Damage Potential Index Research Articles

Prediction of Ground Movements and Impacts on Adjacent Buildings Due to Inclined–Vertical Framed Retaining Wall-Retained Excavations

Inclined–vertical framed retaining walls were recently developed and successfully adopted in engineering practice. However, relevant empirical methods for the evaluation of ground movements due to excavation have not been established. This study aimed to establish a calculation method for assessing ground movement due to excavation and to evaluate the damage probability of nearby buildings. A series of numerical models were carried out, and a database was established with their results. In this paper, simplified equations are proposed for predicting the profiles of subsurface and surface settlements, as well as lateral movements, utilizing the database. The accuracy of the simplified equations was validated by monitoring data from three case histories of the inclined–vertical framed retaining wall. Finally, the damage potential index was used to obtain the probability of damage to buildings located outside the excavations, while considering different positions.

Response of damaging Philippines tropical cyclones to a warming climate using the pseudo global warming approach

The potential changes in the characteristics and damage potential of three of the most damaging tropical cyclone (TC) events (Haiyan 2013, Bopha 2012, Mangkhut 2018) in the Philippines have been simulated using the pseudo global warming (PGW) technique. Simulations were performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting model at 5 km resolution with cumulus parameterization (5 kmCU) and 3 km without cumulus parameterization (3 kmNoCU), with PGW deltas derived from a selection of the CMIP6 models. We found that re-forecasting the three TCs under future warming leads to more intense TCs, with changes in maximum wind of 4%, 3%, and 14% for the 5 kmCU runs, and 14%, 4%, and 12% for the 3 kmNoCU runs of Typhoon Haiyan, Bopha, and Mangkhut, respectively. The changes in track, translation speed, and size are relatively small. The TC cases have a higher impact potential in the future, as expressed by the cyclone damage potential index, ranging from ~ 1% to up to 37% under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. Based on the pre-industrial runs, climate change has had, so far, only a weak influence on TC intensity and not much influence on track, translation speed, and size. Simulations without convective parameterization show similar changes in the sign of the projected TC intensity response, but different signals of change in translation speed and size.

Ratio of the inter-story drift in steel buildings with a new damage potential index of earthquakes

El daño esperado en las edificaciones por los sismos se puede determinar con la máxima distorsión de entrepiso (max) y depende del tipo de edificio y de las características del sismo. En esta investigación se presenta un nuevo índice del potencial del daño (IPDSaT1-IA-ΔIA) de los sismos, basado en su intensidad de Arias (IA), la duración significativa (ΔIA) y la aceleración espectral del periodo fundamental del edificio (SaT1). Además, se desarrollan ecuaciones predictivas para determinar la max en función del nuevo índice. Son usados dos edificios 2D, de 3 y 7 pisos y es considerada como zona de estudio la ciudad de Oaxaca, México. Se utilizaron 46 acelero-gramas de componentes horizontales de sismos reales. Para este conjunto de acelerogramas con base en una técnica de un ajuste espectral, se generaron acelerogramas con respuesta espectral compatible con el espectro de diseño de la norma sísmica mexicana para la ciudad estudiada. La respuesta sísmica de los edificios es obtenida mediante análisis dinámico no lineal incremen-tales. Los resultados muestran una buena correlación entre max con la SAT1e IA en los análisis con el conjunto de acelerogramas compatibles. El IPDSaT1-IA-ΔIA propuesto tiene una mejor correlación con la max que la SAT1 e IA para acelerogramas reales y compatibles en los dos edificios estudiados. Por lo cual puede ser una mejor alternativa para medir el potencial destructivo de una acción sísmica. Finalmente, las ecuaciones predictivas desarrolladas permiten relacionar correctamente el nuevo índice con el max para acciones sísmicas compatibles en edificios de acero.

Soil Damage Potential Index Based on Weighting Scoring Analysis and Utilization of Geographical Information Systems

Indonesia's population in 2021 will increase by 0.92% from 2020. The increasing population demands the fulfillment of food. Land changes and their consequences indicate land damage. The purpose of the study was to assess the soil damage potential index (SDPI) on the slopes of Mount Argopura through terrain analysis and the use of geographic information system technology. The research was carried out on the slopes of Mount Argopura in 2022. The tools used included a clinometer, a GPS, spectrophotometer, AAS, arc GIS 13 and minitab. The materials included administrative maps, soil maps, slope maps, RBI maps, land use maps, rainfall maps. This research is descriptive exploratory with field survey method. The activity is divided into 3 stages, namely pre-survey, field survey, and post-survey. Research parameters include texture, soil thickness, soil type, soil pH, CEC, base saturation, soil drainage, parent material, landform, relief, rainfall, and land use. Based on the results of the study, the SDPI with an area of 22,148.75 ha was in the heavy category 44.12% (9772.28 ha), the medium category was 53.11% (11762.84 ha), and the light category was 2.77% (613.63 ha). Keywords: Geographic Information System, Land Degradation, Mount Argopura, Soil Damage

Impact of climate change on intense Bay of Bengal tropical cyclones of the post-monsoon season: a pseudo global warming approach

Tropical cyclones (TCs) that make landfall over India’s east coast are responsible for significant loss of life along affected coastlines. TCs forming over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) region in October, November, and December have, in the past, intensified significantly at the time of landfall. The effects of climate change on TCs of different strengths and their characteristics such as track, intensity, precipitation, and convective available potential energy over the BoB region have not been well studied. This study explores the effects of climate change on two TCs of very severe cyclonic storm (VSCS) category (TC Vardah and TC Madi), and two other TCs of extremely severe cyclonic storm (ESCS) category (TC Hudhud and TC Phailin) formed over BoB, both in the short term (2035) and long term (2075). The high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to simulate the TCs under current and future climate conditions. The simulated TC track and intensity in the current climate agree well with the observations. To explore the impacts of climate change on TCs, the mean climate change signal, computed from future projections of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) in different representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios, is added to current climate conditions by using the pseudo global warming method. Results show a climate change-related reduction in TC translation speed, deepening of TC core, increased maximum surface wind, and increased precipitation over land in future RCP (4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) scenarios. The TCs in future RCP scenarios are seen to be more intensified compared to current climate simulations. Results demonstrate that all VSCS and ESCS category TCs considered in this study are likely to further intensify to the next higher category level with respect to their current classification, particularly in the far future RCP 6.0 and in the far future RCP 8.5 scenarios. The cyclone damage potential index of TC Vardah, TC Hudhud, and TC Phailin is projected to increase in a future warming climate.

Behavior of a Deep Excavation and Damages on Adjacent Buildings: a Case Study in Vietnam

This paper investigates the behavior of deep excavations and damages on adjacent buildings based on an excavation in a thick sand layer in Vietnam. Firstly, measured horizontal displacements of diaphragm walls were used to calibrate soil stiffness parameters for finite element analysis (FEA). Then, the behavior of diaphragm walls, groundwater, ground surface deformation, and an adjacent building was analyzed. The analysis results and damages observed in the field were used to review the validity of the criteria for evaluating the damage potential of excavation to adjacent buildings. It can be concluded from the study that the damage potential of adjacent buildings as evaluated from FEA through the strain state chart proposed by Boscardin and Cording (1989) or the damage potential index (DPI) proposed by Schuster et al. (2009) is fairly accurate with field observations.

A simplified estimation of excavation-induced ground movements for adjacent building damage potential assessment

Adjacent building damages induced by excavations is crucial for excavations in urban areas. Excavation induced damage involved complex soil-structure interactions and complicated ground movements which should be evaluated at the depth of foundation of adjacent buildings. Empirical or semi-empirical methods for evaluation of ground movements induced by excavations have not been well-established because the observed ground movements are very limited. The objective of this study is to establish a simplified assessment for building damage potential based on subsurface ground movements caused by excavations. A series of parametric study by numerical analyses with an advanced soil model was carried out. A set of simplified equations for predicting the profiles for both subsurface ground settlements and lateral ground movements were proposed. Three assessment models with or without considering structural stiffness and subsurface ground movements were employed in estimating the damage potential index (DPI) for two case histories. The models were proved to yield a more reasonable assessment result for building DPI based on the proposed simplified expression of subsurface ground movements.

Spatial Distributions of Tropical Cyclone Tornadoes by Intensity and Size Characteristics

Tropical cyclones that make landfall often spawn tornadoes. Previous studies have shown that these tornadoes are not uniformly distributed in the United States or in the tropical cyclone environment. They show that tornadoes tend to occur relatively close to the coastline and that they tend to cluster to the east-of-center in the tropical cyclone environment, particularly in the northeast and east-of-center quadrants. This study contributes to these studies by analyzing the spatial distributions of tropical cyclone tornadoes by intensity, path length, path width, and the damage potential index. The analyses confirm that most tornadoes occur relatively close to the coastline, but show that stronger tornadoes with larger paths are disproportionately common farther inland. They also confirm that the highest amount of activity is located within the northeast and east-of-center quadrants and show that the most potentially damaging tornadoes cluster in a sub region near the intersection of these two quadrants.

Effects of a controlling geological discontinuity on the seismic stability of an underground cavern subjected to near-fault ground motions

The mechanism for the influence of near-fault ground motion on seismic issues for underground rock caverns has seldom been addressed, especially for caverns controlled by large geological discontinuities. In this paper, a nonlinear joint model was used to simulate the effects of unfavorable geological discontinuities under seismic excitation. The influence of near-fault ground motion on unfavorable geological discontinuities was analyzed using a large sample of ground-motion records collected from the NGA-West2 database. A damage potential index (DPI) for unfavorable geological discontinuities was proposed and discussed. The #1 surge chamber of the Baihetan Hydropower Plant, which is dominated by interlayer shear weakness zone (ISWZ) C2, was used as a study case to investigate the differences between pulse-type near-fault ground motion, non-pulse-type near-fault ground motion, and far-field ground motion. The results of the study indicate that (1) significant velocity and displacement as well as a stronger long-period response spectrum are key characteristics of pulse-type near-fault ground motions, whereas non-pulse-type near-fault ground motions display characteristics similar to those of far-field ground motions; (2) the velocity pulse is responsible for the destructive capabilities of near-fault ground motions; (3) the peak ground velocity (PGV) was shown to be the most suitable DPI of several ground-motion parameters for large geological discontinuities under seismic excitation (applicable to both near-fault and far-field ground motions); and (4) PGV was verified to be the most effective DPI for ISWZ C2 at the Baihetan #1 surge chamber. The cavern became fragile when subjected to near-fault ground motions, so special seismic reinforcement measures are recommended. These findings may provide a reference for the seismic design of underground caverns.

The Legacy of Past Tree Planting Decisions for a City Confronting Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) Invasion

Management decisions grounded in ecological understanding are essential to the maintenance of a healthy urban forest. Decisions about where and what tree species to plant have both short and long-term consequences for the future function and resilience of city trees. Through the construction of a theoretical damage index, this study examines the legacy effects of a street tree planting program in a densely populated North American city confronting an invasion of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). An investigation of spatial autocorrelation for locations of high damage potential across the City of Toronto, Canada was then conducted using Getis-Ord Gi*. Significant spatial clustering of high damage index values affirmed that past urban tree planting practices placing little emphasis on species diversity have created time-lagged consequences of enhanced vulnerability of trees to insect pests. Such consequences are observed at the geographically local scale, but can easily cascade to become multi-scalar in their spatial extent. The theoretical damage potential index developed in this study provides a framework for contextualizing historical urban tree planting decisions where analysis of damage index values for Toronto reinforces the importance of urban forest management that prioritizes proactive tree planting strategies that consider species diversity in the context of planting location.

Estimating impacts of North Atlantic tropical cyclones using an index of damage potential

An index of North Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) damage potential due to winds and coastal surge is developed using seasonal climate variables of relative sea surface temperature and steering flow. These climate variables are proxies for the key damaging TC parameters of intensity, size, and forward speed that constitute an existing cyclone damage potential index. This climate-based approach has the advantage of sidestepping the need for data on individual TCs and explains 48 % of the variance in historical cyclone damage potential. The merit of the cyclone damage potential is in assessments relative to past events or past periods, and may be translated to actual damage using relationships between the damage potential index and specific exposure and vulnerability characteristics. Spread in the change in damage potential over the 21st century among climate simulations under representative concentration pathways 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 is found to be less than the spread due to internal variability, as assessed using a climate model initial condition large ensemble. This study highlights the importance of accounting for internal climate variability in future climate impact assessments.

Fully Probabilistic Framework for Evaluating Excavation-Induced Damage Potential of Adjacent Buildings

This paper presents a framework for a fully probabilistic analysis of the potential for damage to buildings adjacent to an excavation. Herein, the damage potential index (DPI), which is a function of angular distortion and lateral strain, is used to assess building damage potential. A serviceability limit state is established in which the resistance is expressed in terms of the “limiting” DPI, and the load is represented by the “applied” DPI. In this context, damage to the building adjacent to an excavation is said to occur deterministically if the applied DPI is greater than the limiting DPI. For the fully probabilistic analysis, both parameter and model uncertainties of the limiting and applied DPIs are first characterized. The analysis framework is then presented and demonstrated with a case history. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the factors to which the probability of damage is most sensitive and to analyze the effect of various assumptions of the input parameters on the compu...

Evaluation of seismic energy demand

AbstractIn this paper, a method is proposed in order to obtain a simplified representation of hysteretic and input energy spectra. The method is based on the evaluation of the equivalent number of cycles correlated to the earthquake characteristics by the proposed seismic index ID. This procedure allows us to obtain peak values of the hysteretic and input energy that depend on the demanded ductility, on the seismic index ID and on the peak pseudo‐velocity. The assessment of the input energy represents a first step towards the definition of a damage potential index capable of taking into account the effect of the duration of the ground motions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Time Interval Damage Potential of Seismic Testing Waveforms

The concept of time interval response spectrum is introduced for characterizing the damage potential or the likelihood of a waveform to cause multiple mode response. By modifying slightly a typical response spectrum calculation routine the Weighted Spectrum Mean (WSM) is determined by evaluating the area under a normalized spectrum curve. A more detailed delineation of the response peaks statistics of simple oscillators results in the development of a Damage Potential Index (DPI). Both WSM and DPI are utilized to quantify damage potential for a variety of waveforms including free field motion and recorded testing motions. The results suggest that a useful tool has been established with only a small added effort to help design, predict, or analyze the damage potential of testing waveforms for seismic operability qualification of equipment.

Influence of Soil Conditions on Building Damage Potential during Earthquakes

On the basis of the ground motions recorded in San Francisco during the 1957 earthquake, it is shown that ground motion characteristics varied markedly along a 3-mile section of the city, depending on the variation in soil conditions. It is suggested that building damage potential during earthquakes depends on either the induced/design lateral force ratio or the damage potential index and variations in these quantities are shown, both for the 1957 earthquake and for other earthquakes that may affect the city. Variations in soil conditions are shown to cause the response of structures to vary by factors ranging from 3 to 6, and the types of soil conditions causing maximum response in different types of earthquakes are discussed. It is suggested that building codes should reflect the potential variations in damage potential due to local variations in soil conditions by appropriate variations in design requirements.