. Pursuant to spasial analysis which have can be determined that equal to 69.50% from entire coral reefs research area in a condition do not susceptance, namely there are in territorial water region of Island: Kembar, Parang, Kumbang, Katang, Nyamuk, Krakal Besar, Krakal Kecil, Geleang, Burung, Bengkoang, Menyawakan, Cemara Besar, Cemara Kecil, Sintok, Gundul, Cendikian, Genting, Seruni, and Sambangan. As for the rest equal to 30.50% enough natural rentan of damage, there are at territorial water of islands owning high resident activity storry level, namely around in Island: Kemujan, Karimunjawa, Menjangan Besar, and Menjangan Kecil.

Offshore Coral Reef Damage, Overfishing, and Paths to Peace in the South China Sea

Offshore coral reefs of the South China Sea are subject to complex overlapping sovereignty claims by up to six regional nations. Escalating tensions have led to widespread structural reinforcement of military outposts on many reefs via dredging and filling. Satellite images indicated at least 160 km2 of coral reef damage, including 17 km2 of essentially permanent damage from filling and channel/harbour dredging, and 143 km2 of decadal-scale damage from dredging for building materials and giant clam harvesting. This damage will exacerbate the growing regional overfishing problem. Options to lessen tensions include (1) the establishment of a Greater Spratly Islands Peace Park, and (2) the collaborative management of fisheries, the environment and mineral resources across the entire Sea. Both options require freezes on extant claims and activities in support of claims. No matter how it is achieved, regional peace would greatly enhance fisheries stability and economic growth among all claimant nations.

CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT IN AREA OF EASTERN COASTAL WATER CONSERVATION WEH ISLAND SABANG

<em><span>Coral reef<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>ecosystem<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>important for<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>coastal<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>resources.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN">Damage of Coral reefs resulted in de-gradation of population and fishes reef diversity</span></span><span>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The East coast ofWeh </span><span lang="IN">Island </span><span>in Sabang </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN">designated as conversation area that has aim to keep coral reefs from destructive utilization activites.</span></span><span>The purpose of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>this study<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was to </span><span lang="IN">know</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span> </span></span><span>the status of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>coral reefecosystems</span><span>management in</span><span lang="IN"> marine protected</span><span> areaEast </span><span lang="IN">C</span><span>oastWeh</span><span lang="IN"> Island</span><span>, Sabang and </span><span lang="IN">to </span><span>analyze</span><span lang="IN"> the</span><span>attributessensitivelyfromthe</span><span>dimension of</span><span>ecological,socio-economicand institutional</span><span lang="IN"> sector</span><span>.The methodthat used to</span><span lang="IN">know</span><span> the status</span><span>of</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span> <span lang="IN">the </span></span></span><span>sustainablemanagement</span><span lang="IN">is </span><span>RAPFISHanalysis.</span><span lang="IN">D</span><span>imensions of</span><span>the</span><span>ecology</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN">can be known </span></span><span>by measuring<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN">the coral growth </span></span><span>us</span><span lang="IN">ed</span><span> thePointIntercept</span><span>Transect,reef </span><span lang="IN">f</span><span>ishabundanceus</span><span lang="IN">ed</span><span>UnderwaterVisualCensusFishmethod.</span><span>Socio-economic</span><span>and institutionaldimensions</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN">will be </span></span><span>collected through<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Focus Group Discussion(FGD) and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>help </span><span lang="IN">by</span><span> questionnaire</span><span lang="IN">s</span><span>.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN">M</span></span><span>anagement </span><span lang="IN">s</span><span>tatus of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>coral reef<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>ecosystems<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in the region of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>the East coast<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Weh islandmultidimensional</span><span lang="IN">ly</span><span>indicates</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN">that it was </span></span><span>quitesustainable.The most sensitiveattributeof</span><span lang="IN">the </span><span>management</span><span lang="IN">is</span><span>the growth ofsaplings ofcorals,reef fishabundance,</span><span>conflicts between</span><span>fishermen,the public perceptionagainstthe abundance of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>fish, the role of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>the community, </span><span lang="IN">and the </span><span>fishing</span><span lang="IN">managements</span><span>.</span></em>

Studying mesoalgal structures: a non-destructive approach based on confocal laser scanning microscopy

AbstractMesoalgae play a key role in shallow coastal ecosystems. Composed of small macroalgae, intermixed with filamentous cyanobacteria and colonial diatoms, these multi-specific, but minute (μm–cm) assemblages form complex three-dimensional structures, providing shelter for different unicellular (e.g. bacteria, diatoms, dinoflagellates) and multicellular (e.g. fishes, invertebrates) organisms. Characterized by a high colonization potential, these primary producers are observed to bloom and overgrow disturbed areas (e.g. damaged coral reefs, urchin barrens), and play a crucial role in terms of invasion and colonizing new habitats. Driven by anthropogenic environmental changes, mesoalgae are receiving considerable attention in current marine research. So far, most studies approach mesoalgae at the functional group level (e.g. turf algae, microphytobenthos), whereas only few studies tackle the importance of species-specific interactions, which play an important role in benthic ecology (e.g. coral-algal competition and disease spreading). To facilitate the study of not only the presence but also the composition and the structure of these habitat formers, we provide a new approach combining inexpensive fixation methodology with modern confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), to study minute macroalgal structures (e.g. germlings, reproductive structures), and investigate their relation to microphytobenthic components (e.g. diatom colonies). Detailed procedures for mounting, staining and imaging phytobenthic communities are provided.

Increased Terrestrial Perturbations Modify Skeletal Properties and Mechanical Strength of Hard Corals

Skeleton properties determine coral survival by influencing the range of hydraulic conditions colonies can withstand, selection of suitable habitat, ability to compete for space and light, repair damage and the overall fitness and ecological success of scleractinian corals. Skeletal properties of 16 coral species comprising 3 growth forms collected from Kenyan coral reef lagoons were investigated and found to vary considerably not only between species but between reefs as well, with corals exposed to both sediment and nutrients showing consistent lower skeleton density and strength but high porosity compared to those from sediment-unaffected reefs. Further, high skeletal density and strength but low porosity values were measured in branching relative to other growth forms. The present findings also suggest that the negative effects of nutrients on skeleton properties may be counteracted by high hydrodynamic energy, resulting in stronger skeletons in high hydrodynamic energy-nutrient-polluted reef habitats relative to pristine reefs. These findings have important ecological and management implications with regard to the existence, persistence, productivity and protective value of reefs, damage risks, maintenance and conservation of biological diversity with respect to future global climate change events. Consequently, appropriate watershed, reef and fisheries management options the impacts of local anthropogenic stresses (sediments, nutrients, overexploitation) would be expected to alleviate the effects of these disturbances and have the potential to minimize future large-scale coral reef damage resulting from increased and frequent global climate change events, such as increased ocean acidification (due to elevated atmospheric CO2) and sea surface temperature.

Recreational Diving Impacts on Coral Reefs and the Adoption of Environmentally Responsible Practices within the SCUBA Diving Industry.

Recreational diving on coral reefs is an activity that has experienced rapidly growing levels of popularity and participation. Despite providing economic activity for many developing coastal communities, the potential role of dive impacts in contributing to coral reef damage is a concern at heavily dived locations. Management measures to address this issue increasingly include the introduction of programmes designed to encourage environmentally responsible practices within the dive industry. We examined diver behaviour at several important coral reef dive locations within the Philippines and assessed how diver characteristics and dive operator compliance with an environmentally responsible diving programme, known as the Green Fins approach, affected reef contacts. The role of dive supervision was assessed by recording dive guide interventions underwater, and how this was affected by dive group size. Of the 100 recreational divers followed, 88 % made contact with the reef at least once per dive, with a mean (±SE) contact rate of 0.12 ± 0.01 per min. We found evidence that the ability of dive guides to intervene and correct diver behaviour in the event of a reef contact decreases with larger diver group sizes. Divers from operators with high levels of compliance with the Green Fins programme exhibited significantly lower reef contact rates than those from dive operators with low levels of compliance. The successful implementation of environmentally responsible diving programmes, which focus on influencing dive industry operations, can contribute to the management of human impacts on coral reefs.

Mitigating damaging behaviors of snorkelers to coral reefs in Puerto Rico through a pre-trip media-based intervention

There is widespread consensus that recreational snorkelers are damaging coral reefs, but the magnitude of the issue is unknown. Loss of reefs jeopardizes tourism, which is a significant economic driver. Recreational snorkeling is a popular activity and yet there has been little research about the behavior of snorkelers at reefs. The authors carried out observations at several reef locations in Puerto Rico to determine the baseline level of snorkeler behavior that threatens coral reefs. From August of 2010 until June 2012, they observed 328 different recreational snorkelers in-water at various reef locations and recorded number and types of potentially damaging behaviors. Snorkelers exhibited 0.26 potentially damaging behaviors per minute. Most were fin kicks (39%) and the next most frequent behavior was sitting, standing or kneeling on the reef (22%). The authors asked a subset of the people who were observed to make self-reports of their behavior, evaluated the accuracy of self-reports, and found that people underreported their potentially harmful behaviors. The authors experimented with a video message and signed pledge to promote proper snorkeling etiquette. From March 2012 until June 2012, snorkelers watched the video and signed the pledge before they boarded a tour operator led excursion. The pledge expressed commitment to specific pro-reef behaviors. Post-treatment in-water observations of 79 different snorkelers found a five-fold reduction in the rate of potentially damaging behaviors. Furthermore, the percentage of snorkelers who never harmed the reef shot up from 65% to 89%. The research suggests the pre-trip messaging together with a written pledge can change behaviors, thus improving the ability of ecotourism operators to help sustain reefs as well as the economic livelihoods of their employees.

Coral Reef Coverage Percentage on Binor Paiton-Probolinggo Seashore

The coral reef damage in Probolinggo region was expected to be caused by several factors. The first one comes from its society that exploits fishery by using cyanide toxin and bomb. The second one goes to the extraction of coral reef, which is used as decoration or construction materials. The other factor is likely caused by the existence of large industry on the seashore, such as Electric Steam Power Plant (PLTU) Paiton and others alike. Related to the development of coral reef ecosystem, availability of an accurate data is crucially needed to support the manner of future policy, so the research of coral reef coverage percentage needs to be conducted continuously. The aim of this research is to collect biological data of coral reef and to identify coral reef coverage percentage in the effort of constructing coral reef condition basic data on Binor, Paiton, and Probolinggo regency seashore. The method used in this research is Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. LIT method is a method that used to decide benthic community on coral reef based on percentage growth, and to take note of benthic quantity along transect line. Percentage of living coral coverage in 3 meters depth on this Binor Paiton seashore that may be categorized in a good condition is 57,65%. While the rest are dead coral that is only 1,45%, other life form in 23,2%, and non-life form in 17,7%. A good condition of coral reef is caused by coral reef transplantation on the seashore, so this coral reef is dominated by Acropora Branching. On the other hand, Mortality Index (IM) of coral reef resulted in 24,5%. The result from observation and calculation of coral reef is dominated by Hard Coral in Acropora Branching (ACB) with coral reef coverage percentage of 39%, Coral Massive (CM) with coral reef coverage percentage of 2,85%, Coral Foliose (CF) with coral reef coverage percentage of 1,6%, and Coral Mushroom (CRM) with coral reef coverage percentage of 8,5%. Observation in 10 meters depth resulted in coral reef coverage percentage of 63,33%. 75% of living coral found on this 10 meters depth are dominated by Acropora branching coral, while the rest 25,21% are filled by Acropora tabulate coral and non-Acropora coral in the life form of branching, massive, sub-massive, foliose, and mushroom, where coral Mortality Index (IM) reached 28,5%. The high number of coral reef coverage percentage on Paiton is caused by successful coral transplantation and low activity of society in this location. The domination of large size Acropora branching coral were estimated comes from a few types, showing that coral resulted from transplantation has grown large and form a complex 3 dimension structure that is suitable for the life form of fish and living benthic.

Traditional usages of ichthyotoxic plant Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz. by the Nicobari tribes

Abstract The Barringtonia asiatica is a medium size tree commonly found in Car Nicobar Island known for its ichthyotoxic property. It grows on sandy and rocky shore areas and has lantern shaped seeds, locally called Kinyav used during the calm season in shallow and low tide waters for killing fishes, octopus, etc. At every successful operation they harvest about 1–3 kg and on the whole about 10–20 kg of fishes per trip. This method of fish catching was popular among the Car Nicobari tribes until massive tsunami of 26th December, 2004, which caused dislocation of tribes from their erstwhile coastal inhabitations to interior areas, damage of coral reefs, permanent water intrusion in the intertidal area and destruction of Kinyav trees. Hence, now-a-days the popularity of this fishing method among them has diminished. The study not only reveals the usefulness of seeds in harvesting of fishes but also the utilization of other parts of tree such as leaves for therapeutic purpose in fracture, wound, de-worming, pain relieving of human beings; log for construction of canoe, wooden houses, sitting stage, handicraft items, fire wood and whole tree for preventing the coastal erosion.

CORAL REEF CONDITION AND HARD CORAL (SCLERACTINIA) COMUNITY IN LOCAL MARINE CONSERVATION AREA, BENGKAYANG, WEST KALIMANTAN

<p>Coral reef ecosystem has diverse shape and stunning beauty. It has high value on both ecological and economical aspect it has productivity greater than other marine life. Local Marine Conservation Area, Bengkayang, West Kalimantan (Lemukutan island, Penata Besar island, Penata Kecil island, Seluas island, Rahdayan island) has a high potential on coastal and marine natural resources especially coral reefs ecosystem. The study was purposed to determine the condition coral reef ecosystem and the diversity of hard corals (Scleractinia). Samples have been taking from 5-7 meters depth in every point using Line Intercept Transect method (LIT). The observation result from the coral reef in Local Marine Conservation Area showed as the followings varies from bad to good (13.82 – 69.00%), but biotic components were found in each area that consist of sediment with percentage of 4.32-37.68% and the rock of 2.57- 38.22%. Hard coral community consists of 35 species including seven families. Genus Acropora as hard coral species is dominating the five islands. The damage of coral reefs that occurs in most of the study area is due to increased suspended material (sediments). </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Coral reefs, Scleractinia, Acropora, LIT, Local Marine Conservation Area, Bengkayang, West Kalimantan.</p>

Studies on lipid content and composition in banded coral shrimp ( Stenopus hispidus) embryos

Poor harvest practices of marine shrimps sometimes cause severe damage to the coral reefs. Availability of cryo-preserved embryos would considerably reduce coral reef damage. To develop low temperature preservation for shrimp embryos, this study assessed the lipid content and composition in the embryos of Stenopus hispidus(Olivier, 1811). The results showed that the main lipids in S. hispidusembryos include wax ester, triacylglycerol, free fatty acids, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine. The predominant lipid in the eye-development, heartbeat, and pre-hatch stages of S. hispidusembryos was phosphatidylethanolamine, followed by phosphatidylcholine, fatty acids, wax ester, and triacylglycerol. Lipid concentration in the embryos in the pre-hatch stage was significantly lower than that in the other two stages. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and free fatty acids concentrations in the embryos were significantly higher in the eye-development stage than in the heartbeat and pre-hatch stages. However, all three developmental stages had low wax ester and triacylglycerol concentrations. The lower lipid concentration in the embryos in the pre-hatch stage compared with the eye-development and heartbeat stages make them more tolerant to low temperatures. Embryos in the pre-hatch stage have well-developed structures and thus are better candidates for shrimp embryo cryopreservation research.

ENABLING SUSTAINABLE MARINE TOURISM IN ISLAND COMMUNITIES: THE CASE OF GILUTUNGAN MARINE SANCTUARY

This paper focuses on the enabling conditions to achieve sustainable tourism within an island ecosystem in the Philippines. It explores how a marine reserve, in the context of sustainable tourism, is being managed and governed at the local level. The study site is the Gilutungan Marine Sanctuary (GMS), in Cordova, Cebu, Philippines, one of the preferred diving sites in the country, after having its damaged coral reefs restored to health by the community. The study argues that community-based tourism can be a tool in the management of Marine Protected Areas. The paper discusses the strategies that have been initiated by the local government to pursue a self-sufficient and sustainable marine reserve. It also attempts to propose ways to address the issues and challenges in marine conservation, such as provision of local livelihoods, community empowerment, and benefit sharing. Certain conditions have to be in place to ensure the sustainability of marine tourism. This study shows that mass tourism in GMS is becoming a serious problem. Coral reef check and visitor impact monitoring should also be strengthened to assess the damage of tourism and appropriate action taken immediately. The enabling conditions necessary to achieve sustainability while conserving marine life at the GMS are: strict observance of Laws and regulations; greening of Local Governance; viable Management Plan; financial mechanism through the Environmental User Fee (EUF) system; benefit sharing of environmental fees; collaboration and public-private partnerships; community involvement and livelihoods; and, promoting responsibility of tourists and the tourism industry.Recommendations, applicable to the Philippines and similar sites elsewhere, are also presented to help ensure sustainable tourism in a marine sanctuary. The lessons learned from this study can provide valuable management ideas and impetus for healthy governance of marine reserves in the Philippines and other sites overseas that have similar situation and concerns.

Coral Reefs Damage Assessment due to Oil Pollution in Egyptian Water

Coral reefs are the most biological systems productive and versatile on the surface of the planet earth, which is a source with economic and social, returns great for the country that God-given this natural wealth. Egypt is home to some of the most spectacular coral reefs and associated marine life in the world. Egypt has enacted laws and takes effective measures for the protection and management of coral reefs and associated ecosystems in the Red Sea and its Gulf to characterize these areas of the richness and diversity of coral reef environment is scarce to be repeated elsewhere in the world. The largest sub-sector for the Egyptian tourism market is the coastal tourism. Coastal tourism depends largely on intact reefs, and this is also one of the most important causes of reef degradation in Egypt. Over the last two decades live coral cover has declined in Egypt. Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) implements its own methodology to estimate the coral reefs impacts as a result of the destruction of coral reefs due to ship aground or anchorage. This paper focuses on and presents the modelling of the destruction of coral reefs as a result of the collision and the ship ground damage assessment in case of oil spills in Egyptian coastal water referring to the EEAA methodology applied in Egypt.

Anthropogenic impacts on coral reefs and their effect on fishery of Kilwa District, Tanzania

Tanzanian fishing coastal communities live on fishing activities as one their major economic activities, practicing fishing on shallow coral reefs areas whereby about 70% of fishery is artisanal. Improper use and overexploitation of fishery resources have resulted in damaging the coral reefs and the subsequent low quality catches. This study aimed at examining the impacts of coral reef fishery decline on rural livelihoods with an emphasis on food insecurity, alternative capabilities and activities on coastal communities of Kilwa district, Tanzania. Data collection methodology included household questionnaire survey, key informant interviews, participant observation and photographing. The survey was based on a sample of 90 households, randomly selected from three villages. The findings attest for a gradual reduction in fish catches over time, brought about by natural and anthropogenic impacts. Overfishing, use of illegal and destructive fishing methods, as well as extreme weather conditions, all threaten the sustainability of marine resources, particularly coral reef fishery that constitutes an important source of food and livelihood. Following the results and as a way of lessen the current pressure on marine resources and diversifying livelihood capabilities we recommend introduction of mariculture and modern farming technologies especially on green vegetables on farms that can potentially be irrigated. The study further recommends establishment of a marine protected area and; in addition, the need to promote educational programs on environmental and resources uses as well as application of active restoration protocols for damaged coral reefs. Key words : Songo songo, Kivinje, Songo mnara, livelihoods, coral bleaching

A groundswell event on the coast of the British Virgin Islands: spatial variability in morphological impact

Cooper, J.A. G. Jackson, D.W.T. and Gore, S. 2013. A groundswell event on the coast of the British Virgin Islands: spatial variability in morphological impact.Extreme waves on Caribbean islands originate from hurricanes, tsunami and swell. The latter are most widespread and common but are the least studied. They are generated by slow-moving, low pressure systems in the western Atlantic from which swell propagates in all directions, some of it reaching the exposed shores of Caribbean Islands. Large swell waves with an approximate 1:20 year return interval reached 14–16 ft (>4.5 m) waves with a 17 second period during March 2008. Morphological impacts (coral reef damage, coral rubble deposition, beach erosion) were reported throughout the Eastern Caribbean from Guyana to Puerto Rico. In this paper we present observations of morphological impacts on sand, gravel and coral rubble beaches of the British Virgin Islands (BVI). The morphological response was highly variable according to coastal geologic setting, exposure to wave activity and nature of beach material. Exposed sand beaches with sandy shorefaces exhibited scarping, overwash and offshore sand transport, similar to that reported elsewhere for sand beaches. In some instances covering sand was stripped to expose underlying beachrock. Sand beaches with fronting reefs showed little change. Modification of coarse clastic beaches through erosion and deposition generally amounted to little more than surface modification of much larger hurricane and tsunami deposits.