Asphalt Damage Research Articles

Perencanaan Tebal Perkerasan Lentur (Flexible Pavement) Dengan Metode Aashto, Jica Dan Bina Marga (MDP-2017) Pada Jalan Raya Sawunggaling, Kletek, Sidoarjo

Sawunggaling Road, Klethek, Sidoarjo Regency is an alternative road from Sukodono District to provincial highway. Every day the road is passed by heavy transport trucks from the industrial area to the city and motor vehicles that pass to go to work and travel. With high intensity and capacity, the highway is increasingly increasingly many points that experience asphalt damage, such as potholes, edge cracks, middle cracks, and basins. The approval of the research planned the thick bending pavement on the road sawunggaling by considering 3 calculation methods, namely AASHTO, JICA and Bina Marga. In this research, the researcher conducted literature studies and data collection and collection. Data collection consisted of 2 types. First the primary data in the form of road dimension surveys, vehicle speed surveys and LHR data, the second secondary data in the form of regional factors, CBR data and thick pavement existing roads. Furthermore, the data was processed and analyzed using 3 methods, namely AASHTO, JICA and Bina Marga. From the results showed that each thick layer of new road bending pavement, namely from various segments, one of which was spelled out, namely: segment 1 in the AASHTO method value of layer D1 7.5 cm; D2 15 cm; D3 20 cm, in the JICA method the value of layer D1 10 cm; D2 15 cm; D3 20 cm, in the method of building marga the value of layer D1 7.5 cm; D2 15 cm; D3 20 cm. therefore, in the selection of the right and effective method of road planning in Indonesia, namely the Bina Marga method. It was hoped that this planning can provide a good analysis for damage to the Sawunggaling road. Keywords : Thick New Road Pavement, AASHTO, JICA, Bina Marga

Behavioral Investigation of Single Wall and Double Wall CNT Mixed Asphalt Adhesion Force Using Chemical Force Microscopy and Artificial Neural Networks

Flexible pavement deterioration due to moisture intrusion and aging is the key concern worldwide for highway engineers. However, this damage has not been properly investigated in detail due to lack of appropriate experimental and modeling techniques. Such lacking hinders the design of long-lasting pavements, as the effects of environmental damages are unknown, especially for modified asphalt. Therefore, the current study aims at determining a better approach for modeling asphalt adhesion damage using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) test was deployed to determine the adhesion and cohesion forces of asphalt samples with varying contents of polymer and Antistripping Agents (ASAs). Two types of ANN models, namely multilayer perceptions (MLPs) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), were used in this effort. Two popular modifications, namely ensemble learning and hierarchical modeling, were also engaged to achieve convenient and accurate damage models. The analysis found that RBFNN was better suited for hierarchical models than MLP. RBFNN is preferred for aged and moisture-damaged samples which have less variation in their datasets. Hierarchical models are convenient to apply as they can be applied to any type of asphalt sample. However, they produced a small reduction in accuracy (less than 10%) as compared to other models. The accuracy of the hierarchical model was found to be satisfactory. The ensemble learning approach showed slight improvement in accuracy for all models ranging between 1–3%, i.e., 6–8 nN. This study recommends the use of hierarchical models, developed with ensemble learning, for prediction of asphalt damage. The results of the study will be helpful for researchers and practitioners working on pavement materials for developing prediction models to prepare a better mix design of polymer modified asphalt.

Perceiving moisture damage of asphalt mixes containing RAP using survival analysis based on Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazards model

Moisture induced stress tester (MIST) has been recently developed which aims to simulate stripping due to repeated pore pressure generation. In the current work, asphalt mixes containing recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) (in proportion of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% by weight) were subjected to varying stress cycles of MIST (0, 1000, 2000, 3500, 5000, 10,000 cycles) and indirect tensile (IDT) strength test was conducted on such mixes. AC30 was used for control mix whereas AC10 was adopted for RAP mixes. The results of IDT strength tests assisted in computing the failure times and such times were analysed using survival analysis based on Kaplan Meier (KM) estimator and Cox Proportional Hazards (CPH) model. The results indicated that survival analysis can be effectively utilised to analyse the IDT strength test results. It was observed that increasing stress cycles of MIST increase the time to failure whereas RAP is expected to reduce the time to failure. Moreover, KM estimator indicated that RAP reduces the survival of asphalt mixes. Hazard ratio (HR^) computed using CPH model shows a decrease with the increase in RAP proportion. Both MIST tensile strength ratio (M−TSR) and HR^ revealed that RAP leads to an improvement in moisture damage resistivity of asphalt mixes. Hence, HR^ has the potential to be an effective indicator of moisture damage susceptibility of asphalt mixes. Also, “Good” and negative correlation was observed to exist between M−TSR and HR^. The current study is expected to further enhance our understanding regarding moisture induced damage of asphalt mixes and assist in effectively screening good mixes from poor ones.

Waste chicken fat oil as a biomass regenerator to restore the performance of aged asphalt: rheological properties and regeneration mechanism

This study used waste chicken fat oil (CFO) to regenerate aged asphalt binder. The molecular composition of the CFO was assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The performance grade of the CFO-rejuvenated recycled asphalt was compared with that of the original asphalt, while the high-temperature rutting performance of CFO-rejuvenated asphalt was assessed by the multiple stress creep recovery test, and the fatigue cracking ability of the rejuvenated asphalt was determined by a linear amplitude sweep test. It is obvious that CFO can soften aged asphalt. The performance grade of low-temperature 6% CFO-rejuvenated asphalt is superior to that of the original asphalt. The sulfoxide index can be utilised to evaluate the aging recovery degree of CFO-rejuvenated asphalt. The addition of CFO can improve the fatigue properties of aged binder and delay the fatigue damage of asphalt. It is suggested that 6% CFO should be used in recycling aged asphalt binder.

Healing kinetics of asphalt binder based on a new testing approach

Self-healing capability is one of the most important characteristics of asphalt binder, which has a significant influence on field performance of asphalt pavements. Although the internal stress has been proven to be the driving force of healing, limited studies have been conducted for this part. As a result, this study aims at proposing a new approach to measure the internal stress and quantify the relationship between healing capability and damage levels of asphalt binder from its causal relationship based on healing kinetics. Specifically, a new approach called creep and zero-strain-rate recovery (CZSR) test to measure the internal stress is proposed. The accuracy of this new approach is verified in both undamaged and damaged asphalt binder. Then, the application of this new approach is expanded from creep-recovery condition to multiple-cyclic-loading-recovery condition. This action not only expands the application fields of this proposed new approach, but also provides a bridge to evaluate the relationship between healing capability and damage levels from its causal relationship. After that, the healing-kinetics method is used to characterize the healing capability of asphalt binder under different damage levels on the basis of energy-based mechanistic (EBM) approach. Moreover, the healing capability and damage level of asphalt binder are expressed as healing activation energy and crack length, respectively. Final results indicate that the healing activation energy increases with the growth of crack length, and there is a negative relationship between healing capability and damage levels of asphalt binder.

DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF PARALLELHIERARCHICAL TRANSFORMATION FOR EFFICIENT IMAGE PROCESSING

This article considers the problems of modern models and methods of recognition of information and images, the analogy of learning parallel-hierarchical networks with RBF networks. During the analysis, it was determined that image processing using the mask method does not use all the power of multi-core systems. The analysis of parallel-hierarchical transformation and image processing is carried out. The analysis of the mathematical model of parallel-hierarchical transformation for speed increase by means of parallel transformation is carried out. The algorithm was simulated using the C # language, and artificially created images using microwave were used for the test. The simulation was performed for complete PI conversion, the simulation results are shown in the tables. Parallel-hierarchical transformation for image processing has great potential in transport systems, it can be used in tasks where it is necessary to quickly analyze images from the camera, such as the presence of obstacles in the trajectory of traffic and collision avoidance, analysis of asphalt damage on the trajectory and suspension adjustment to level the effect. The results obtained in the modeling process allow us to conclude that the speed of parallel-hierarchical transformation in image processing problems.

Effect of Aging on Adhesion and Moisture Damage of Asphalt: A Perspective of Rolling Bottle and Bitumen Bond Strength Test

Effect of Aging on Adhesion and Moisture Damage of Asphalt: A Perspective of Rolling Bottle and Bitumen Bond Strength Test

The Behavior of Carbon Nano-tubes (CNTs) as a Modifier to Resist Aging and Moisture Damage in Asphalt

Background: Moisture damage and aging take place together in asphalt binder as it is on road-pavement in service life and, therefore, quite challenging to overcome. Various techniques, such as crumb rubber, fibers, etc. have been applied to improve the behaviour of asphalt materials. The use of nanomaterials was found as one of the effective techniques to develop temperature performances of asphalt binder. Methods: This study investigated moisture damage and aging of asphalt binder mixing with the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The base binder was primarily modified with 4% SBS polymer. Later on, CNTs were mixed in different percentages (i.e. 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) by weight with the 4% styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) modified binders. A special functionalized (-NH3) AFM probe with spring constant 3.44 N/m was utilized to complete the study. Results: The results were compared with 4% SBS modified asphalt with and without CNT addition. The adhesion forces of dry samples were found smaller as compared to wet and aged asphalt samples of with and without CNT. However, the adhesion forces of wet and aged samples with the investigated percentage of CNT performed considerably better than those without CNT. Conclusion: This result indicated significant improvement of asphalt to overcome moisture damage and aging owing to exposure in the outdoor environment as a paving material. This study recommends any dosage (i.e. 0.5 to 1.5% by weight) of CNT with 4% SBS modified asphalt to resist moisture damage and aging in the field.

Assessment of Durability Properties of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using Two Rejuvenators: Waste Engine Oil and Asphalt Cement (60-70) Penetration Grade

The production of asphalt pavements using Reclaim Asphalt Pavement (RAP) has achieved economic and environmental benefits. However, one of the main challenges when using untreated RAP in pavement construction is the hardness of the binder due to aging. The purpose of this study is to recycle and restore damaged asphalt using two types of regenerative agents: Waste Engine Oil (WEO) and Asphalt Cement (AC (60-70)) Penetration Grade. Five ratios (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3) % of both types of regenerators were added to the RAP, separately, for the purpose of regeneration. Marshall Test was performed on the regenerated samples in order to obtain the optimum ratios for the regenerative additives, which will be adopted in subsequent tests, which include; indirect tensile strength (ITS), tensile strength Ratio (TSR) and Duple Punch Shear Strength Test (DPSST) to evaluate the performance of regenerated RAP mixes and compare them with the original RAP. The results indicated that (1.5 and 3) % are the optimal ratios for (WEO and AC (60-70)), respectively. In addition, the results of the performance tests indicated that the regenerated RAP mixes are better than the original RAP in terms of cracking resistance, stripping resistance and resistance to moisture damage, as well as achieving the specification requirements for the surface course. It can be concluded that rap recycling using (WEO and AC (60-70)) is an effective process that reduces paving costs, reduces environmental pollution and leads to gain sustainable paving.The first section in your paper

Determination of Dynamic Modulus Master Curve of Damaged Asphalt Pavements for Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Rehabilitation Design

For pavement rehabilitation design, the current mechanistic–empirical (ME) pavement design guide provides three levels of analysis methodology to determine dynamic modulus master curves for existing asphalt pavements. First, the ME pavement design guide recommends that Witczak’s predictive equation is employed to obtain the “undamaged” modulus master curve. Depending on the chosen level of analysis, either a falling weight deflectometer test (Level 1) or a condition survey (Levels 2 and 3) is conducted to determine the damage factor(s). The damage factor is used to shift the undamaged master curve downward to match the field conditions and obtain the “damaged” master curve. In this study, two pavement structures in North Carolina Highway 96 were selected to evaluate the accuracy of the ME pavement design guide using its three levels of analysis. Because this roadway is a multilayer full-depth pavement, the extracted field cores were divided into a top layer, bottom layer, and total core for investigative and comparative purposes. Accordingly, both laboratory measurements and pavement ME predictions of the dynamic modulus values were conducted separately. Results show that the predicted undamaged master curves are always higher than the measured master curves and Levels 1, 2, and 3 can each lead to significantly different damaged master curves. Considering both efficiency and accuracy for transportation agency practice, the Level 1 method is recommended, and if the existing pavement is a multilayered asphalt pavement, a total core extracted from all the layers is recommended to generate the input properties for Witczak’s predictive equation.

Influence of Polymeric Coating the Aggregate Surface on Moisture Damage of Hot Mix Asphalt

Moisture damage is one of the common causes of asphalt pavement failure in moisture presence. One of the convenient approaches to decreasing moisture sensitivity in hot-mix asphalt is coating the aggregate surface with a suitable agent. In this study, the effects of polyethylene terephthalate on moisture damage of asphalt mixtures were evaluated by applying indirect tensile strength and resilient modulus tests. The asphalt specimens were prepared with two types of aggregates (granite and limestone) and neat asphalt binder of 60/70 penetration grade. The results showed that the ratio of wet/dry values of indirect tensile strength and resilient modulus for mixtures containing limestone was higher than those of the samples with granite aggregate. Furthermore, the results of the laboratory tests indicate that polyethylene terephthalate improves resistance to moisture susceptibility. Because polyethylene terephthalate increases the wettability of asphalt binder over the aggregate and the adhesion between the asphalt binder and aggregate, especially in the mixtures containing acidic (granite) aggregate prone to moisture damage.

A method for bottom-up cracks healing via selective and deep microwave heating

The expected life of an asphalt road pavement depends on many factors (fatigue cracking, thermal cracking, etc). Bottom-up cracking is a common mode of hot mix asphalt pavement distress and appears to be critical. In view of this, the objectives of the study presented in this paper were confined into setting up an innovative and non-destructive method to carry out the rehabilitation of the pavement structure. In particular, a new procedure for healing in-depth damaged asphalt pavements is proposed and discussed. This method, based on selective heating, uses appropriate doping and electromagnetic fields in the microwave frequency range in order to induce the self-healing process of the material. Compared to the existing procedures, it allows a deep, selective, adaptive, and not invasive healing. The procedure, numerically validated by multi-physical simulations, can be applied to all solid structures made up of materials wherein the self-healing process can be induced by heating.

Analysis of moisture susceptibility of foamed warm mix asphalt based on cohesion, adhesion, bond strength, and morphology

Although foamed warm mix asphalt (FWMA) offers several benefits, concerns exist regarding the potential moisture damage that can be produced within it. Boiling water tests, the surface free energy (SFE), the binder bond strength (BBS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) morphologies are all used to analyse the moisture damage of asphalt. These methods were evaluated and compared in this study. The results indicate that some residual moisture remains trapped in asphalt after foaming and that the foaming states for base asphalt and SBS modified asphalt attain stability after 6 min and 15 min, respectively. Boiling water tests are unsuitable for evaluating the adhesion of FWMA. SFE and BBS tests demonstrated that the residual foaming water undermines the bond strength of FWMA by reducing the cohesion energy. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and AFM methods were used to identify differences between morphologies by investigating the various foaming water contents. The results of SFE, BBS, and AFM morphologies were observed to be in agreement. Although cohesive failure modes were observed in the BBS experiment, foaming water aggravates the adhesion failure and causes moisture damage owing to the participation of external water. Furthermore, the results indicate that less water damage resistance is associated with substantial amounts of foaming water. These findings provide a clearer understanding of the moisture susceptibility of FWMA.

An Asphalt Damage Dataset and Detection System Based on RetinaNet for Road Conditions Assessment

The analysis and follow up of asphalt infrastructure using image processing techniques has received increased attention recently. However, the vast majority of developments have focused only on determining the presence or absence of road damages, forgoing other more pressing concerns. Nonetheless, in order to be useful to road managers and governmental agencies, the information gathered during an inspection procedure must provide actionable insights that go beyond punctual and isolated measurements: the characteristics, type, and extent of the road damages must be effectively and automatically extracted and digitally stored, preferably using inexpensive mobile equipment. In recent years, computer vision acquisition systems have emerged as a promising solution for road damage automated inspection systems when integrated into georeferenced mobile computing devices such as smartphones. However, the artificial intelligence algorithms that power these computer vision acquisition systems have been rather limited owing to the scarcity of large and homogenized road damage datasets. In this work, we aim to contribute in bridging this gap using two strategies. First, we introduce a new and very large asphalt dataset, which incorporates a set of damages not present in previous studies, making it more robust and representative of certain damages such as potholes. This dataset is composed of 18,345 road damage images captured by a mobile phone mounted on a car, with 45,435 instances of road surface damages (linear, lateral, and alligator cracks; potholes; and various types of painting blurs). In order to generate this dataset, we obtained images from several public datasets and augmented it with crowdsourced images, which where manually annotated for further processing. The images were captured under a variety of weather and illumination conditions and a quality-aware data augmentation strategy was employed to filter out samples of poor quality, which helped in improving the performance metrics over the baseline. Second, we trained different object detection models amenable for mobile implementation with an acceptable performance for many applications. We performed an ablation study to assess the effectiveness of the quality-aware data augmentation strategy and compared our results with other recent works, achieving better accuracies (mAP) for all classes and lower inference times (3× faster).

A novel self-healing system: Towards a sustainable porous asphalt

Self-healing asphalt, aimed to produce a sustainable asphalt pavement using green technology, has been studied in the past two decades. Technologies including encapsulated rejuvenator and induction heating have been proposed, demonstrated in the laboratory, and gradually evaluated in field application. This paper looks into the synergy effect of the above two technologies, where induction heating serves as the asphalt damage repair mechanism, requiring just 2 min heating time and encapsulated rejuvenator will replenish (rejuvenate) aged asphalt binder and reinstate bitumen’s healing ability. Moreover, the increased temperature from induction heating could in turn accelerate the diffusion process of rejuvenator into aged bitumen. In this paper, the healing efficiency of the combined healing system was tested in comparison with autonomous asphalt healing system, induction healing system and capsule healing system. Porous asphalt concrete with various healing systems were prepared and a laboratory ageing procedure was followed to simulate the condition when healing was needed (after years of serving). X-ray computed tomography was employed to visualize the material composition and distribution inside of each healing systems. The properties of binder extracted from the porous asphalt samples were examined by dynamic shear rheometer. Indirect tensile strength and indirect tensile stiffness modulus tests were employed to characterize the mechanical properties of the porous asphalt samples with various healing systems. Finally, the cracking resistance of these healing systems was investigated by semi-circular bending test, and the healing efficiency was evaluated using a bending and healing programme. The results indicated that the combined healing system, with synergistic effects of aged binder rejuvenation and crack healing, shows a longer life extension prospect over the other healing systems.

Study on damage behavior characteristics of asphalt binder under strain loading condition

The fatigue behavior of asphalt mixture is the main reason that affects the service performance and service life of asphalt pavement. The fatigue mechanism of asphalt mixture is still unclear. In fact, the fatigue damage of asphalt mixture is mainly related to the nature of asphalt binder. Therefore, the study of the damage of asphalt binder is beneficial to reveal the fatigue failure mechanism of asphalt mixture. At present, there is no clear damage behavior method of asphalt binder. Considering that the damage behavior of asphalt binder is actually related to its rheological behavior, the shear rheological method is used to evaluate the damage behavior of asphalt binder. The complex modulus is used as the evaluation index of asphalt damage behavior. Because the strain loading mode is consistent with the actual force of the binder in the asphalt mixture. The damage behavior of asphalt binder is studied by time scanning mode under controlled-strain mode. The influence of temperature, loading frequency, and other parameters on the damage behavior of asphalt binder is analyzed. Through the data analysis, the asphalt damage curve meets Boltzmann distribution. At the same time, the characteristics of asphalt damage curve are analyzed. It is proposed that there are three inflection points and two platforms for the typical damage curve of asphalt binder. The three inflection points divide the damage behavior of asphalt into elastic deformation stage, yield stage, crack growth stage, and failure stage. The effects of temperature and loading frequency on the curve characteristics are summarized. For asphalt binder with higher stiffness, the damage curve of asphalt binder is “L” type when the strain level and loading frequency are larger. When the temperature is higher, the loading frequency is smaller, and the strain is smaller, the damage curve will gradually change to anti-“S” type or even linear.

Quantification of Viscous and Fatigue Dissipation of Asphalt Concrete in Four-Point Bending Tests

Different methods are available to quantify the fatigue damage of the asphalt mixtures. Among these, methods based on the concept of dissipated energy are used predominantly. Characterizing fatigue damage using the concept of dissipated energy is complicated due to the presence of other modes of dissipation, for instance, viscous dissipation. Hence, most of the investigations attempt to separate the dissipation due to damage from the viscous dissipation. One of the widely used approaches to separate fatigue dissipation involves the use of a parameter called pseudostrain. The area under the stress-pseudostrain curve, called the dissipated pseudostrain energy, is used to characterize fatigue. In this study, the usefulness or otherwise of this approach to separate fatigue and viscous dissipation is explored. Toward this, experimental investigations were conducted using four-point bending for four types of asphalt mixtures at two different temperatures and four strain levels. It was observed that although the concept of pseudostrain to characterize the fatigue damage holds good in some specific cases, it cannot be adopted for all experimental data collected in this study. In view of this, a new strategy to separate the total dissipation into viscous and fatigue dissipation is proposed based on a constitutive assumption for the viscous dissipation of damaged asphalt concrete. This new method is then used to quantify fatigue damage in this study.

Asphalt damage reservation due to self-repair: A literature review

In this paper, a comprehensive state-of-the-art study regarding the mechanism and enhancement of self-repair in asphalt pavement is presented. The review starts with defining the self-repair phenomenon as a natural property in asphalt materials that is associated with other properties such as the viscoelastic response. The difference between self-repair and the viscoelastic response is also presented. In addition, the factors influencing the self-repair mechanism (positively and negatively) are investigated. However, some of these factors remain vague and need to be investigated further. Furthermore, two enhancing self-repair processes, which are extrinsic technologies such as induction heating and encapsulated rejuvenators, are presented as alternative preventive maintenance applied to asphalt pavement. In conclusion, the self-repair could be achieved in an economic way in countries with hot climates, such as Iraq where temperature plays a significant positive role in enhancing the asphalt repair if enough rest period is provided, without the need to other extrinsic technologies to be applied.

Interface Bonding Mechanism of Recycled Asphalt Mixture

With more and more asphalt pavement entering into maintenance period, a large number of aged and damaged asphalt pavements are excavated to reclaimed asphalt pavement. Recycling of old asphalt pavement into asphalt mixture is one of the important ways to solve this kind of waste material. However, the water stability of reclaimed asphalt mixture is difficult to meet the requirements of actual pavement performance, resulting in insufficient pavement durability. Water vapor weakens the bond between asphalt and aggregate and asphalt paste. In this paper, the failure mechanism of interfacial bond in asphalt mixture is summarized by using weak boundary layer, electrostatic force, chemical bond, mechanical bonding and surface free energy from the view of microstructure. Further more, the research direction of interfacial bonding mechanism of recycled asphalt mixture is put forward.

Microstructural Evolution of Asphalt Binder under Combined Action of Moisture and Pressure

AbstractMoisture-induced damage in asphalt mixes can lead to various distresses in the pavement. The primary cause of such distresses is the loss in adhesion and cohesion properties of the asphalt ...