Eye Damage Research Articles

Immunomodulation of Dendrobium fimbriatum against blue light-induced ocular inflammation

Abstract As electronic device use increases, concerns about the harmful effects of blue light on eye health have grown. Past studies support the idea that Dendrobium species offer benefits such as reducing inflammation, providing antioxidants, and protecting against cataracts. We aim to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. extracts (DFs) in blue light-induced ocular damage. DFs decoctions were prepared from the fresh stems of 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year-old DFs. In vitro, cell viability, apoptosis, pro-inflammation cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed. In vivo, ophthalmological and histological examination, systemic and local immunological changes were evaluated. Results showed that 2-year-old DF (DF-2yD) presents the maximal alleviation of blue light-induced cell death, apoptosis, interleukin (IL)-6 and 8, and ROS in retinal and corneal cells. In blue light-induced ocular damage mouse model, DF-2yD potently attenuated the fundus abnormality and retinal thickness. Furthermore, DF-2yD decreased IL-6 and TNF-alpha production in the draining lymph nodes. Collectively, the results indicate that DF hold promise as potential agents to counteract blue light-induced eye damage through the immunoregulation.

Monogenic familial autoinflammatory Behçet-like syndrome/ haploinsufficiency A20 syndrome is a new form of autoinflammatory pathology. Literature review and description of cases

Monogenic familial autoinflammatory Behçet-like syndrome/haploinsufficiency A20 syndrome is a hereditary autoinflammatory disease from the group of ubiquitinopathies which are caused by a mutation of the TNFAIP3 gene encoding the A20 protein with an autosomal dominant inheritance mechanism and clinical picture similar to Behçet’s disease. Pathogenesis is based on a 50% function decreasing of the nuclear factor inhibitor protein NFkB, what leads to overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines. The disease onset is usually in childhood. Clinical features are presented with recurrent aphthous stomatitis and genital aphthae in most patients and also inflammatory bowel damage is noted. Eye damage is noted rarely than in sporadic Behçet’s disease. In addition, the clinical picture may be presented with arthritis, skin rashes, lesions of the cardiovascular system (pericarditis), fever. Increasing of acute-phase markers is noticed, there is a high frequency of autoantibodies detection in contrast with “classic” autoinflammattory diseases. It can be combined with other autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), autoimmune thyroiditis, hepatitis, etc.). The description of two patients and comparison with another patient from Russia who was described earlier are presented. All patients had aphthous stomatitis and genital aphthaes, intestinal inflammation symptoms, which was dominanting in one of the patients. Another patient had severe polyarthritis in combination with immunological manifestations which were typical for SLE. The first patient had a good clinical response with the tumor necrosis factor inhibitor adalimumab, the second patient – the anti-B cell drug rituximab.

Role of Ozone Hole on Life on Earth and Countermeasures

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the protection of the ozone layer and the extensive effects of the hole diffusion on the life on Earth. First, the ozone layer is a layer in the atmosphere that absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun and protects life on earth from ultraviolet damage. UV radiation is destructive to living organisms and can cause health problems such as skin cancer, eye damage and even genetic mutations. Therefore, the existence and health of the ozone layer is directly related to the survival and health of organisms on Earth. Next, we will study the formation and diffusion of the ozone hole. The hole in the ozone layer is caused by the destruction of the ozone layer caused by human activities such as the release of chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS). When these destructive factors enter the atmosphere and are irradiated by ultraviolet light, they break down into active free radicals, which destroy ozone molecules. Over time, these destructive factors accumulate in the atmosphere, causing the ozone layer to gradually thin and eventually form the ozone hole. Finally, we will discuss in detail the effects of these ozone holes on life on Earth. The existence of the ozone hole allows ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface, posing a direct threat to living organisms. Studies have shown that UV radiation can cause problems such as stunted plant growth, death of Marine life, and skin damage to animals. In addition, ultraviolet light can accelerate the Earth's climate change, causing more extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts and storms, which will have a broader and far-reaching impact on Earth's life. Through the discussion in this paper, we can clearly understand the impact of the ozone hole diffusion on the earth's organisms. In order to protect our home and biodiversity, we must take active measures to reduce the damage of human activities to the atmosphere in order to maintain a healthy and stable ozone layer. This requires our global efforts to take scientific and effective measures to solve this problem. Only in this way can we ensure that life on Earth can continue to live healthy and safe on the blue planet.

A transformative oxidation process involving silver-based catalysis of para aminobenzyl alcohol for transposing a pollutant into a resource

ABSTRACT A kinetic-spectrophotometric method has been devised to analyze the oxidation reaction of Para-aminobenzyl alcohol [PABAlc] catalyzed by Ag (I). PABAlc is used in numerous fields of pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry as intermediates. The harmful effects of PABAlc cannot be overlooked in spite of its manifold applications. The toxicity of PABAlc may lead to allergic reactions, serious eye damage, respiratory tract infections amongst few. It became utmost important to formulate a method to establish the presence of PABAlc in a particular sample of water in order to circumvent its proximity to common people. In our work, we have provided an insight to an oxidation process using PABAlc as substrate catalyzed by Ag (I) ions besides proposing a reaction mechanism of the reaction under study with substantial data in the form of different thermodynamic parameters like activation energy (55 kJ/mol−1), temperature coefficient (1.92), enthalpy of activation (52.89 kJ/mol−1), alongside deets related to various effects of oxidant, substrate, catalyst, temperature, pH, ionic strength, and so on, on reaction kinetics. Additionally, the product formed in the proposed mechanism has its commercial importance in the field of pharmacy, dyes, and so on, sufficient enough to put forward a rationale for the investigations.

Glu-Ensemble: An ensemble deep learning framework for blood glucose forecasting in type 2 diabetes patients

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, posing significant health risks such as cardiovascular disease, and nerve, kidney, and eye damage. Effective management of blood glucose is essential for individuals with diabetes to mitigate these risks. This study introduces the Glu-Ensemble, a deep learning framework designed for precise blood glucose forecasting in patients with type 2 diabetes. Unlike other predictive models, Glu-Ensemble addresses challenges related to small sample sizes, data quality issues, reliance on strict statistical assumptions, and the complexity of models. It enhances prediction accuracy and model generalizability by utilizing larger datasets and reduces bias inherent in many predictive models. The framework's unified approach, as opposed to patient-specific models, eliminates the need for initial calibration time, facilitating immediate blood glucose predictions for new patients. The obtained results indicate that Glu-Ensemble surpasses traditional methods in accuracy, as measured by root mean square error, mean absolute error, and error grid analysis. The Glu-Ensemble framework emerges as a promising tool for blood glucose level prediction in type 2 diabetes patients, warranting further investigation in clinical settings for its practical application.

A rare case of conjunctival granuloma in Aurolab aqueous drainage implant (AADI) with supramid

Conjunctival granuloma (CG) can be caused by a foreign body, surgically related inflammation, an allergen, an infectious organism, or as part of a systemic disease. We are reporting the first case of CG related to 5-0 prolene as supramid, which is used as an intraluminal stent in AADI to prevent hypotony. A 70-year-old female diagnosed with POAG in both eyes with posterior PCIOL on MMT with advanced disc damage and uncontrolled IOP in the right eye underwent AADI with supramid. The patient developed mild irritation and redness in RE in the fourth month of follow-up. On slit-lamp examination, there was localized CG at the end of the supramid tip. CG resolved with the removal of the supramid suture and medical treatment. Supramid-related CG is rare and generally causes non-fatal material-related hypersensitivity reactions that can be treated well with medications and removal of inciting factors.

Management of a Large and Strange Intraocular Foreign Body: Case Report

Introduction: Intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) are unusual and can cause serious eye damage. Case Presentation: We present a case report of a 62-year-old male patient who presented to our ophthalmic emergency department with an intraocular foreign body following a domestic accident.Imaging evaluation with facial CT scan confirmed the presence of a foreign body, made of glass, without any associated bone fractures. Conclusion: Previous studies have emphasized the potential complications and visual consequences associated with these injuries.This case report contributes to the existing literature on intraocular foreign bodies and reinforces the importance of prompt diagnosis and appropriate management.

Ophthalmological complications of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Clinical cases

The outcomes and complications of the coronavirus infection are of interest to specialists in many fields of medicine, including ophthalmologists.Purpose: to analyze the clinical features of ophthalmic complications in patients with coronavirus infection COVID-19.Materials and methods. Four patients aged 37 to 70 years with ophthalmic inflammatory complications with coronavirus infection were examined and treated.Results. In 2 cases, eye damage was observed in the acute phase of COVID infection. It included deep keratitis, iridocyclitis, and exacerbation of rhinosinusitis complicated by osteomyelitis, orbital phlegmon with loss of vision. In the remaining 2 cases, in the post-COVID period (2 and 5 months after the disease, respectively), acute dacryoadenitis with the dry eye syndrome and subacute episcleritis was observed. In addition to anti-COVID therapy, all patients underwent specific ophthalmic therapy, which in 1 case included surgical intervention.Conclusion. The cases presented demonstrate eye damage against the background of coronavirus infection with the involvement of various eye structures into the inflammatory process. The ophthalmological manifestations were severe, with complications in the acute phase of COVID and in the early post-COVID period. Clinical observations indicate the need for additional specific therapy of coronavirus infection complications, along with the basic anti-COVID treatment.

Experimental rationale for the use of thioctic acid and indomethacin in the therapy of the early stage of retinal neurodegeneration

Purpose: to assess the possibility of using thioctic acid and indomethacin tin eyedrops for the therapy of early stages of retinal neurodegeneration.Material and methods. The study was performed on 20 Chinchilla rabbits, including 16 rabbits in whom the neurodegenerative process in the retina was produced by intravitreal installation of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 0.25 mg per eye, and 4 rabbits (8 eyes) served as control. Thioctic acid 0.5% and Indocollir 0.1% were instilled separately and in combination 5 times daily for 7 days after the injection of 6-OHDA. Pupillary light reaction was estimated and eye fundus condition analyzed. Alpha2-macroglobuline ( 2-MG) and SOD activity, dopamine and protein concentrations were measured in retinal homogenates.Results. Instillations of thioctic acid reduced the retinal damage area almost by half as compared to the untreated group (p d 0.005). Indomethacin was less effective, but the combination of the two drugs brought about a maximal reduction of the damage area (p d 0.05 against the untreated group). Both preparations normalized the disturbed pupillary light reaction. The injection of 6-OHDA caused a decrease of dopamine concentration in the retina (0.050 ± 0.009 pg/mg as against 0.095 ± 0.031 pg/mg in healthy controls, р d 0,05). After instillations of indomethacin and thioctic acid, the concentration tended to increase, and it increased significantly after treatment with their combination (0.141 ± 0.037 pg/mg, p d 0.01 as against untreated animals). The activity of 2-MG in retina decreased after a 6-OHDA injection (2.93 ± 0.42 pg/mg as against 5.5 ± 1.2 pg/mg in healthy controls, р < 0 005) just as they increased the decreased SOD (13.30 ± 5.68 U/mg in healthy controls, 5.41 ± 1.50 U/mg in untreated animals, р < 0.05). Both preparations applied separately or in combination caused a significant increase of 2-MG activity (thioctic acid — 4.19 ± 0.91 pg/mg, indomethacin — 6.95 ± 1.09 pg/mg, combination — 7.25 ± 0.63 pg/mg, р < 0.05 as against the untreated animals) and SOD activity (thioctic acid — 8.25 ± 1.27 U/mg, indomethacin — 29.84 ± 6.63 U/mg, combination — 23.99 ± 3.78 U/mg, р < 0.01 as against the untreated animals).Conclusion. The combination of indomethacin and thioctic acid in eyedrops is the most effective for the prevention of eye damage caused by 6-OHDA, which makes this method promising for the treatment of eye diseases accompanied by neurodegeneration.

Glaucoma Disease Classification by using Fundus images

Optic Disc (OD) and Optic Cup (OC) damage is caused by the eye condition glaucoma. OD is the morphological structure that is apparent in the cross-sectional view of the optic nerve connecting to the retina, while OC is the core region of OD. The morphological changes in the optic disc (OD) and optic cup (OC) often happen before visual field issues when glaucoma begins. Optic nerve head damage caused by glaucoma is permanent. Glaucoma is the greatest global cause of irreversible blindness, according to data from the World Health Organization (WHO). Only 10 to 50 percent of glaucoma patients, according to population-level surveys, are aware that they have the condition. As a result, glaucoma early identification is crucial for preventing irreversible eye damage. Glaucoma is a vision disorder that frequently affects older people and renders them permanently blind. Glaucoma affects 2.5% of people of all ages and 4.8% of people over the age of 75. Using MobileNetV2, this study suggests a unique deep transfer learning model for categorizing glaucoma. With regard to the error, with the least amount of expense, MobileNetV2 is a framework that optimizes memory consumption and execution speed. To increase the dataset and MobileNetV2's precision, data augmentation techniques were used. Using the HRF dataset, the suggested deep learning model's effectiveness is assessed. Results from the suggested procedure are accurate to 98%. Medical professionals can find the optimum course of treatment for their patients with the help of automated glaucoma classification.

Development of an Eye Irritation Test Method Using an In-House Fabrication of a Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelium Model for Eye Hazard Identification.

In a previous study, a novel human corneal-like epithelium model utilizing an immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line (iHCE-NY1) was developed as an alternative to animal models to identify chemicals not classified under the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) and was evaluated following the criteria of Test Guideline 492 of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In the present study, our aim was to establish an eye irritation test protocol using the iHCE-NY1 model to classify liquid chemicals under the GHS ocular hazard categories: no effect, no classification (No Cat.), Category 2 (Cat. 2) reversible effects, and Category 1 (Cat. 1) irreversible eye damage. The protocol involved exposing the iHCE-NY1 model to 31 liquid test chemicals for 5 min, followed by observation at post-incubation periods (PIPs) to assess recovery. Classification was based on cell viability, and histopathological findings on PIP days 7, 14, and 21. The outcomes were compared with an established database of classifications. All Cat. 1 liquid chemicals, 62.5% of No Cat., and 63.2% of Cat. 2 were correctly categorized. This study demonstrates that the iHCE-NY1 model can not only distinguish No Cat. test liquid chemicals but also differentiate between Cat. 2 and Cat. 1 liquid chemicals.

Photo-neuro-immuno-endocrinology: How the ultraviolet radiation regulates the body, brain, and immune system

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is primarily recognized for its detrimental effects such as cancerogenesis, skin aging, eye damage, and autoimmune disorders. With exception of ultraviolet B (UVB) requirement in the production of vitamin D3, the positive role of UVR in modulation of homeostasis is underappreciated. Skin exposure to UVR triggers local responses secondary to the induction of chemical, hormonal, immune, and neural signals that are defined by the chromophores and extent of UVR penetration into skin compartments. These responses are not random and are coordinated by the cutaneous neuro-immuno-endocrine system, which counteracts the action of external stressors and accommodates local homeostasis to the changing environment. The UVR induces electrical, chemical, and biological signals to be sent to the brain, endocrine and immune systems, as well as other central organs, which in concert regulate body homeostasis. To achieve its central homeostatic goal, the UVR-induced signals are precisely computed locally with transmission through nerves or humoral signals release into the circulation to activate and/or modulate coordinating central centers or organs. Such modulatory effects will be dependent on UVA and UVB wavelengths. This leads to immunosuppression, the activation of brain and endocrine coordinating centers, and the modification of different organ functions. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the underlying mechanisms of UVR electromagnetic energy penetration deep into the body, with its impact on the brain and internal organs. Photo-neuro-immuno-endocrinology can offer novel therapeutic approaches in addiction and mood disorders; autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and chronic pain-generating disorders; or pathologies involving endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, or reproductive systems.

Heterozygous Pyrin (MEFV) E148Q allele carriers indicate a reduced glaucoma risk for Turkish population: a prospective clinical analysis

ABSTRACT Purpose The MEFV gene encodes pyrin, a protein linked to increased severity of symptoms in Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). We consider that inflammation due to MEFV variants would increase eye inflammation and damage aqueous humor regulation. The present study is the first analysis investigating a MEFV (E148Q) variant as a marker protecting from glaucoma. Methods In this prospective clinical analyze, we performed detailed gene sequencing focusing on 22 specific regions of the pyrin (MEFV) gene. The study involved two distinct groups: individuals diagnosed with glaucoma (n = 200) and control subjects without glaucoma (n = 100). Both groups were carefully selected to exclude individuals with symptoms or a previous diagnosis of Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). The diagnosis of glaucoma for each participant was rigorously established through comprehensive direct ophthalmic examinations. Results A significant odds ratio for protection against glaucoma was found in carriers of the subclinical E148Q allele (OR:2.22; 95%CI: 1.098–4.485). No significant differences were found for other variants. One mutant E148Q-allele could decrease the probability of glaucoma development by approximately 68,9%. We observed no differences in the genotype frequency between glaucoma and healthy for the other MEFV gene variants. Conclusion The pyrin variant of the MEFV gene resulting in a subclinical phenotype appears to reduce the incidence of glaucoma, and heterozygous pyrin (MEFV) E148Q allele carriers confer protection against glaucoma. It is important to consider the limitations arising from the relatively small number of studies conducted on this topic.

Cicatricial Ectropion After Maxillofacial Surgery

Introduction : cicatricial ectropion is a malposition lower eyelid by shortening and/ or scarring of the anterior lamella of eyelid but it can occur in the upper eyelid. Ocular manifestations in cicatricial ectropion occurred epiphora, redness eyes, foreign body sensation, dry eyes due to direct exposure to the outside. In severe case may occur ulceration and loss of vision
 Case Illustration : A 33 year old male patient was being came to ophthalmologist department at Bali Mandara General Hospital with complaints that the right eye could not close completely, the felt dry eyes, foreign body sensation, and sometimes redness eyes after maxillofacial surgery one month ago before admitted to hospital. The physical examination the patient was normal. The ophthalmological examination visual acuity 6/6 for both eyes, intraocular pressure was normal for both eyes. The movement of the eyeballs was normal. The segment anterior examination was a scar on the lower right eyelid, inferior palpebral retraction, lagophthalmos 4 mm. The segment anterior examination of the left eye was normal.
 Discussion : The patient was treated to repair the cicatricial ectropion with surgery under general anesthesia with postauricular full thickness skin graft, antibiotic eye ointment, antibiotic oral, and lubricant eye drop.
 Conclusion : Cicatricial ectropion is a complication that occurs due to trauma or surgery. Reconstructive surgery to repair eyelid function, improve cosmetic appearance and minimize complications of further eye damage such as keratitis to blindness. Knowing the etiology along with the progression of the disease is necessary for early diagnosis and prompt treatment.

The Importance of Initial Management in Ocular Chemical Burn: A Case Series

Introduction : Ocular chemical injuries are true emergency which requires immediate intervention. Delayed management may result in severe eye injuries. This report aims to describe the effectivity of initial management and medical treatment of ocular chemical burns.
 Case Illustration : We reported four cases of ocular chemical injuries due to alkaline, acidic, and unspecified chemical compound. All subjects were men, aged 30 to 50 years old. They had injuries at work and none of them used eyewear protector. Each was brought to emergency unit in less than 2 hours. They were given initial timely irrigation until pH neutralized. Ocular damages were evaluated using Roper-Hall Classification, three cases were Roper-Hall 2 and other was Roper-Hall 3. After initial management, all cases were treated with medical treatment and showed significant improvement. After 6 months follow up, there weren’t any long-term sequelae in all subjects.
 Discussion : Serious eye damage results from strongly alkaline or acidic compounds. Most critical factor is timely delivery of irrigating fluid. Irrigation should ideally be performed with isotonic saline or lactate ringer solution and continued until the pH neutralized to a physiological level. Any method of irrigating the eye is preferable than delay in elimination of the destructive chemical. Medical treatments in acute management of severe ocular chemical burns are anti-inflammatory therapy, halting epithelial and stromal breakdown, promoting re-epithelialization and promoting corneal stromal healing.
 Conclusion : Timely irrigation of the eye effectively reduces severity of chemical burns, reduces need for surgical intervention, and improves final visual acuity if combined with medical treatment in golden period.

FIRST REPORT OF RAPHIDASCARIS LOPHII INFECTION IN BLUEFIN SEAROBIN (CHELIDONICHTHYS SPINOSUS)

This study reports on diseased Chelidonichthys spinosus fish that were originally obtained from the Taiwan Strait for exhibition in an aquarium. These fish showed abnormal swimming behavior, eye damage and skin lesions. Gross examination and histopathology revealed that the C. spinosus was suffering from severe nematode infections in the pyloric caeca, liver and mesentery. Marine nematodes from internal organs were verified by partially sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene. Sequencing results revealed that the nematodes shared 99.75% sequence identity with Raphidascaris lophii (GenBank accession No. MW132926). Additionally, secondary Vibrio harveyi infections were also detected in some C. spinosus. This is the first report of R. lophii infection in C. spinosus.

Cyklofotokoagulacja przeztwardówkowa za pomocą mikropulsowego lasera diodowego

Laser and surgical treatments are widely used in ophthalmology. Micropulsive transscleral cyclophotocoagulation is a safe, minimally invasive method of treating glaucoma. The MicroPulse laser can be used in children and adults. The success of treatment aimed at preventing eye damage or slowing the progression of the disease depends on proper patient preparation and proper post-operative care. The purpose of the following study is to present the criterion of qualification for the procedure, treatment protocol, effectiveness and safety profile of micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation.

Myopia intervention and ultraviolet radiation related eye diseases: A narrative literature review.

There has been an increased understanding of the protective effect of two or more hours in high lux light on the development and progression of myopia. The aim of myopia management is to reduce the incidence of high myopia and sight-threatening myopic complications. Equally important are the sight-threatening complications of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on the eye and adnexal structures. This review will analyze the literature for both these epidemics to help guide public health policy. Whilst increasing childhood high lux light exposure is important, consideration of a holistic eye health policy should ensure that UV eye diseases are also prevented. The advent of ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence photography has increased our understanding that significant UV eye damage occurs in childhood, with 81% of children aged 12-15 years having signs of UV eye damage. Hence, the need to reduce myopia and protect from UV-related eye diseases needs simultaneous consideration. Advocating for eye protection is important, particularly as the natural squint reflex is disabled with dark sunglasses lenses. The pathways UV reaches the eye need to be considered and addressed to ensure that sunglasses offer optimum UV eye protection. The design of protective sunglasses that simultaneously allow high lux light exposure and protect from UVR is critical in combating both these epidemics.

Exploring the Regenerative Potential of Stem Cells for Treating Eye Diseases: A Review of the New Findings

The escalating prevalence of vision loss due to eye diseases has instigated a quest for innovative therapies, given that conventional approaches often fall short in repairing and regenerating damaged eye tissues, particularly the retina. Stem cell-based interventions have emerged as a promising avenue, with numerous studies in animal models and human trials exploring their potential to enhance visual acuity. Beyond addressing conditions like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), stem cell therapies demonstrate efficacy in treating genetic disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). In severe eye damage necessitating regeneration, stem cells play a pivotal role, leveraging their regenerative capabilities. Noteworthy is the transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), showcasing promising results in preclinical models and clinical studies, leading to improved retinal function without severe side effects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have successfully treated optic neuropathy, RP, DR, and glaucoma, yielding positive clinical outcomes. The safety of adult stem cells, particularly MSCs derived from adipose tissue or bone marrow, has been firmly established. This review highlights significant advancements in utilizing human ESC-derived retinal pigmented epithelium and iPSCs for treating eye injuries. While cell-based therapy is relatively nascent, with numerous clinical trials pending review, stem cells' regenerative potential and clinical applications in addressing eye diseases offer substantial promise. This study aims to comprehensively examine the applications of stem cells in the context of eye diseases and their potential role in regenerative medicine.

Optic Nerve Head Curvature Flattening Is Associated with Central Visual Field Scotoma.

This study aimed to develop a new index, the average curvature ratio (ACR), to represent the optic nerve head (ONH) tilting and investigate its clinical relevance. Myopic eyes were included and divided into two subgroups: flat ONH (ACR < 1.0) and convex ONH (ACR ≥ 1.0). The occurrences of central and peripheral visual field (VF) defects were compared between the two groups. A total of 375 myopic eyes were recruited, and 231 and 144 eyes were included in the flat and convex ONH groups, respectively. Central scotoma occurred more frequently in the flat ONH group. According to the Patella-Anderson criteria, the number of eyes with central scotoma was 103 (44.6%) in the flat and 44 (30.6%) in the convex ONH groups (p = 0.009). According to Kook's criteria, the number of eyes with central scotoma was 122 (52.8%) in the flat and 50 (34.7%) in the convex ONH groups (p < 0.001). Peripheral scotoma was not significantly different between the groups. In the correlation analysis, the ACR was positively correlated with spherical equivalence, but not with axial length or central corneal thickness. The ACR reflects the degree of the ONH tilt and is a good index for estimating central VF damage in myopic eyes.